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Early English Text Society. / Extra Series. No. IV. / 1868."
title = "The Lay of / Havelok the Dane. /
Early English Text Society. / Extra Series. No. IV. / 1868." /></p>
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<table class = "smaller" summary = "list of publishers">
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<td>DUBLIN:</td>
<td>WILLIAM M<sup>c</sup>GEE, 18, NASSAU STREET.</td>
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<td>NEW YORK:</td>
<td>C. SCRIBNER &amp; CO.; LEYPOLDT &amp; HOLT.</td>
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<tr>
<td>PHILADELPHIA:</td>
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<tr>
<td>BOSTON, U.S.:</td>
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<div class = "titlepage">
<a name = "titlepage" id = "titlepage">&nbsp;</a><br />

<p class = "illustration">
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title = "The Lay of / Havelok the Dane:" /></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h6>COMPOSED IN THE REIGN OF EDWARD I, ABOUT A.D. 1280.</h6>

<h6>FORMERLY EDITED BY SIR F. MADDEN FOR THE ROXBURGHE CLUB,</h6>

<h6>AND NOW RE-EDITED FROM THE UNIQUE MS. LAUD MISC. 108,<br />
IN THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD;</h6>

<h6>BY THE</h6>

<h4>REV. WALTER W. SKEAT, M.A.,</h4>

<h6>AUTHOR OF “A MŒSO-GOTHIC GLOSSARY,” EDITOR OF “PIERS PLOWMAN,”<br />
“WILLIAM OF PALERNE,” &amp;c.</h6>

<p class = "illustration">
<img src = "https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:f:frederic-madden-the-lay-of-havelok-the-dane-grimsby.png" width = "202" height = "201"
alt = "Seal of Great Grimsby" /></p>

<h5>LONDON:<br />
<span class = "smaller">
PUBLISHED FOR THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY,</span><br />
BY N. TRÜBNER &amp; CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.</h5>

<hr class = "tiny" />

<h6>MDCCCLXVIII.</h6>

</div>


<!-- png 004 -->

<p>&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</p>

<h5><b>Extra Series,</b><br />
IV.</h5>

<hr class = "tiny" />

<h6>JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.</h6>

<hr />
<!-- png 005 -->

<div class = "maintext">

<div class = "intro">

<h3><a name = "contents" id = "contents">CONTENTS.</a></h3>

<hr class = "tiny" />

<table class = "toc" summary = "table of contents">
<tr>
<td>
<p><a class = "smallcaps" href = "#titlepage">Titlepage.</a> The
engraving represents the seal of Great Grimsby, described in §&nbsp;19
of the Preface, p.&nbsp;xxi.</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
<p><a class = "smallcaps" href = "#preface">Preface.</a>
<a href = "#pref_1">§ 1.</a> The former edition of 1828.
<a href = "#pref_2">§ 2.</a> The present edition.
<a href = "#pref_3">§&nbsp;3.</a>&nbsp;Plan of this edition.
<a href = "#pref_4">§&nbsp;4.</a>&nbsp;Notices of the story by Early
Writers: the longer French Version.
<a href = "#pref_5">§&nbsp;5.</a>&nbsp;The shorter French Version.
<a href = "#pref_6">§&nbsp;6.</a>&nbsp;Peter de Langtoft (1307).
<a href = "#pref_7">§&nbsp;7.</a>&nbsp;Rauf de Boun (1310).
<a href = "#pref_8">§&nbsp;8.</a>&nbsp;A&nbsp;Brief Genealogy, Herald’s
Coll. MS. (ab. 1310).
<a href = "#pref_9">§&nbsp;9.</a>&nbsp;Metrical Chronicle (ab. 1313).
<a href = "#pref_10">§&nbsp;10.</a>&nbsp;Robert of Brunne (1338); ed.
Hearne.
<a href = "#pref_11">§&nbsp;11.</a>&nbsp;Robert of Brunne; Lambeth MS.
<a href = "#pref_12">§&nbsp;12.</a>&nbsp;French Prose “Brute” (1332).
<a href = "#pref_13">§&nbsp;13.</a> English Prose “Brute,” MS. Harl.
2279.
<a href = "#pref_14">§&nbsp;14.</a>&nbsp;Gray’s Scala Cronica (ab.
1360).
<a href = "#pref_15">§&nbsp;15.</a>&nbsp;Eulogium Historiarum (1366).
<a href = "#pref_16">§&nbsp;16.</a>&nbsp;Henry de Knyghton (1395);
Warner (1586); Webster (1617).
<a href = "#pref_17">§&nbsp;17.</a>&nbsp;Danish traditions.
<a href = "#pref_18">§&nbsp;18.</a>&nbsp;Lincolnshire traditions.
<a href = "#pref_19">§&nbsp;19.</a>&nbsp;Seal of Great Grimsby.
<a href = "#pref_20">§&nbsp;20.</a>&nbsp;Sketch of the French “Lai.”
<a href = "#pref_21">§&nbsp;21.</a>&nbsp;Gaimar’s abridgment.
<a href = "#pref_22">§&nbsp;22.</a>&nbsp;Sketch of the English Lay.
<a href = "#pref_23">§&nbsp;23.</a>&nbsp;Possible date of Havelok’s
reign.
<a href = "#pref_24">§&nbsp;24.</a> Story of “Edwin of Deira.”
<a href = "#pref_25">§&nbsp;25.</a>&nbsp;On the names “Curan” and
“Havelok.”
<a href = "#pref_26">§&nbsp;26.</a>&nbsp;Description of the MS.
<a href = "#pref_27">§&nbsp;27.</a>&nbsp;Grammatical forms in the Poem.
<a href = "#pref_28">§&nbsp;28.</a>&nbsp;On the metre.
<a href = "#pref_29">§&nbsp;29.</a>&nbsp;On the final <i>-e</i>,
&amp;c.</p>
</td>
<td class = "number">i</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
<a class = "smallcaps" href = "#emendations">Emendations,
&amp;c.</a></td>
<td class = "number">liv</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
<a class = "smallcaps" href = "#havelok">The lay of Havelok</a></td>
<td class = "number">1</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
<a class = "smallcaps" href = "#notes">Notes to “Havelok”</a></td>
<td class = "number">87</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
<a class = "smallcaps" href = "#glossary">Glossarial Index</a></td>
<td class = "number">105</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
<a class = "smallcaps" href = "#names">Index of Names</a></td>
<td class = "number">157</td>
</tr>

