The Promises and Limitations of Animal Alternatives in Medical Research

In 1997 an alternative to animal testing for certain skin tests hit the market. The procedure — which uses lab-grown human skin samples — is beginning to increase in popularity with sales of the product growing by 40 percent per year.

On the one hand, this sort of in vitro test has a number of advantages to whole animal tests. They tend to be cheaper and faster than in vivo animal models. Animal rights activists like to pretend that animal research persists largely for economic reasons, but in fact any animal alternative that speeds the time it takes to get a product to market will find a ready market.

On the other hand, unlike the animal rights activists, those who develop and use such animal alternatives also recognize that they have inherent limitations. Technology Review quotes Charles Hewitt, director of surgical research for Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, noting that although he uses the bioengineered skin in his research, “We can’t get all the responses we need to test just from our model.”

In fact, as Technology Review notes, often these “animal” alternatives in fact end up being alternatives to traditional human clinical trials. A major use of bio-engineered skin, for example, is to screen compounds before sending them to human clinical trials.

Researchers at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, for example, evaluate drug under consideration for nasal use. They used to send such drugs directly to clinical trials, but now first use tests on the bio-engineered skin to screen out drugs likely to fail in clinical testing, so that only the most promising drug candidates are subjected to expensive clinical testing in human beings.

Animal rights activist claim that all animal tests could be replaced with alternatives tomorrow, but the reality is that a mix of human and animal, in vitro and in vivo tests and experiments will form the foundation of medical research for the forseeable future.

Source:

Saving skin. Alan Joch, Technology Review, February 11, 2002.

PETA's Earth Liberation Front Donation

After delaying and dithering for awhile, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals finally came clean in March about its $1,500 donation to the Earth Liberation Front. The donation went to a legal defense fund for Craig Rosebraugh.

PETA lawyer Jeffrey Kerr sent a letter to Rep. Scott McInnis who has been investigating ecoterrorism saying, among others things,

PETA does not provide financial or any other assistance to any person or group for the purpose of so-called terrorist activities. Any suggestion to the contrary is simply wrong, defamatory, and the product of lobbyists, public relations consultants and other paid spokespeople for animal-exploitive industries.

Actually, Kerr’s statement is a lie. PETA provides philosophical justification and moral support for terrorism. If Kerr disagrees, please ask him to explain exactly what Bruce Friedrich meant when he said that he does not blow things up but that, “I do advocate it, and I think it’s a great way to bring about animal liberation.”

Kerr says that McInnis is part of a “new McCarthyism” for pointing this out, but McInnis doesn’t go around saying how he wished PETA’s headquarters would burn down or how he wishes people would break in and steal PETA’s property, as Newkirk has repeatedly said about animal facilities.

Kerr can try to spin this any way he wants, but as McInnis spokesman Josh Penry put it,

The remarkable thing is these people seem surprised that they’re getting called on the carpet for giving money to an eco-terrorist group. Here’s a hint: Stop underwriting domestic terrorist groups and people will leave you alone.

I have a better idea. If Kerr and PETA think they do nothing wrong when they give money to defend environmental and animal rights terrorists, why don’t they simply start doing so openly? Why not start including that fact in PETA’s fundraising literature? I’m sure the people who send donations to PETA would love to know that they are using those donations to help pay the legal fees of people associated with the Earth Liberation Front and Animal Liberation Front. What’s PETA so afraid of that they have to hide this from potential donors?

Hopefully this latest incident will finally push the Internal Revenue Service to reevaluate PETA’s nonprofit status. Surely if the guidelines for 501(c)(3) nonprofits mean anything they mean that openly advocating violence and contributing to groups that advocate violence need not be subsidized by the American taxpayer.

Source:

Group accuses Congressman with a ‘New McCarthyism’. Robert Gehrke, Associated Press, March 16, 2002.

No tax-exempt terrorism. Editorial, Rocky Mountain News, March 14, 2002.

Debate Over Black Bear Hunt Heats Up in New Jersey

Hunting black bears in New Jersey is illegal, but growing estimates of the number of black bears in the state combined with high profile bear incidents is driving debate in that state over whether it is time for a limited bear hunt in the state.

In the early 1980s, there were less than 100 bears in New Jersey. Nobody knows how many bears are in the state today, but estimates range anywhere from 1,400 to 1,900 bears.

