Color Admin Post List is a plugin for WordPress that color-codes posts in the “All Posts” view to help better distinguish between drafts, pending posts, published posts, future posts and private posts.
The plugin allows the user to change the colors applied to posts, but that’s pretty much it.
There is a commercial WordPress Plugin available for $12 called Color My Posts Pro that does the same thing only with finer grained control. Color My Posts Pro allows the user to color posts based not only on post status, but post author, post format, post categories, post tags, and even individual posts.