</table>


<span class = "pagenum">i</span>
<a name = "intro1" id = "intro1"> </a>
<h2><a name = "preface" id = "preface">PREFACE.</a></h2>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_1" id = "pref_1">§ 1.</a>
<span class = "firstword">The</span> English version of the Lay of
Havelok, now here reprinted, is one of the few poems that have happily
been recovered, after having long been given up as lost. Tyrwhitt, in
his Essay on the Language and Versification of Chaucer, has a footnote
(No. 51) deploring the loss of the Rime concerning Gryme the Fisher, the
founder of Grymesby, Hanelok [<i>read</i> Havelok] the Dane, and his
wife Goldborough; and Ritson, in his Dissertation on Romance and
Minstrelsy&mdash;(vol.&nbsp;i. p.&nbsp;lxxxviii. of his Metrical
Romanceës)&mdash;makes remarks to the same effect. It was at length,
however, discovered by accident in a manuscript belonging to the
Bodleian library, which had been described in the old Catalogue merely
as <i>Vitæ Sanctorum</i>, a large portion of it being occupied by
metrical legends of the Saints. In 1828, it was edited for the Roxburghe
Club by Sir F.&nbsp;Madden, the title-page of the edition being as
follows:&mdash; “The Ancient English Romance of Havelok the Dane,
accompanied by the French Text: with an introduction, notes, and a
glossary, by Frederick Madden, Esq., F.A.S. F.R.S.L., Sub-Keeper of the
MSS. in the British Museum. Printed for the Roxburghe Club, London.
W.&nbsp;Nicol, Shakspeare Press, <span class =
"smallroman">MDCCCXXVIII</span>.” This volume contains a very complete
Introduction, pp.&nbsp;i-lvi; the English version of Havelok,
pp.&nbsp;1-104; the French text of the Romance of Havelok, from a MS. in
the Heralds’ College, pp.&nbsp;105-146; the French Romance of Havelok,
as abridged and altered by Geffrei Gaimar, pp.&nbsp;147-180; notes to
the English text, pp.&nbsp;181-207; notes to the French
<span class = "pagenum">ii</span>
<a name = "intro2" id = "intro2"> </a>
text, pp. 208-210; and a glossary, &amp;c., pp. 211-263. But there are
sometimes bound up with it two pamphlets, viz. “Remarks on the Glossary
to Havelok,” by S.&nbsp;W. Singer, and an “Examination of the Remarks,
&amp;c.,” by the Editor of Havelok. In explanation of this, it may
suffice to say, that the former contains some criticisms by Mr Singer
(executed in a manner suggestive of an officious wish to display
superior critical acumen), of which a few are correct, but others are
ludicrously false; whilst the latter is a vindication of the general
correctness of the explanations given, and contains, incidentally, some
valuable contributions to our general etymological knowledge, and
various remarks which have proved of service in rendering the glossary
in the present edition more exactly accurate.<a class = "tag" name =
"tag1" id = "tag1" href = "#note1">1</a></p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_2" id = "pref_2">§ 2.</a> Owing to the scarcity of
copies of this former edition, the committee of the Early English Text
Society, having first obtained the approval of Sir Frederic Madden,
resolved upon issuing a reprint of it; and Sir Frederic having expressed
a wish that the duty of seeing it through the press should be entrusted
to myself, I gladly undertook that responsibility. He has kindly looked
over the revises of the whole work,<a class = "tag" name = "tag2" id =
"tag2" href = "#note2">2</a> but as it has undergone several
modifications, it will be the best plan to state in detail what these
are.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_3" id = "pref_3">§ 3.</a> With respect to the text, the
greatest care has been taken to render it, as nearly as can be
represented in print, an exact copy of the MS. The text of the former
edition is exceedingly correct, and the alterations here made are few
and of slight importance. Sir F.&nbsp;Madden furnished me with some, the
results of a re-comparison, made by himself, of his printed copy with
the original; besides this, I have myself carefully read the proof
sheets with the MS. <i>twice</i>, and it may therefore be assumed that
the complete correctness of the text is established. It seems to me that
this is altogether the most important part of the work
<span class = "pagenum">iii</span>
<a name = "intro3" id = "intro3"> </a>
of a <i>Text</i> Society, in order that the student may never be
perplexed by the appearance of words having no real existence. For a
like reason the letters þ and ? (the latter of which I have represented
by an italic <i>w</i>) have now been inserted wherever they occur, and
the expansions of abbreviations are now denoted by italics. For further
remarks upon the text, see the description of the MS. below, §&nbsp;26.
Sidenotes and headlines have been added, but the numbering of the lines
has not been altered. The French text of the romance, the title of which
is <i>Le Lai de Aveloc</i>, and the abridgment of the story by Geffrei
Gaimar, have not been here reprinted; the fact being, that the French
and English versions differ very widely, and that the passages of the
French which really correspond to the English are few and short.
<i>All</i> of these will be found in the Notes, in their proper places,
and it was also deemed the less necessary to print the French text,
because it is tolerably accessible; for it may be found either in
vol.&nbsp;i. of Monumenta Historica Britannica, ed. Petrie, 1848, in the
reprint by M.&nbsp;Michel (1833) entitled “Le Lai d’Havelok,” or in the
edition by Mr T. Wright for the Caxton Society, 1850. An abstract of it
is given at p.&nbsp;xxiii. The Notes are abridged from Sir F. Madden’s,
with but a very few additions by myself, which are distinguished by
being placed within square brackets. The Glossarial Index is, for the
most part, reprinted from Sir F. Madden’s Glossary, but contains a large
number of <i>slight</i> alterations, re-arrangements, and additions. The
references have nearly all been verified,<a class = "tag" name = "tag3"
id = "tag3" href = "#note3">3</a> and the few words formerly left
unexplained are now either wholly or partially solved. I have now only
to add that a large portion of the remainder of this preface, especially
that which concerns the historical and traditional evidences of the
story (§&nbsp;4 to §&nbsp;18), is abridged or copied from Sir F.
Madden’s long Introduction, which fairly exhausts the subject.<a class =
"tag" name = "tag4" id = "tag4" href = "#note4">4</a> All extracts
included between marks of quotation are taken from it without
alteration. But I must be considered responsible for the
<span class = "pagenum">iv</span>
<a name = "intro4" id = "intro4"> </a>
rearrangement of the materials, and I have added a few remarks from
other sources.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_4" id = "pref_4">§ 4.</a> <span class =
"smallcaps">Notices of the Story of Havelok by early writers.</span>
There can be little doubt that the tradition must have existed from
Anglo-Saxon times, but the earliest mention of it is presented to us in
the full account furnished by the French version of the Romance. Of this
there are two copies, one of which belongs to Sir T. Phillipps; the
other is known as the Arundel or Norfolk MS., and is preserved in the
Heralds’ College, where it is marked E.&nbsp;D.&nbsp;N. No. 14; the
various editions of the latter have been already enumerated in §&nbsp;3.
This version was certainly composed within the first half of the twelfth
century. From the fact that it is entitled a <i>Lai</i>, and from the
assertion of the poet&mdash;“Qe vn <i>lai</i> en firent li
Breton”&mdash;“whereof the Britons made a lay”&mdash;we easily conclude
that it was drawn from a British source. From the evident connection of
the story with the Chronicle called the <i>Brut</i>, we may further
conclude that by <i>Breton</i> is not meant Armorican, but belonging to
<i>Britain</i>. The story is in no way connected with France; the
tradition is British or Welsh, and the French version was doubtless
written in England by a subject of an English king. That the language is
French is due merely to the accident that the Norman conquerors of
England had acquired that language during their temporary sojourn in
France. From every point of view, whether we regard the British
tradition, the Anglo-Norman version, or the version printed in the
present volume, the story is wholly English. It is not to be connected
too closely with the Armorican lays of Marie <i>de France</i>.<a class =
"tag" name = "tag5" id = "tag5" href = "#note5">5</a></p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_5" id = "pref_5">§ 5.</a> We next come to the abridgment
of the same as made by Geffrei Gaimar, who wrote between the years 1141
and 1151. In one place, Geffrei quotes Gildas as his authority, but no
conclusion can easily be drawn from this indefinite reference. In
another place, he mentions a feast given by Havelok after his defeat of
Hodulf&mdash; <i>si cum nus dit la verai estoire</i>&mdash; “as the true
<span class = "pagenum">v</span>
<a name = "intro5" id = "intro5"> </a>
history tells us.” As this feast is not mentioned in the fuller French
version, and yet reappears in the English text, we perceive that he had
some additional source of information; and this is confirmed by the fact
that he mentions several additional details, also not found in the
completer version. That the lay of Havelok, as found in Gaimar, is
really his, and not an interpolation by a later hand, may fairly be
inferred from his repeated allusions to the story in the body of his
work. There are three MS. copies containing Gaimar’s abridgment, of
which the best is the Royal MS. (Bibl. Reg. 13 A. xxi.) in the British
Museum; the two others belong respectively to the Dean and Chapter of
Durham (its mark being C.&nbsp;iv. 27) and to the Dean and Chapter of
Lincoln (its mark being H.&nbsp;18). It is curious that the Norfolk MS.
contains not only the fuller French version of the story, but also the
Brut of Wace, and the continuation of it by Gaimar. Gaimar’s abridgment,
as printed in Sir F. Madden’s edition, is taken from the Royal MS.,
supplemented by the Durham and Lincoln MSS. See also Monumenta Historica
Britannica, vol.&nbsp;i. p.&nbsp;764. It is important to mention that
Gaimar speaks of the Danes as having been in Norfolk since the time that
Havelok was King, after he has been relating the combats between the
Britons and the Saxons under the command of Cerdic and Cynric. Another
allusion makes Havelok to have lived long before the year 800, according
to every system of chronology.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_6" id = "pref_6">§ 6.</a> The next mention of Havelok is
in the French Chronicle of Peter de Langtoft, of Langtoft in Yorkshire,
who died early in the reign of Edward II., and whose Chronicle closes
with the death of Edward&nbsp;I. Here the only trace of the story is in
the mention of “Gountere le pere Hauelok, de Danays Ray
clamez”&mdash;Gunter, father of Havelok, called King of the Danes. The
allusion is almost valueless from its evident absurdity; for he
confounds Gunter with the Danish invader defeated by Alfred, and who is
variously called Godrum, Gudrum, Guthrum, or Gurmound. He must have been
thinking, at the moment, of a very different Gurmund, viz. the King of
the Africans, as he is curiously called, whose terrible devastations are
described very fully in La?amon, vol. iii. pp.&nbsp;156-177, and who may
fairly be supposed to have lived much nearer to the time of Havelok; and
he must further
<span class = "pagenum">vi</span>
<a name = "intro6" id = "intro6"> </a>
have confounded this Gurmund with Gunter. For the account of Robert of
Brunne’s translation of Langtoft’s Chronicle, see below, §&nbsp;10.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_7" id = "pref_7">§ 7.</a> But soon after this, we come
to a most curious account. In MS. Harl. 902 is a late copy, on paper, of
a Chronicle called <i>Le Bruit Dengleterre</i>, or otherwise <i>Le Petit
Bruit</i>, compiled <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1310, by
Meistre Rauf de Boun, at the request of Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln.
It is a most worthless compilation, put together in defiance of all
chronology, but with respect to our present inquiry it is full of
interest, as it soon becomes obvious that one of his sources of
information is the very English version here printed, which he cites by
the name of <i>l’estorie de Grimesby</i>, and which is thus proved to
have been written before the year 1310. “The Chronicler,” says Sir F.
Madden, “commences, as usual, with Brute, <span class =
"smallroman">B.C.</span> 2000, and after taking us through the
succeeding reigns to the time of Cassibelin, who fought with Julius
Cæsar, informs us, that after Cassibelin’s death came Gurmound out of
Denmark, who claimed the throne as the son of the eldest daughter of
Belin, married to Thorand, King of Denmark. He occupies the kingdom 57
years, and is at length slain at <i>Hunteton</i>, called afterwards from
him <i>Gurmoundcestre</i>. He is succeeded by his son Frederick, who
hated the English, and filled his court with Danish nobles, but who is
at last driven out of the country, after having held it for the short
space of 71 years. And then, adds this miserable History-monger: ‘Et si
entendrez vous, que par cel primer venue de auaunt dit Roy Gormound, et
puis par cele hountoux exil de son fitz Frederik, si fu le rancour de
Daneis vers nous enpendaunt, et le regne par cel primere accion vers
nous enchalangount plus de sept C auns apre, <i>iekis a la venue
Haneloke, fitz le Roy Birkenebayne de Dannemarche, q~ le regne par
mariage entra de sa femme</i>.’ &mdash;f.&nbsp;2&nbsp;b.</p>