Although it is illegal to hunt bears, plenty of them are still killed by human beings. In 2001, for example, 52 were killed in automobile accidents, 20 were killed by wildlife officials (usually because the bears are aggressive), and four were killed by police and property owners.

In March, for example, police shot a bear that was attempting to enter a home. Later in March, a bear attacked a dog.

In 2000, the increasing frequency of human-bear encounters led for calls to a limited hunt, but that never materialized in the legislature. But estimates that the bear population might be as high as 1,900 has formerly anti-hunt legislators rethinking their position.

Assemblyman Christopher Bateman, for example, sponsored legislation to ensure a five-year moratorium on bear hunting in New Jersey. Now, however, he’s wondering if a limited hunt might not be for the best. “Maybe we need a limited hunt,” Bateman told the Associated Press. “The last thing we need is someone getting hurt by a bear.”

Animal rights activists and environmentalists claim that the number of black bears are being intentionally exaggerated to provide political cover for renewing a hunt, but wildlife officials note that a number of factors indicate that the bear population is increasing rapidly.

Since bears have no natural predator other than humans, it is hardly novel to suggest that the bear population might be expanding very quickly in the absence of any predation.

Source:

Rise in black bear population rekindles call for hunt. The Associated press, March 23, 2002.

The Hidden Role of Animals in Medical Advances: SCID

Animal research plays a major role in many important medical advances, and yet many lay people do not seem to realize this. Why? Because whenever a new medical advance is announced, typically the end product of curing human beings is widely reported, with little background on the numerous animal experiments that led up to the human application.

The BBC reported this week, for example, that researchers believe they have successfully treated an 18-month-old British boy for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

SCID is an immune system disorder that affects as few as 1 in 50,000 to 100,000 live births. It is characterized by a severe lack of immunity requiring those born with it to live in sterile conditions. SCID was famously depicted by John Travolta in the television film, “The Boy in the Plastic Bubble.”

The typical treatment for SCID is a bone marrow transplant, but in this case a donor was simply unavailable within the time frame needed. So the young boy became the third person in the world to receive a gene therapy treatment in an attempt to cure the disease. Two other patients received the gene therapy treatment at a hospital in France in 2000.

SCID is caused by a defect in a single gene which makes it a bit easier to tackle. Doctors removed bone marrow from the boy, and then used a virus to carry a copy of the unmutated gene into the marrow. They then reimplanted the marrow into the boy where it began producing cells to fight of disease. The boy’s immune system is currently generating a normal amount of white blood cells.

The doctor who treated the boy told the BBC,

We’re very excited by this — he was incredibly sick, with a nasty pneumonia, a life threatening infection. After his gene therapy, he was running around at home — he’s a little boy now.

How did researchers develop this innovative gene therapy? Largely by proving that their technique would work in mice.

Using a modified form of a virus that causes leukemia in mice, researchers demonstrated that they could deliver the gene to bone marrow cells in mice.

Once it was proven to work there, researchers in France then used this mouse virus to successfully treat the bone marrow of two patients there. The British got non-human primates involved — they took the mouse virus and coated it in a protein from a virus that infects gibbons in an effort to make it more effective.

Whether or not this gene therapy approach will offer these patients a life time of immune protection is not known. But at the very least it will dramatically increase their life expectancy and quality of life. Thanks to animal research.

Sources:

‘Bubble boy’ saved by gene therapy. The BBC, April 3, 2002.

The journey begins: The clinical trials for ADA-SCID. The New Healers, William R. Clark.

‘Bubble Boy’ in Britain Cured Using Gene Therapy. Stephen Pincock, Reuters, April 3, 2002.

The Troublesome Phonograph

Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 | Chapter 8

7. The Troublesome Phonograph

When the boy opened his eyes the next morning he looked carefully
around the room. These small Munchkin houses seldom had more than one
room in them. That in which Ojo now found himself had three beds, set
all in a row on one side of it. The Glass Cat lay asleep on one bed, Ojo
was in the second, and the third was neatly made up and smoothed for the
day. On the other side of the room was a round table on which breakfast
was already placed, smoking hot. Only one chair was drawn up to the
table, where a place was set for one person. No one seemed to be in the
room except the boy and Bungle.

