Tag: Ray Greek

Ray Greek on Beagles and Smoking

As I mentioned in an earlier item, Ray Greek has been busy sending letters to the editor of news outlets that give positive coverage of animal research. Here’s another example of Greek’s missives, in this case to The Daily Mirror,

Dr. Mark Matfield of the Research Defence Society — a pharmaceutical industry-funded organization which defends animal experimentation — says that more animal experiments will save lives (Mirror, Aug 5). In fact, the opposite is true. Think how many lives could have been saved if beagles had not “proved” cigarette smoke was safe! Now women on HRT are at twice the risk of breast cancer and heart disease, thanks to a drug tested on monkeys.

Until animal experiments are abandoned in favor of state-of-the-art medical research, we will continue to suffer the consequences.

Ray Greek MD

Europeans for Medical Advancement, London

Lets take up the issue of beagles and smoking.

Dr. Oscar Auerbach is credited with being the first person to demonstrate a causal connection between smoking and lung cancer. Auerbach examined the lung tissue of hundreds of people who died from lung cancer and published his conclusion that tobacco smoke contributed to the lung cancer.

In the early 1970s, Auerbach conducted an experiment in which he exposed beagles to tobacco smoke. Auerbach’s research in beagles further strengthened the causal connection. Don’t take my word for it, one of the most embarrassing documents to emerge from tobacco companies was a memo by British tobacco company Gallaher that, among other things, argued that Auerbach’s beagle research definitively demonstrated the causal link that tobacco companied had for so long denied,

(2) One of the striking features of the Auerbach experiment was that practically every dog which smoked suffered significantly from the effects of the smoke, either in terms of severe irritation and bronchitis, pre-cancerous changes or cancer. This, of course, is a much more extreme situation than in human being where only one in ten heavy smokers get lung cancer and one in five suffer from some form of respiratory infection, often describe as mild bronchitis. We can, therefore, question whether the beagle is in some way untypical of human behavior and the only reasonable argument against this is that the dogs were given a much more massive dose compared with the human dose and in the case of Auerbach’s work, since the smoke bypassed the mouth, which sets as a good trap for certain constituents of the smoke, the dog lung was subjected to a much greater effect from the smoke.

(3) However, in spite of the qualifications in one and two, we believe that the Auerbach work proves beyond reasonable doubt that fresh whole cigarette smoke is carcinogenic to dog lungs and therefore it is highly likely that it is carcinogenic to human lungs. It is obviously impossible to be certain of the extrapolation from an animal lung to a human lung, but we have to bear in mind that the anatomy of the dog is relatively close to human anatomy and the type of tumor found in the dog was the same type as found in heavy smokers.

And yet, tobacco companies continued to publicly deny this obvious fact. In fact when this memo was finally made public in the late 1990s, Gallaher officials denied that they ever found Auerbach’s research credible and maintained that this analysis had to be put into its proper context.

Beginning in the 1950s, tobacco companies adopted largely the same approach to animal research that the animal rights movement denies now — it actively sought to prevent such experiments from taking place, distorted the results of those that did, and when both of those failed simply outright lied about the implications of animal research to the issue of whether tobacco smoke contributed to lung cancer.

On the one hand, tobacco companies were telling the public that the animal research was mixed or inconclusive at best. But internally, they were issuing memos underlining the strength of the work that Auerbach and others were doing and desperately coming up with strategies to conceal and obfuscate the truth.

In fact tobacco companies were so afraid of the implications of animal research, that according to a Phillip Morris memo they reached an informal agreement to minimize biological research in order to protect against future liability.

Dr. Greek would have fit in nicely with such intellectual dishonesty.

Sources:

Ernst L. Wynder, M.D.. CDC, Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report, November 5, 1999.

Where there’s smoke. R. R. Baker, January 2001.

The Greeks on Medical Research

Ray and Jean Greek seem to have been extremely busy lately writing letters to various media outlets denouncing medical research. Here’s a typical letter, this one sent to Newsweek,

Your article “Reinventing the Mouse” offered a one-sided look at research conducted on mince that could have been written by the mouse-research industry. Next time you might want to mention all the people who have been harmed because the research on mice did not translate to humans, all the drugs that have been derailed because mice are different from human beings, and all the drugs that hurt people because mice are not men. In the 21st century we have better ways of testing drugs and learning about disease than resorting to studying a totally different species. If we are to cure epilepsy, diabetes, AIDS, cancer, etc., it will be by studying human beings, their tissues and other human-based research modalities.

Animal research, of course, has played an instrumental role in diagnosing, understanding and treating epilepsy, diabetes, AIDS and cancer. If other species are “completely different” it is odd how well Frederik Banting and Charles Best’s research with insulin in diabetic dogs translated so well to human treatment of insulin. It is similarly odd that rabbit antiserum played such a key role in isolating and diagnosing HIV, given that rabbits and humans are “completely different.”

Source:

Letter. Ray and Jean Greek, Newsweek, August 18, 2003.

Ray Greek's Idea of Accuracy

I’ve seen a lot of questions recently about Americans for Medical Advancement’s Ray Greek. Nothing better captures Greek’s particular brand of animal rights idiocy than a review of Sacred Cows and Golden Geese by Michael F.W. Festing,

There are many biographies of Pasteur which describe exactly how he did this by using intra-cerebral inoculations of infected neural tissue to induce rabies in dogs and rabbits, with homogenates of dried spinal cords of rabbits as a vaccine. . . . It took Pasteur five years to develop the vaccine, at which point he had about 50 dogs that were immune to rabies.