<p>“After a variety of equally credible stories, we come to Adelstan
II.<a class = "tag" name = "tag6" id = "tag6" href = "#note6">6</a> son
of Edward [the Elder], who corresponds with
<span class = "pagenum">vii</span>
<a name = "intro7" id = "intro7"> </a>
the real king of that name, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
925-941. He is succeeded by his son [brother] Edmund, who reigned four
years [<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 941-946], and is said to
have been <i>poisoned</i> at Canterbury; after whom we have <span class
= "smallcaps">Adelwold</span>, whose identity with the Athelwold of the
English Romance, will leave no doubt as to the source whence the writer
drew great part of his materials in the following passage:</p>

<p class = "longquote">
<ins class = "mycorr" title = "open quote invisible">‘Apres</ins> ceo
vient Adelwold son fitz q~ reigna <span class = "smallroman">XVJ</span>
et demie, si engendroit ij feiz et iij filis, dount trestoutz murrirent
frechement fors q~ sa pune file, le out a nom <i>Goldburgh</i>, del age
de <span class = "smallroman">VJ</span> aunz kaunt son pere Adelwold
morust. Cely Roy Adelwold quant il doit morir, comaunda sa file a garder
a vn Count de Cornewayle, al houre kaunt il quidou~ie (sic) hountousment
auoir deparagé, quaunt fit <i>Haueloke</i>, fitz le Roy Byrkenbayne de
Denmarche, esposer le, encountre sa volunté, q~ primis fuit Roy
Dengleterre et de Denmarch tout a vn foitz, par quele aliaunce leis
Daneis queillerunt g<sup>e</sup>ndr~ (sic) mestrie en Engleterre, et
long temps puise le tindrunt, <i>si cum vous nouncie l’estorie de
Grimesby</i>, come <i>Grime</i> primez nurist Haueloke en Engleterre,
depuis cel houre q’il feut chasé de Denmarche &amp;c. deqis al houre
q’il vint au chastelle de Nichole, q~ cely auauntdit traitre
<i>Goudriche</i> out en garde, en quel chastel il auauntdit Haueloke
espousa l’auauntdit Goldeburgh, q~ fuit heir Dengleterre. Et par cel
reson tynt cely Haueloke la terre de Denmarche auxi comme son heritage,
et Engleterre auxi par mariage de sa femme; et si entendrez vous, q~ par
la reson q~ ly auauntdit Gryme ariua primez, kaunt il amena l’enfaunt
Haueloke hors de Denmarche, par meyme la reson reseut cele vile son nom,
de Grime, quel noun ly tint vnquore Grimisby.
</p>

<p class = "longquote">
‘Apres ceo regna meyme cely Haueloke, q~ mult fuit prodhomme, et
droiturelle, et bien demenoit son people en reson et ley. Cel Roy
Haueloke reigna xlj. aunz, si engendroit ix fitz et vij filis, dount
trestoutz murrerount ainz q~ furunt d’age, fors soulement iiij de ses
feitz, dont l’un out a noum Gurmound, cely q~ entendy auoir son heire en
Engleterre; le secound out a noun Knout, quen fitz feffoit son pere en
le regne de Denmarche, quant il estoit del age de xviij aunz, et ly
mesme se tynt a la coroune Dengleterre, quel terre il entendy al oeps
son ainez fitz Gurmound
<span class = "pagenum">viii</span>
<a name = "intro8" id = "intro8"> </a>
auoir gardé. Mes il debusa son col auxi comme il feu mounté vn cheval
testous q~ poindre volleyt, en l’an de son regne xxiij entrant. Le tiers
fitz ont a noun Godard, q~ son pere feffoit de la Seneschacie
Dengleterre, q~ n’auo~ut (sic) taunt come ore fait ly quart. Et le
puisnez fitz de toutz out a noum Thorand, q~ espousa la Countesse de
Hertouwe en Norwey. Et par la reson q~ cely Thorand feut enherité en la
terre de Norwey, ly et ses successours sont enheritez iekis en sa p~ce
(sic) toutdis, puis y auoit affinité de alliaunce entre ceulx de
Denmarche et ceulx de Norwey, a checun venue q~ vnkes firent en ceste
terre pur chalenge ou clayme mettre, iekis a taunt q~ lour accion feut
enseyne destrut par vn noble chevallere <i>Guy de Warwike</i>, &amp;c.
Et tout en sy feffoit Haueloke sez quatre fitz: si gist a priorie de
<i>Grescherche</i> en Loundrez.’ &mdash;f.&nbsp;6&nbsp;b.</p>

<p>“The <i>Estorie de Grimesby</i> therefore, referred to above, is the
identical English Romance before us, and it is no less worthy of remark,
that the whole of the passage just quoted, with one single variation of
import, has been literally translated by Henry de Knyghton, and inserted
in his Chronicle.<a class = "tag" name = "tag7" id = "tag7" href =
"#note7">7</a> Of the sources whence the information respecting
Havelok’s sons is derived, we are unable to offer any account, as no
trace of it occurs either in the French or English texts of the
story.”</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_8" id = "pref_8">§ 8.</a> “About the same time at which
Rauf de Boun composed his Chronicle, was written a brief Genealogy of
the British and Saxon Kings, from Brutus to Edward II., preserved in the
same MS. in the Heralds’ College which contains the French text of the
Romance. The following curious rubric is prefixed:&mdash; <i>La lignée
des Bretons et des Engleis, queus il furent, et de queus nons, et coment
Brut vint premerement en Engleterre, et combien de tens puis, et dont il
vint. Brut et Cornelius furent chevalers chacez de la bataille de Troie,
<span class = "smallroman">M. CCCC. XVII.</span> anz deuant qe dieus
nasquit, et vindrent en Engleterre, en Cornewaille, et riens ne fut
trouee en la terre fors qe geanz, Geomagog, Hastripoldius, Ruscalbundy,
et plusurs autres Geanz.</i> In this Genealogy no mention of Havelok
occurs under the reign of Constantine, but after the names of the Saxon
Kings Edbright and Edelwin, we read: ‘<span class =
"smallcaps">Athelwold</span> auoit vne fille <i>Goldeburgh</i>, et il
regna vi. anz. <span class = "smallcaps">Haueloc</span> esposa meisme
<span class = "pagenum">ix</span>
<a name = "intro9" id = "intro9"> </a>
cele Goldeburgh, et regna iij. anz. <span class =
"smallcaps">Alfred</span> le frere le Roi Athelwold enchaca Haueloc par
Hunehere, et il fut le primer Roi corone de l’apostoille, et il regna
xxx. anz.’ &mdash;fol. 148&nbsp;b. By this account Athelwold is clearly
identified with Ethelbald, King of Wessex, who reigned from 855 to 860,
whilst Havelok is substituted in the place of Ethelbert and
Ethered.”</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_9" id = "pref_9">§ 9.</a> “Not long after the same
period was written a Metrical <i>Chronicle of England</i>, printed by
Ritson, Metr. Rom. V.&nbsp;ii. p.&nbsp;270. Two copies are known to
exist,<a class = "tag" name = "tag8" id = "tag8" href = "#note8">8</a>
the first concluding with the death of Piers Gavestone, in 1313 (MS.
Reg. 12. C. xii.), and the other continued to the time of Edw. III.
(Auchinleck MS.). The period of Havelok’s descent into England is there
ascribed to the reign of King Ethelred (978-1016), which will very
nearly coincide with the period assigned by Rauf de Boun, viz. <span
class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 963-1004.”</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p class = "outset">‘ <i>Haueloc</i> com tho to this lond,</p>
<p>With gret host &amp; eke strong,</p>
<p>Ant sloh the Kyng Achelred,</p>
<p>At Westmustre he was ded,</p>
<p>Ah he heuede reigned her</p>
<p>Seuene an tuenti fulle ?er<ins class = "mycorr"
title = "close qutoe printed after MS name">.’</ins></p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
MS. Reg. 12. C. xii.</p>