Ojo got up and put on his shoes. Finding a toilet stand at the
head of his bed he washed his face and hands and brushed his hair. Then
he went to the table and said:

“I wonder if this is my breakfast.”

“Eat it!” commanded a Voice at his side, so near that Ojo jumped.
But no person could he see.

He was hungry, and the breakfast looked good; so he sat down and
ate all he wanted. Then, rising, he took his hat and wakened the Glass Cat.

“Come on, Bungle,” said he; “we must go.”

He cast another glance about the room and, speaking to the air,
he said: “Whoever lives here has been kind to me, and I’m much obliged.”

There was no answer, so he took his basket and went out the door,
the cat following him. In the middle of the path sat the Patchwork Girl,
playing with pebbles she had picked up.

“Oh, there you are!” she exclaimed cheerfully. “I thought you
were never coming out. It has been daylight a long time.”

“What did you do all night?” asked the boy.

“Sat here and watched the stars and the moon,” she replied.
“They’re interesting. I never saw them before, you know.”

“Of course not,” said Ojo.

“You were crazy to act so badly and get thrown outdoors,”
remarked Bungle, as they renewed their journey.

“That’s all right,” said Scraps. “If I hadn’t been thrown out I
wouldn’t have seen the stars, or the big gray wolf.”

“What wolf?” inquired Ojo.

“The one that came to the door of the house three times during
the night.”

“I don’t see why that should be,” said the boy, thoughtfully;
“there was plenty to eat in that house, for I had a fine breakfast, and I
slept in a nice bed.”

“Don’t you feel tired?” asked the Patchwork Girl, noticing that
the boy yawned.

“Why, yes; I’m as tired as I was last night; and yet I slept very
well.”

“And aren’t you hungry?”

“It’s strange,” replied Ojo. “I had a good breakfast, and yet I
think I’ll now eat some of my crackers and cheese.”

Scraps danced up and down the path. Then she sang:

"Kizzle-kazzle-kore;

The wolf is at the door,
There's nothing to eat but a bone without meat,
And a bill from the grocery store."

“What does that mean?” asked Ojo.

“Don’t ask me,” replied Scraps. “I say what comes into my head,
but of course I know nothing of a grocery store or bones without meat
or–very much else.”

“No,” said the cat; “she’s stark, staring, raving crazy, and her
brains can’t be pink, for they don’t work properly.”

“Bother the brains!” cried Scraps. “Who cares for ’em, anyhow?
Have you noticed how beautiful my patches are in this sunlight?”

Just then they heard a sound as of footsteps pattering along the
path behind them and all three turned to see what was coming. To their
astonishment they beheld a small round table running as fast as its four
spindle legs could carry it, and to the top was screwed fast a phonograph
with a big gold horn.

“Hold on!” shouted the phonograph. “Wait for me!”

“Goodness me; it’s that music thing which the Crooked Magician
scattered the Powder of Life over,” said Ojo.

“So it is,” returned Bungle, in a grumpy tone of voice; and then,
as the phonograph overtook them, the Glass Cat added sternly: “What are
you doing here, anyhow?”

“I’ve run away,” said the music thing. “After you left, old Dr.
Pipt and I had a dreadful quarrel and he threatened to smash me to pieces
if I didn’t keep quiet. Of course I wouldn’t do that, because a
talking-machine is supposed to talk and make a noise–and sometimes
music. So I slipped out of the house while the Magician was stirring his
four kettles and I’ve been running after you all night. Now that I’ve
found such pleasant company, I can talk and play tunes all I want to.”

Ojo was greatly annoyed by this unwelcome addition to their
party. At first he did not know what to say to the newcomer, but a
little thought decided him not to make friends.

“We are traveling on important business,” he declared, “and
you’ll excuse me if I say we can’t be bothered.”

“How very impolite!” exclaimed the phonograph.

“I’m sorry, but it’s true,” said the boy. “You’ll have to go
somewhere else.”

“This is very unkind treatment, I must say,” whined the
phonograph, in an injured tone. “Everyone seems to hate me, and yet I
was intended to amuse people.”

“It isn’t you we hate, especially,” observed the Glass Cat; “it’s
your dreadful music. When I lived in the same room with you I was much
annoyed by your squeaky horn. It growls and grumbles and clicks and
scratches so it spoils the music, and your machinery rumbles so that the
racket drowns every tune you attempt.”

