Bertrand Russell On The Difference Between Liberalism And Illiberalism

The fundamental difference between the liberal and the illiberal outlook is that the former regards all questions as open to discussion and all opinions as open to a greater or lesser measure of doubt, while the latter holds in advance that certain opinions are absolutely unquestionable, and that no argument against them must be allowed be heard. What is curious about this position is the belief that if impartial investigation were permitted it would lead men to the wrong conclusion, and that ignorance is, therefore, the only safeguard against error. This point of view cannot be accepted by any man who wishes reason rather than prejudice to govern human action.

-Bertrand Russell, “Freedom and the Colleges,” The American Mercury, May 1940, pp. 24-33.

Livy on the Study of History

The study of history is the best medicine for a sick mind; for in history you have a record of the infinite variety of human experience plainly set out for all to see; and in that record you can find for yourself and your country both examples and warnings; fine things to take as models, base things, rotten through and through, to avoid.

–Livy, The History of Rome, Book 31

Everyone Must Act According to the Dictates of His Own Reason

“Everyone must act according to the dictates of his own reason, and mine tells me that civil powers alone have been given to the President of the United States, and no authority to direct the religious exercises of his constituents.”

-Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Rev. Samuel Miller, January 23, 1808