<p>“This date differs from most of the others, and appears founded on
the general notion of the Danish invasions during that period.”</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_10" id = "pref_10">§ 10.</a> Before proceeding to
consider the <i>prose</i> Chronicle of the Brute, it is better to speak
first of the translation of Peter de Langtoft’s Chronicle by Robert of
Brunne, a translation which was completed <span class =
"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1338. At p.&nbsp;25 of Hearne’s edition is the
following passage:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p class = "outset">‘ ?it a nother Danes Kyng in the North gan
aryue.</p>
<p>Alfrid it herd, thidere gan he dryue.</p>
<p><i>Hauelok</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag9" id = "tag9" href =
"#note9">9</a> fader he was, <i>Gunter</i> was his name.</p>
<p>He brent citees &amp; tounes, ouer alle did he schame.</p>
<p>Saynt Cutbertes clerkes tho Danes thei dred.</p>
<p>The toke the holy bones, about thei tham led.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">x</span>
<a name = "intro10" id = "intro10"> </a>
<p>Seuen ?ere thorgh the land wer thei born aboute,</p>
<p>It comforted the kyng mykelle, whan he was in doute</p>
<p>¶ Whan Alfrid &amp; Gunter had werred long in ille,</p>
<p>Thorgh the grace of God, Gunter turned his wille.</p>
<p>Cristend wild he be, the kyng of fonte him lift,</p>
<p>&amp; thritty of his knyghtes turnes, thorgh Godes gift.</p>
<p>Tho that first were foos, and com of paien lay,</p>
<p>Of Cristen men haf los, &amp; so thei wend away.’</p>
</div>

<p>“This is the whole that appears in the original, but after the above
lines immediately follows, in the language of Robert of Brunne himself
(as noted also by Hearne, Pref. p.&nbsp;lxvii.), the following curious,
and to our inquiry, very important passage:”</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p class = "outset">‘ Bot I haf grete ferly, that I fynd no man,</p>
<p>That has writen in story, how Hauelok this lond wan.</p>
<p>Noither <i>Gildas</i>, no Bede, no Henry of Huntynton,</p>
<p>No William of Malmesbiri, ne Pers of Bridlynton,</p>
<p>Writes not in ther bokes of no kyng Athelwold,</p>
<p>Ne Goldeburgh his douhtere, ne Hauelok not of told,</p>
<p>Whilk tyme the were kynges, long or now late,</p>
<p>Thei mak no menyng whan, no in what date.</p>
<p>Bot that thise <i>lowed men vpon Inglish tellis</i>,</p>
<p>Right story can me not ken, the certeynte what spellis.</p>
<p>Men sais in Lyncoln castelle ligges ?it a stone,</p>
<p>That Hauelok kast wele forbi euer ilkone</p>
<p>&amp; ?it the chapelle standes, ther he weddid his wife,</p>
<p>Goldeburgh the kynges douhter, <i>that saw is ?it rife</i>.</p>
<p>&amp; of Gryme a fisshere, <i>men redes ?it in ryme</i>,</p>
<p>That he bigged Grymesby Gryme that ilk tyme.</p>
<p>Of alle stories of honoure, that I haf thorgh souht,</p>
<p>I fynd that no compiloure of him tellis ouht.</p>
<p>Sen I fynd non redy, that tellis of Hauelok kynde</p>
<p>Turne we to that story, that we writen fynde.’</p>
</div>