“That isn’t my fault; it’s the fault of my records. I must admit
that I haven’t a clear record,” answered the machine.

“Just the same, you’ll have to go away,” said Ojo.

“Wait a minute,” cried Scraps. “This music thing interests me.
I remember to have heard music when I first came to life, and I would
like to hear it again. What is your name, my poor abused phonograph?”

“Victor Columbia Edison,” it answered.

“Well, I shall call you ‘Vic’ for short,” said the Patchwork
Girl. “Go ahead and play something.”

“It’ll drive you crazy,” warned the cat.

“I’m crazy now, according to your statement. Loosen up and reel
out the music, Vic.”

“The only record I have with me,” explained the phonograph, “is
the one the Magician attached just before we had our quarrel. It’s a
highly classical composition.”

“A what?” inquired Scraps.

“It is classical music, and considered the best and most puzzling
ever manufactured. You’re supposed to like it, whether you do or not,
and if you don’t, the proper thing is to look as if you did. Understand?”

“Not in the least,” said Scraps.

“Then listen!”

At once the machine began to play and in a few minutes Ojo put
his hands to his ears to shut out the sounds and the cat snarled and
Scraps began to laugh.

“Cut it out, Vic,” she said. “That’s enough.”

But the phonograph continued playing the dreary tune, so Ojo
seized the crank, jerked it free and threw it into the road. However,
the moment the crank struck the ground it bounded back to the machine
again and began winding it up. And still the music played.

“Let’s run!” cried Scraps, and they all started and ran down the
path as fast as they could go. But the phonograph was right behind them
and could run and play at the same time. It called out reproachfully:

“What’s the matter? Don’t you love classical music?”

“No, Vic,” said Scraps, halting. “We will passical the classical
and preserve what joy we have left. I haven’t any nerves, thank
goodness, but your music makes my cotton shrink.”

“Then turn over my record. There’s a rag-time tune on the other
side,” said the machine.

“What’s rag-time?”

“The opposite of classical.”

“All right,” said Scraps, and turned over the record.

The phonograph now began to play a jerky jumble of sounds which
proved so bewildering that after a moment Scraps stuffed her patchwork
apron into the gold horn and cried: “Stop–stop! That’s the other
extreme. It’s extremely bad!”

Muffled as it was, the phonograph played on.

“If you don’t shut off that music I’ll smash your record,”
threatened Ojo.

The music stopped at that and the machine turned its horn from
one to another and said with great indignation: “What’s the matter now?
Is it possible you can’t appreciate rag-time?”

“Scraps ought to, being rags herself,” said the cat; “but I simply
can’t stand it; it makes my whiskers curl.”

“It is, indeed, dreadful!” exclaimed Ojo, with a shudder.

“It’s enough to drive a crazy lady mad,” murmured the Patchwork
Girl. “I’ll tell you what, Vic,” she added as she smoothed out her apron
and put it on again, “for some reason or other you’ve missed your guess.
You’re not a concert; you’re a nuisance.”

“Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast,” asserted the
phonograph sadly.

“Then we’re not savages. I advise you to go home and beg the
Magician’s pardon.”

“Never! He’d smash me.”

“That’s what we shall do, if you stay here,” Ojo declared.

“Run along, Vic, and bother some one else,” advised Scraps. “Find
some one who is real wicked, and stay with him till he repents. In that
way you can do some good in the world.”

The music thing turned silently away and trotted down a side
path, toward a distant Munchkin village.

“Is that the way WE go?” asked Bungle anxiously.

“No,” said Ojo; “I think we shall keep straight ahead, for this
path is the widest and best. When we come to some house we will inquire
the way to the Emerald City.”

Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 | Chapter 8

The Ultimate Flash Card Reader for PCs

For those of you (like me) who find yourself using different flash memory cards with a variety of devices, Atech Flash makes a nice multi-slot card reader that can be mounted internally in a PC.

This is a 6-in-1 solution that accepts Compact Flash Type I/II, Multimedia Cards, IBM Microdrives, Secure Digital Cards, Smart Media Cards, and includes a front-side USB port to boot.

This is designed to hook up to a USB port, but they also make a version that hooks up to a IEEE 1394 port for high speed transfers.

And it will work with Wintels, Macs and Linux boxes. Slick.