. . .[After immunizing dogs, a mother brought a child bit by a rabid dog to Pasteur.] Pasteur and his colleagues examined the child and decided that they dare not refuse to treat him. [The child, Joseph] Meister did not develop the disease, and by 1 March 1886, of 350 patients treated, only one had developed rabies, and she had not been treated until 37 days after she had been bitten. It has been estimated that 40-80% of people bitten by rabid dogs developed rabies, so there is not the slightest doubt that Pasteur had in fact developed a highly effective vaccine, which has since saved many thousands of human lives. The vaccine continued to be used for many years, until replaced by a vaccine prepared in cell cultures.

On page 33 of this book [Ray and Jean Greek’s Sacred Cows and Golden Geese], it states that “. . . Pasteur used animals as pseudo-humans as he attempted to craft a rabies vaccine. He took spinal column tissue of infected dogs and made what he thought was a vaccine. Unfortunately, the vaccine did not work seamlessly and actually resulted in deaths. Yet, this gross failure did somehow did not detract from the reverence for the animal-lab process.” This account is simply not true. The vaccine did not cause any deaths, it failed to cure one person out of the first 350, for a very good reason, and it was highly successful. The book does not even acknowledge that Pasteur did in fact produce a rabies vaccine.

One of the perplexing things about such animal rights distortions is why people like the Greeks try to get away with such obvious falsehoods. Perhaps they believe that more than a century later the average reader of their book is likely unfamiliar with how the rabies vaccine was created, but surely they must be aware that debunking the false history they put forth is trivially easy. As Festing puts it,

Unfortunately, the book [Sacred Cows and Golden Geese] “. . . is a feat of omission and distortion,” to use the words that it uses to describe somebody else’s work. it cannot be described as a serious attempt to show the limitations of animal research, because any facts that conflict with the beliefs of the authors have simply been ignored, or history has conveniently been rewritten. As a way of reducing the use of animals in medical research, I think this book will be counter-productive, because even if the authors do have a few good points to make, its numerous inaccuracies and distortions make it impossible to trust anything that they have written.

Source:

Sacred Cows and Golden Geese (Book Review). Michael F.W. Festing, Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 29, pp.617-620, 2001.

The Only Thing Inaccurate about HIV Animal Studies is Ray Greek

The January 26, 2002 edition of The British Medical Journal features a letter from Ray Greek and Pandora Pound arguing that HIV research using non-human primates is unreliable. Greek writes,

Thomas Insel, former director of the Yerkes Regional Primate Center in Georgia, said: “[An animal model] that takes 12-14 years to develop doesn’t sound to me to be ideal . . . I can’t tell you what it is that those studies [with chimpanzees] have given us that has really made a difference in the way we approach people with this disease. Animal models of HIV have been notoriously inaccurate for two reasons.

Firstly, the immune response is intensely complicated and there are many disparities between the human response and those of other animals. Secondly, viruses are usually species specific.

. . .

The fact that 20 years on there is still no cure or vaccine for HIV is surely partly because too much money, time, and effort have been invested in animal research which has produced little, if nothing, in return. To make any impact on this global pandemic during the next 20 years, funding needs to be concentrated on research methods that have come up with the goods.

This is a typical modus operandi with Greek — lie through omission.

For example, take the problems with chimpanzee research into AIDS especially given the long time it takes chimpanzees to develop AIDS. Greek conveniently forgets to mention that this is the major reason why animal research into AIDS Has large switched from chimpanzees to monkeys. Greek forgot to add that although Insel said there are too many limitations with chimpanzees, he added that, “I wouldn’t say that about the monkey work.” (One of the biggest problems with chimpanzees, by the way, is their sheer cost — the cost of simply caring for a chimpanzee in a long-term AIDS study can exceed $100,000).

As Nancy Haigwood, the director of the viral vaccines program at the Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, notes in her reply, for a number of reasons much AIDS research now focuses on macaques which have served important roles in helping determine optimal treatment regimens for those afflicted with HIV.

At one time, for example, there was a lot of controversy over whether people who tested positive for AIDS should receive short-term treatment with anti-viral drugs immediately, even though they were symptom-free. Many researchers feared that the anti-virals would cause lots of side effects for patients while the long term benefits were considered to be small.

Research in macaques, however, demonstrated that short-term treatment of the animals with anti-virals immediately after they were infected with AIDS could help keep the disease under control. Haigwood writes that, “Subsequently, many of the critical parameters and limitations of interrupting treatment have been discovered using these models.”

In addition, Haigwood notes that testing of cutting edge genetically engineered vaccines in macaques has helped researchers better understand the obstacles they must overcome to create such a vaccine for humans. Haigwood writes,

Live attenuated SIV, genetically engineered to eliminate pathogenicity, protects adult macaques from lethal challenge. While an attenuated HIV vaccine was under consideration for humans, this same highly attenuated SIV vaccine was found to cause AIDS in newborn macaques. Without these studies, the need for additional safeguards might have been missed — with dire consequence.

As Haigwood sums her reply up, the issue is not whether researchers conduct animal studies or clinical studies, but rather that all tools available must be utilized in finding better treatments for AIDS. “Animal models must be used to complement epidemiological and clinical studies in humans,” Haigwood writes. “Answers will come faster and the research will cost less if the clinical work is focused on strategies that have been pretested in models.”

Source:

Animal studies and HIV research. Ray Greek and Pandora Pound, British Medical Journal, 2002;324:236, January 26, 2002.

Animal models for HIV advance and complement clinical studies. Nancy Haigwood, British Medical Journal, 2002;324:236, January 26, 2002.