<p>“There cannot exist the smallest doubt, that by the ‘Ryme’ here
mentioned ‘that lowed men vpon Inglish tellis,’ the identical English
Romance, now before the reader, is referred to. It must therefore
certainly have been composed prior to the period at which Robert of
Brunne wrote,<a class = "tag" name = "tag10" id = "tag10" href =
"#note10">10</a> in whose time the traditions respecting Havelok at
Lincoln were so strongly preserved, as to
<span class = "pagenum">xi</span>
<a name = "intro11" id = "intro11"> </a>
point out various localities to which the story had affixed a name, and
similar traditions connected with the legend, as we shall find
hereafter, existed also at Grimsby. The doubts expressed by the
Chronicler, as to their authenticity, or the authority of the ‘Ryme,’
are curious, but only of value so far as they prove he was ignorant of
the existence of a French Romance on the subject, or of its reception in
Gaimar’s historical poem.”</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_11" id = "pref_11">§ 11.</a> “But on consulting the
Lambeth copy of Rob. of Brunne, in order to verify the passage as
printed by Hearne from the Inner Temple MS. we were not a little
surprised to ascertain a fact hitherto overlooked, and indeed unknown,
viz. that the Lambeth MS. (which is a folio, written on paper, and
imperfect both at the beginning and close)<a class = "tag" name =
"tag11" id = "tag11" href = "#note11">11</a> does not correspond with
the Edition, but has evidently been revised by a later hand, which has
abridged the Prologues, omitted some passages, and inserted others. The
strongest proof of this exists in the passage before us, in which the
Lambeth MS. entirely omits the lines of Rob. of Brunne respecting the
authenticity of the story of Havelok, and in their place substitutes an
abridged outline of the story itself, copied apparently from the French
Chronicle of Gaimar. The interpolation is so curious, and so connected
with our inquiry, as to be a sufficient apology for introducing it
here.”</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p class = "outset">‘ ¶ Forth wente Gounter &amp; his folk, al in to
Denemark,</p>
<p>Sone fel ther hym vpon, a werre styth &amp; stark,</p>
<p>Thurgh a Breton kyng, th<sup>t</sup> out of Ingeland cam,</p>
<p>&amp; asked the tribut of Denmark, th<sup>t</sup> Arthur whylom
nam.</p>
<p>They wythseide hit schortly, &amp; non wolde they ?elde,</p>
<p>But rather they wolde dereyne hit, wyth bataill y the felde.</p>
<p>Both partis on a day, to felde come they stronge,</p>
<p>Desconfit were the danes, Gounter his deth gan fonge.</p>
<p>When he was ded they schope brynge, al his blod to schame,</p>
<p>But Gatferes doughter the kyng, <i>Eleyne</i> was hure name,</p>
<p>Was kyng Gounteres wyf, and had a child hem bytwene,</p>
<p>Wyth wham scheo scapede vnethe, al to the se with tene.</p>
<p>The child hym highte <span class = "smallcaps">Hauelok</span>,
th<sup>t</sup> was his moder dere,</p>
<p>Scheo mette with grym atte hauene, a wel god marinere,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">xii</span>
<a name = "intro12" id = "intro12"> </a>
<p>He hure knew &amp; highte hure wel, to helpe hure with his might,</p>
<p>To bryng hure saf out of the lond, wythinne th<sup>t</sup> ilke
night.</p>
<p>When they come in myd se, a gret meschef gan falle,</p>
<p>They metten wyth a gret schip, lade wyth outlawes alle.</p>
<p>Anon they fullen hem apon, &amp; dide hem Mikel peyne,</p>
<p>So th<sup>t</sup> wyth strengthe of their assaut, ded was quene
Eleyne.</p>
<p>But ?yt ascapede from hem Grym, wyth Hauelok &amp; other fyue,</p>
<p>&amp; atte the hauene of Grymesby, ther they gon aryue.</p>
<p>Ther was brought forth child Hauelok, wyth Grym &amp; his fere,</p>
<p>Right als hit hadde be ther own, for other wyste men nere.</p>
<p>Til he was mykel &amp; mighti, &amp; man of mykel cost,</p>
<p>Th<sup>t</sup> for his grete sustinaunce, nedly serue he most.</p>
<p>He tok leue of Grym &amp; Seburc, as of his sire &amp; dame,</p>
<p>And askede ther blessinge curteysly, ther was he nought to blame.</p>
<p>Thenne drow he forth northward, to kynges court Edelsie,</p>
<p>Th<sup>t</sup> held fro Humber to Rotland, the kyngdam of
Lyndesye.</p>
<p>Thys Edelsy of Breton kynde, had Orewayn his sister bright</p>
<p>Maried to a noble kyng, of Northfolk Egelbright.</p>
<p>Holly for his kyngdam, he held in his hand,</p>
<p>Al the lond fro Colchestre, right in til Holand.</p>
<p>Thys Egelbright th<sup>t</sup> was a Dane, &amp; Orewayn the
quene,</p>
<p>Hadden gete on Argill, a doughter hem bytwene.</p>
<p>Sone then deyde Egelbright, &amp; his wyf Orewayn,</p>
<p>&amp; therfore was kyng Edelsye, bothe joyful &amp; fayn.</p>
<p>Anon their doughter &amp; here Eyr, his nece dame Argill,</p>
<p>&amp; al the kyngdam he tok in hande, al at his owene will.</p>
<p>Ther serued Hauelok as quistron, &amp; was y-cald Coraunt,</p>
<p>He was ful mykel &amp; hardy, &amp; strong as a Geaunt.</p>
<p>He was bold Curteys &amp; fre, &amp; fair &amp; god of manere,</p>
<p>So th<sup>t</sup> alle folk hym louede, th<sup>t</sup> auewest hym
were.</p>
<p>But for couetise of desheraison, of damysele Argill,</p>
<p>&amp; for a chere th<sup>t</sup> the kyng sey, scheo made Coraunt
till,</p>
<p>He dide hem arraye ful symplely, &amp; wedde togydere bothe,</p>
<p>For he ne rewarded desparagyng, were manion ful wrothe.</p>
<p>A while they dwelt after in court, in ful pore degre,</p>
<p>The schame &amp; sorewe th<sup>t</sup> Argill hadde, hit was a deol
to se.</p>
<p>Then seyde scheo til hure maister, of whenne sire be ?e?</p>
<p>Haue ?e no kyn ne frendes at hom, in ?oure contre?</p>
<p>Leuer were me lyue in pore lyf, wythoute schame &amp; tene,</p>
<p>Than in schame &amp; sorewe, lede the astat of quene.</p>
<p>Thenne wente they forth to Grymesby, al by his wyues red,</p>
<p>&amp; founde th<sup>t</sup> Grym &amp; his wyf, weren bothe ded.</p>
<p>But he fond ther on Aunger, Grymes cosyn hend,</p>
<p>To wham th<sup>t</sup> Grym &amp; his wyf, had teld word &amp;
ende.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">xiii</span>
<a name = "intro13" id = "intro13"> </a>
<p>How th<sup>t</sup> hit stod wyth Hauelok, in all manere degre,</p>
<p>&amp; they hit hym telde &amp; conseilled, to drawe til his
contre,</p>
<p>Tasaye what grace he mighte fynde, among his frendes there,</p>
<p>&amp; they wolde ordeyne for their schipynge, and al th<sup>t</sup>
hem nede were.</p>
<p>When Aunger hadde y-schiped hem, they seilled forth ful swythe,</p>
<p>Ful-but in til Denemark, wyth weder fair &amp; lithe.</p>
<p>Ther fond he on sire Sykar, a man of gret pousté,</p>
<p>Th<sup>t</sup> hey styward somtyme was, of al his fader fe.</p>
<p>Ful fayn was he of his comyng, &amp; god help him behight,</p>
<p>To recouere his heritage, of Edulf kyng &amp; knyght.</p>
<p>Sone asembled they gret folk, of his sibmen &amp; frendes,</p>
<p>Kyng Edulf gadered his power, &amp; ageyn them wendes.</p>
<p>Desconfyt was ther kyng Edulf, &amp; al his grete bataill,</p>
<p>&amp; so conquered Hauelok, his heritage saunz faille.</p>
<p>Sone after he schop him gret power, in toward Ingelond,</p>
<p>His wyues heritage to wynne, ne wolde he nought wonde.</p>
<p>Th<sup>t</sup> herde the kyng of Lyndeseye, he was come on
th<sup>t</sup> cost,</p>
<p>&amp; schop to fighte wyth hym sone, &amp; gadered hym gret host.</p>
<p>But atte day of bataill, Edelsy was desconfit,</p>
<p>&amp; after by tretys gaf Argentill, hure heritage al quit.</p>
<p>&amp; for scheo was next of his blod, Hauelokes wyf so feyr,</p>
<p>He gaf hure Lyndesey after his day, &amp; made hure his Eyr.</p>
<p>&amp; atte last so byfel, th<sup>t</sup> vnder Hauelokes schelde,</p>
<p>Al Northfolk &amp; Lyndeseye, holy of hym they helde.’</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
MS. Lamb. 131. leaf 76.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_12" id = "pref_12">§ 12.</a> We now come to the prose
Chronicle called The Brute, which became exceedingly popular, and was
the foundation of “Caxton’s Chronicle,” first printed by Caxton <span
class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1480, but of which Caxton was not the
author, though he may have added some of the last chapters. The original
is in French, and was probably compiled a few years <i>before</i> Robert
of Brunne’s translation of Langtoft was made, as it concludes with the
year 1331, or, in some copies, with 1332. The author of it is not known,
but it was probably only regarded as a compilation from the Chronicles
of the earlier Historians. “In this Chronicle, in all its various
shapes, is contained the Story of Havelock, <i>engrafted on the British
History of Geoffrey of Monmouth</i>, and in its detail, following
precisely the French text of the Romance. The only variation of
consequence is the substitution of the name of Birkabeyn (as in the
English text) for that of Gunter, and in some copies, both of the French
and English MSS. of the Chronicle, the name of
<span class = "pagenum">xiv</span>
<a name = "intro14" id = "intro14"> </a>
<i>Goldeburgh</i> is inserted instead of <i>Argentille</i>; which
variations are the more curious, as they prove the absolute identity of
the story. For the sake of a more complete illustration of what has been
advanced, we are induced to copy the passage at length, as it appears in
the French Chronicle, taken from a well-written MS. of the 14th century,
MS. Reg. 20 A&nbsp;3, fol. 165&nbsp;b.”<a class = "tag" name = "tag12"
id = "tag12" href = "#note12">12</a></p>

<h5><i>‘Des Rois Adelbright &amp; Edelfi</i>, Cap. <span class =
"smallroman">IIIJ</span><sup>xx.</sup> <span class =
"smallroman">XIX</span>.</h5>

<p class = "longquote">
Apres le Roi Constantin estoient deux Rois en graunt Brutaigne, dount li
vns out a noun Aldelbright, &amp; fust Danois, &amp; [tint] tut le pais
de Norff’ &amp; de Suffolk, &amp; ly altre out a noun Edelfi, q<i>e</i>
fust Brittone, &amp; tint Nicol &amp; Lindesey, &amp; tote la terre
desqes a Humber, Ceux deux Rois soi entreguerroierent, [&amp; moult
s’entrehaierent] mais puis furent il entre acordez &amp; soi
entreamerent, taunt com s’il vssent estee freres de vn ventre neez. Le
Roi Edelfi out vne soer, Orewenne par noun, &amp; la dona par grant
amour al Roi Aldelbright a femme. Et il engendra de ly vne fille
q<i>e</i> out a noun Argentille. En le tierez an apres vne greue Maladie
ly suruint, si deuereit morrir, &amp; maunda par vn iour al Roi Edelfi,
soun frere en lei, q’il venist a ly parler, &amp; cil ly emparla
volentiers. Donqe ly pria le Roi Aldelbright et ly coniura en le noun
[de] Dieu, q’il apres sa mort preist Argentille sa fille, &amp; sa
terre, &amp; q’il la feist honestement garder [&amp; nurrir] en sa
chambre, &amp; quant ele serreit de age, q’il la feist marier al plus
fort hom &amp; plus vaillaunt q’il porroit trouer, &amp; q<i>e</i> a
donqe ly rendist sa terre. Edelfi ceo graunta, &amp; par serment afferma
sa priere. Et quant Adelbright fust mort, &amp; enterree, Edelfi prist
la damoysele, &amp; la norrist en sa chambre, si deuynt ele la plus
beale creature q<i>e</i> hom porreit trouer.</p>

<h5><i>Coment le Roi Edelfi Maria la damoisele Argentille a vn quistroun
de sa quisine.</i> Cap<sup>m.</sup>&nbsp;C.</h5>

<p class = "longquote">
Le Roi Edelfi, q<i>e</i> fust vncle a la Damoysele Argentille, pensa
fausement coment il porreit la terre sa Nece auoir par touz iours, &amp;
malueisement countre soun serment pensa a deceiure la pucelle, si la
maria a vn quistroun de sa quisyne q<i>e</i> fust apellée Curan, si
esteit il le plus haut, le plus fort, &amp; le plus vaillaunt de corps,
q<i>e</i> hom sauoit nulle part a cel temps, &amp; la quidoit
hountousement marier, pur auoir sa terre a remenaunt, Mais il fust
deceu. Car
<span class = "pagenum">xv</span>
<a name = "intro15" id = "intro15"> </a>
cest Curan fust [le Roi] Hauelok, filz le Roi Kirkebain de Denemarche,
&amp; il conquist la terre sa femme [en Bretaigne], &amp; occist le Roi
Edelfi, vncle sa femme, &amp; conquist tote la terre, <i>si com aillours
est trouée plus pleinement</i> [<i>en l’estorie</i>], &amp; il ne regna
q<i>e</i> treis aunz. Car Saxsouns &amp; Danoys le occirent, &amp; ceo
fust grant damage a tote la grant Brutaigne. Et les Brutouns le
porterent a Stonhenge, &amp; illoeqes ly enterrerent a grant
honour.’</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_13" id = "pref_13">§ 13.</a> “With the above may be
compared the English version, as extant in MS. Harl. 2279, which agrees
with the Ed. of Caxton, except in the occasional substitution of one
word for another.”<a class = "tag" name = "tag13" id = "tag13" href =
"#note13">13</a></p>

<h5>‘MS. Harl. 2279, f. 47.<i> Of the kinges Albright &amp; of
Edelf.</i> Ca<sup>o</sup>&nbsp;<span class =
"smallroman">IIII</span><sup>xx.</sup>&nbsp;<span class =
"smallroman">XI</span><sup>o</sup>.</h5>

<p class = "longquote">
After kyng Constantinus deth, ther were .ij. kynges in Britaigne, that
one men callede Adelbright, that was a Danoys, and helde the cuntray of
Northfolk and Southfolk, that other hight Edelf, and was a Britoun &amp;
helde Nichole, Lindeseye, and alle the lande vnto Humber. Thes ij.
kynges faste werred togeders, but afterward thei were acorded, and
louede togedere as thei had ben borne of o bodie. The kyng Edelf had a
suster that men callede Orewenne, and he yaf here thurghe grete
frenshipe to kyng Adelbright to wif, and he begate on here a doughter
that men callede Argentille, and in the .iij. yeer after him come vppon
a strong sekenesse that nedes he muste die, and he sent to kyng Edelf,
his brother in lawe, that he shulde come and speke with him, and he come
to him with good wille. Tho prayed he the kyng and coniurede also in the
name of God, that after whan he were dede, he shulde take Argentil his
doughter, and the lande, and that he kepte hir wel, and noreshed in his
chambre; and whan she were of age he shulde done here be mariede to the
strongest and worthiest man that he my?t fynde, and than he shulde yelde
vp her lande ayen. Edelf hit grauntid, and bi othe hit confermede his
prayer. And whan Adelbright was dede and Enterede, Edelfe toke the
damesel Argentil, and noreshid her in his chambre, and she become the
fayrest creature th<sup>t</sup> my?t lif, or eny man finde.</p>

<h5><i>How kyng Edelf mariede the damysel Argentil to a knaue of his
kichyn.</i> Ca<sup>o</sup>&nbsp;<span class =
"smallroman">IIII<sup>xx.</sup>&nbsp;XII.</span></h5>

<p class = "longquote">
This kyng Edelf, that was vncle to the damesel Argentil, bithought how
that he my?te falsliche haue the lande from his nece
<span class = "pagenum">xvi</span>
<a name = "intro16" id = "intro16"> </a>
for euermore, and falsly ayens his othe thou?te to desceyue the damysel,
and marie here to a knave of his kichon, that men callede Curan, and he
become the worthiest and strengest man of bodie that eny man wist in eny
lande that tho leuede. And to him he thou?t here shendfully haue
mariede, for to haue had here lande afterward; but he was clene
desceyuede. For this Curan that was Hauelokis son that was kyng of
Kirkelane in Denmark, and this Curan Conquerede his wifes landes, and
slow kyng Edelf, that was his wifes vncle, and had alle here lande, as
in a-nother stede hit [MS. but] telleth more oponly, and he ne regnede
but iij. yeer, for Saxones and Danoys him quelde, and that was grete
harme to al Britaigne, and Britouns bere him to Stonehenge, and ther
thei him interede with mochel honour and solempnite.’</p>

<p>“It must not be concealed, that in some copies, viz. in MSS. Harl.
1337, 6251, Digby 185, Hatton 50, Ashmole 791 and 793, the story is
altogether omitted, and Conan made to succeed to Arthur. In those copies
also of the English Polychronicon, the latter part of which resembles
the above Chronicle, the passage is not found.” “Among the Harl. MSS.
(No. 63) is a copy of the same Chronicle in an abridged form, in which
the name of <i>Goldesburghe</i> is substituted for that of Argentille.”
Sir F. Madden now adds&mdash;that “the story occurs also in some
interpolated copies of Higden (the Latin text, viz. MSS. Harl. 655,
Cott. Jul. E.&nbsp;8, Reg. 13 E.&nbsp;1<ins class = "mycorr" title =
"close parenthesis missing">).</ins> In an earlier form it is found in a
Latin Chronicle of the 13th century, MS. Cott. Dom. A.&nbsp;2, fol.
130.”</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_14" id = "pref_14">§ 14.</a> “It was, in all
probability, to this Chronicle also, in its original form, that Thomas
Gray, the author of the <i>Scala Cronica</i> (or <i>Scale Cronicon</i>),
a Chronicle in French prose, composed between the years 1355 and 1362,
is indebted for his knowledge of the tale.” The original MS. is No. 132
in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and was edited by
Stevenson for the Maitland Club in 1836. The passage relative to Havelok
is translated by Leland, <i>Collectanea</i>, vol.&nbsp;i. pt.&nbsp;2,
p.&nbsp;511. This account resembles the others, and involves no new
point of interest.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_15" id = "pref_15">§ 15.</a> I may here introduce the
remark, that the story is also to be found in the <i>Eulogium
Historiarum</i>, ed. Haydon, 1860, vol. ii. p.&nbsp;378. I here quote
the passage at length, as it is not referred to in Sir F. Madden’s
edition. The date of the Chronicle is about 1366. For various readings,
see Haydon’s edition.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">xvii</span>
<a name = "intro17" id = "intro17"> </a>
<p class = "longquote">
Non enim est prætermittendum de quodam Dano generoso ætate juvenili
florente, qui tempore regis Edelfridi casualiter Angliam adiit, qui a
propria patria expulsus per quendam ducem falsissimum, cui pater ejus
illum commiserat ipso moriente et ducem rogavit ut puerum nutriret usque
dum posset Denemarchiæ regnum viriliter gubernare. Dux vero malitiam
machinans juvenem hæredem rectum, Hauelok nomine, voluit occidisse. Puer
vero comperiens aufugit per latibula usque dum quidam Anglicus et
mercator in illis partibus adventaret; nomen autem mercatoris Grym
vocitabatur. Hauelok autem, Grym rogans ut ipsum in Angliam
transvectaret, ipse autem annuens, puerum secum conduxit et cum eo per
aliquot tempus apud Grymesby morabatur. Tandem ipsum ad curiam regis
Edelfridi conduxit et ibi in coquina regis moratus est.</p>

<p class = "longquote">
Rex autem Edelfridus quamdam habuit sororem nomine Orwen et illam
maritavit regi Athelberto, quod conjugium inter duos reges vinculum
amoris catenavit. Rex autem Athelbert terram citra Trentam cum regio
diademate occupavit, cum terra de Northfolk’ et de Southfolk’ et eis
adjacentibus. Rex vero Edelfrid comitatum Lincolniæ et Lyndeseye et eis
spectantibus. Ante maritagium puellæ Orwen illi duo reges semper
debellabant, post matrimonium factum nulla fuit divisio, nec in familia
inter eos nec in dominio.</p>

<p class = "longquote">
Rex vero Ethelbert de uxore sua quamdam filiam genuit, nomine Argentile,
pulcherrimam valde. Athelberto obiente, vel ante mortem ejus, regem
rogavit Edelfridum ut filiam suam homini fortissimo ac validiori totius
sui regni in conjugium copularet, nihil doli vel mali machinans.</p>

<p class = "longquote">
Rex autem Adelfrid omnem malitiam ingeminans de conjugio puellæ
malitiose disponens, cogitans se habere unum lixam in coquina sua qui
omnes homines regni sui in vigore et fortitudine superabat, et juxta
votum patris puellæ ad illum hominem fortissimum illam generosam
juvenculam toro maritali copulavit, ob cupiditatem regni puellæ ipsam
ita enormiter maritabat. Hauelok in patria Danemarchiæ et Argentile in
Britannia æquali sorte ad custodiendum deputati sunt, totum tamen nutu
Divino cedebat eis in honorem. Nam Hauelok post paucos annos regnum
Britanniæ adoptus est, et a Saxonibus tandem occisus et apud le
Stonhenge est sepultus. Pater ejus Kirkeban vocabatur.</p>

<p>This agrees closely with the accounts given above (§ 12 and
§&nbsp;13). The chief point to be noticed is that this account
identifies Edelfrid with the Æthelfrith son of Æthelric who was king of
the Northumbrians from <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 593 to
617, according to the
<span class = "pagenum">xviii</span>
<a name = "intro18" id = "intro18"> </a>
computation of the A.S. Chronicle, and who was succeeded by Eadwine son
of Ælle, who drove out the æthelings or sons of Æthelfrith. It may be
remarked further, that the same Æthelfrith is called Æluric by La?amon,
who gives him a very bad character; see La?amon, ed. Madden, vol. iii.
p.&nbsp;195.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_16" id = "pref_16">§ 16.</a> The story is also mentioned
by Henry de Knyghton, a canon of Leicester abbey, whose history
concludes with the year 1395. But his is no fresh evidence, as it is
evidently borrowed from the French Chronicle of Rauf de Boun; see
§&nbsp;7. It is also alluded to in a blundering manner in a short
historical compilation extending from the time of Brutus to the reign of
Henry VI., and preserved in MS. Cotton Calig. A.&nbsp;2. At fol.
107&nbsp;<i>b</i> is the passage&mdash; “Ethelwolde, qui generavit
filiam de (<i>sic</i>) Haueloke de Denmarke, per quem Danes per cccc.
annos postea fecerunt clameum Anglie.” Some omission after the word
<i>de</i> has turned the passage into nonsense; but it is noteworthy as
expressing the claim of the Danes to the English crown by right of
descent from Havelok; a claim which is more clearly expressed in MS.
Harl. 63, in which the King of Denmark is represented as sending a
herald to Æthelstan (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 927)&mdash;
“to witte wheder he wold fynde a man to fight w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>
Colbrande<a class = "tag" name = "tag14" id = "tag14" href =
"#note14">14</a> for the righ[t]e of the kyngdom Northumbr<i>e</i>, that
the Danes had claymed byfore by the title of kyng Haueloke, that wedded
Goldesburghe the kyngis daughter of Northumbr<i>e</i>” &mdash;fol. 19.<a
class = "tag" name = "tag15" id = "tag15" href = "#note15">15</a> Four
hundred years before this date would intimate some year early in the
sixth century. Finally, the story is found at a later period in Caxton’s
Chronicle (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1480) as above
intimated in §&nbsp;12; whence it was adopted by Warner, and inserted
into his poem entitled Albion’s England; book iv. chap. 20, published in
1586. Warner called it the tale of “Argentile and Curan;” and in this
ballad-shape it was reprinted in Percy’s Reliques of Ancient Poetry
(vol. ii. p.&nbsp;261; ed. 1812) with the same title. Not long after, in
1617, another author, William Webster, published a larger poem in
six-line stanzas; but this is a mere paraphrase of Warner. The title
is&mdash; “The most
<span class = "pagenum">xix</span>
<a name = "intro19" id = "intro19"> </a>
pleasant and delightful historie of Curan, a prince of Danske, and the
fayre princesse Argentile,” &amp;c. John Fabyan, in his Concordance of
Historyes, first printed in 1516, alludes to the two kings Adelbryght
and Edill, only to dismiss the “longe processe” concerning them, as not
supported by sufficient authority. See p.&nbsp;82 of the reprint by
Ellis, 4to, 1811.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_17" id = "pref_17">§ 17.</a> The only other two sources
whence any further light can be thrown upon our subject are the
traditions of Denmark and Grimsby. A letter addressed by Sir F. Madden
to Professor Rask elicited a reply which was equivalent to saying that
next to nothing is known about it in Denmark. This seems to be the right
place to mention a small book of 80 pages, published at Copenhagen in
the present year (1868), and entitled “Sagnet om Havelok Danske; fortalt
af Kristian Köster.” It contains (1)&nbsp;a&nbsp;version, in Danish
prose, of the English poem; (2)&nbsp;a&nbsp;version of the same story,
following the French texts of the Arundel and Royal MSS.; and
(3)&nbsp;some elucidations of the legend. The author proposes a theory
that Havelok is really the Danish king Amlet, i.e. Hamlet; but I have
not space here to state all his arguments. As far as I follow them, some
of the chief ones are these; that Havelok ought to be found in the list
of Danish kings;<a class = "tag" name = "tag16" id = "tag16" href =
"#note16">16</a> that Hamlet’s simulation of folly or madness is
paralleled by Havelok’s behaviour, as expressed in ll. 945-954 of our
poem; and that both Hamlet and Havelok succeeded in fulfilling the
revenge which they had long cherished secretly. But I am not much
persuaded by these considerations, for, even granting some resemblance
in the names,<a class = "tag" name = "tag17" id = "tag17" href =
"#note17">17</a> the resemblance in the stories is very slight. But I
must refer the reader to the book itself.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_18" id = "pref_18">§ 18.</a> Turning however to local
traditions, we find that Camden briefly alludes to the story in a
contemptuous manner
<span class = "pagenum">xx</span>
<a name = "intro20" id = "intro20"> </a>
(p. 353; ed. 8vo, Lond. 1587); but Gervase Holles is far from being
disposed to regard it as fabulous. <ins class = "mycorr"
title = "text has superfluous open quote">In</ins> his MSS. collections for
Lincolnshire, preserved in MS. Harl. 6829, he thus speaks of the story
we are examining.<a class = "tag" name = "tag18" id = "tag18" href =
"#note18">18</a></p>

<p class = "longquote">
“And it will not be amisse, to say something concerning y<sup>e</sup>
Common tradition of her first founder Grime, as y<sup>e</sup>
inhabitants (with a Catholique faith) name him. The tradition it thus.
<i>Grime</i> (say they) a poore Fisherman (as he was launching into
y<sup>e</sup> Riuer for fish in his little boate vpon Humber) espyed not
far from him another little boate, empty (as he might conceaue) which by
y<sup>e</sup> fauour of y<sup>e</sup> wynde &amp; tyde still approached
nearer &amp; nearer vnto him. He betakes him to his oares, &amp; meetes
itt, wherein he founde onely a Childe wrapt in swathing clothes,
purposely exposed (as it should seeme) to y<sup>e</sup> pittylesse
[rage] of y<sup>e</sup> wilde &amp; wide Ocean. He moued with pitty,
takes itt home, &amp; like a good foster-father carefully nourisht itt,
&amp; endeauoured to nourishe it in his owne occupation: but
y<sup>e</sup> childe contrarily was wholy deuoted to exercises of
actiuity, &amp; when he began to write man, to martiall sports, &amp; at
length by his signall valour obteyned such renowne, y<sup>t</sup> he
marryed y<sup>e</sup> King of England’s daughter, &amp; last of all
founde who was his true Father, &amp; that he was Sonne to y<sup>e</sup>
King of Denmarke; &amp; for y<sup>e</sup> comicke close of all; that
<i>Haueloke</i> (for such was his name) exceedingly aduanced &amp;
enriched his foster-father Grime, who thus enriched, builded a fayre
Towne neare the place where Hauelocke was founde, &amp; named it
Grimesby. Thus say some: others differ a little in y<sup>e</sup>
circumstances, as namely, that Grime was not a Fisherman, but a
Merchant, &amp; that Hauelocke should be preferred to y<sup>e</sup>
King’s kitchin, &amp; there liue a longe tyme as a Scullion: but however
y<sup>e</sup> circumstances differ, they all agree in y<sup>e</sup>
consequence, as concerning y<sup>e</sup> Towne’s foundation, to which
(sayth y<sup>e</sup> story) Hauelocke y<sup>e</sup> Danish prince,
afterward graunted many immunityes. This is y<sup>e</sup> famous
Tradition concerning Grimsby w<sup>c</sup>h learned Mr. Cambden gives so
little creditt to, that he thinkes it onely <i>illis dignissima, qui
anilibus fabulis noctem solent protrudere</i>.”</p>

<p>And again, after shewing that <i>by</i> is the Danish for
<i>town</i>, and quoting a passage about Havelock’s father being named
Gunter, which may be found in Weever (Ancient Funeral Monuments, fol.
Lond. 1631, p.&nbsp;749), he proceeds:</p>

<p class = "longquote">
<ins class = "mycorr" title = "printed inline with preceding text, in smaller type">“that</ins>
Hauelocke did sometymes reside in Grimsby, may be gathered from a great blew
<span class = "pagenum">xxi</span>
<a name = "intro21" id = "intro21"> </a>
Boundry-stone, lying at y<sup>e</sup> East ende of Briggowgate, which
retaines y<sup>e</sup> name of <i>Hauelock’s-Stone</i> to this day.
Agayne y<sup>e</sup> great priuiledges &amp; immunityes, that this Towne
hath in Denmarke aboue any other in England (as freedome from Toll,
&amp; y<sup>e</sup> rest) may fairely induce a Beleife, that some
preceding favour, or good turne called on this remuneration. But lastly
(which proofe I take to be <i>instar omnium</i>) the Common Seale of
y<sup>e</sup> Towne, &amp; that a most auncient one,” &amp;c. [Here
follows a description of the Seal.]</p>

<p>“The singular fact,” adds Sir F. Madden, “alluded to by Holles, of
the Burgesses of Grimsby being free from toll at the Port of Elsineur,
in Denmark, is confirmed by the Rev. G. Oliver, in his Monumental
Antiquities of Grimsby, 8vo, Hull, 1825, who is inclined from that, and
other circumstances, to believe the story is not so totally without
foundation.” There is also an absurd local story that the church at
Grimsby, which has now but one turret, formerly had four, three of which
were kicked down by Grim in his anxiety to destroy some hostile vessels.
The first fell among the enemy’s fleet; the second dropped in
Wellowgate, and is now Havelock’s stone; the third fell within the
churchyard, but the fourth his strength failed to move. Perhaps amongst
the most interesting notices of the story are the following words by Sir
Henry Havelock, whose family seems to have originally resided in Durham.
His own account, however, is this. “My father, William Havelock,
descended from a family which formerly resided at Grimsby in
Lincolnshire, and was himself born at Guisborough in Yorkshire.”<a class
= "tag" name = "tag19" id = "tag19" href = "#note19">19</a> And it may
at least be said with perfect truth, that if the name of <i>Havelock</i>
was not famous formerly, it is famous now.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_19" id = "pref_19">§ 19.</a> The last evidence for the
legend is the still-existing seal of the corporation of Great Grimsby.
The engraving of this seal, as it appears in the present edition, was
made from a copy kindly furnished to the E.E.T.S. by the Mayor of
Grimsby, and I here subjoin a description of it, communicated to me by
J.&nbsp;Hopkin, Esq., Jun., of Grimsby, which was first printed, in a
slightly different form, in Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. xi.
p.&nbsp;41; see also p.&nbsp;216.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">xxii</span>
<a name = "intro22" id = "intro22"> </a>
<p class = "longquote">
“The ancient Town Seal of Great Grimsby is engraven on a circular piece
of brass not very thick; and on the back, which is rather arched, is a
small projecting piece of brass, placed as a substitute for a handle, in
order when taking an impression the more easily to detach the matrix
from the Wax. This seal is in an excellent state of preservation, and is
inscribed in Saxon characters ‘Sigillvm Comunitatis Grimebye’ and
represents thereon Gryme (‘Gryem’) who by tradition is reported to have
been a native of Souldburg in Denmark, where he gained a precarious
livelihood by fishing and piracy; but having, as is supposed, during the
reign of Ethelbert,<a class = "tag" name = "tag20" id = "tag20" href =
"#note20">20</a> been accidentally driven into the Humber by a furious
storm, he landed on the Lincolnshire Coast near Grimsby, he being at
this time miserably poor and almost destitute of the common necessaries
of life; for Leland represents this ‘poor fisschar’ as being so very
needy that he was not ‘able to kepe his sunne Cuaran for poverty.’
Gryme, finding a capacious haven adapted to his pursuits, built himself
a house and commenced and soon succeeded in establishing a very
lucrative Trade with Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Other Merchants having
in process of time settled near him, attracted by the commercial
advantages offered by this excellent Harbour, they jointly constructed
convenient appendages for extensive Trade, and the colony soon rose into
considerable importance, and became known at an early period by the name
of Grimsby. For not only was Grimsby constituted a borough so early as
the seventh century, but Peter of Langtoft speaks of it as a frontier
Town and the boundary of a Kingdom erected by the conquests of Egbert in
the year 827, which he states included all that portion of the Island
which lay between ‘the maritime Towns of Grymsby and Dover.’ So that
even at that period, Grimsby must have been a place of peculiar strength
and importance. Gryme is represented on the seal as a man of gigantic
stature with comparatively short hair, a shaven chin, and a moustache,
holding in his right hand a drawn sword and bearing on his left arm a
circular shield with an ornate boss and rim. The sleeveless tunic above
his under vest is most probably the panzar or panzara of the Danes.
Between his feet is a Conic object, possibly intended for a helmet, as
it resembles the chapelle-de-fer worn by William Rufus on his Great
Seal, and which in the laws of Gula is distinguished as the Steel hufe.
On the right hand of Gryme stands his protégé Haveloc (‘Habloc’), whom,
during one of his mercantile excursions soon after his arrival in
Lincolnshire, Gryme had the good fortune to save
<span class = "pagenum">xxiii</span>
<a name = "intro23" id = "intro23"> </a>
from imminent danger of Shipwreck, and who proved to be the Son of
Gunter, King of Denmark, and who was therefore conveyed to the British
Court, where he subsequently received in marriage Goldburgh, the
Daughter of the British Sovereign. Above Gryme is represented a hand,
being emblematical of the hand of providence by which Haveloc was
preserved, and near the hand is the star which marks the point where the
inscription begins and ends. Haveloc made such a favourable
representation of his preserver at the British and Danish Courts, that
he procured for him many honours and privileges. From the British
Monarch Gryme, who had already realised an abundance of wealth, received
a charter, and was made the chief governor of Grimsby; and the Danish
Sovereign granted to the Town an immunity (which is still possessed by
the Burgesses of Grimsby) from all Tolls at the Port of Elsineur. Gryme
afterwards lived in Grimsby like a petty prince in his Hereditary
Dominions. Above Haveloc is represented a crown and in his right hand is
a battle axe, the favourite weapon of the Northmen, and in his right
hand is a ring which he is presenting to the British Princess Goldburgh
(‘Goldebvrgh’), who stands on the left side of Gryme and whose right
hand is held towards the Ring. Over her head is a Regal Diadem, and in
her left hand is a Sceptre. Sir F. Madden states that it is certain that
this seal is at least as old as the time of Edward&nbsp;I. (and
therefore contemporaneous with the MS.) as the legend is written in a
character which after the year 1300 fell into disuse, and was succeeded
by the black letter, or <i>Gothic</i>.”</p>


<h5 class = "section">
<a name = "pref_20" id = "pref_20">§ 20.</a> <span class =
"smallcaps">Sketch of the story of</span> “Le Lai d’Aueloc.”<a class =
"tag" name = "tag21" id = "tag21" href = "#note21">21</a></h5>

<p>It is my intention to offer some remarks on the probable sources of
the legend, and to fix a conjectural date for the existence of Havelok.
But it is obviously convenient that a sketch of the story should first
be given. It appears, however, that the resemblance between the French
and English versions is by no means very close, and it will be necessary
to give separate abstracts of them. I begin with the French version, in
which I follow the Norfolk MS. rather than the abridgment by Gaimar. I
have already said that the former is printed in Sir F. Madden’s edition,
and that it was reprinted by M. Michel with the title “Lai d’Havelok le
Danois,” Paris, 1833, and by Mr Wright for the Caxton Society in
1850.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">xxiv</span>
<a name = "intro24" id = "intro24"> </a>
<p class = "longquote">
The Britons made a lay concerning King Havelok, who is surnamed Cuaran.
His father was Gunter, King of the Danes. Arthur crossed the sea, and
invaded Denmark. Gunter perished by the treason of Hodulf, who gained
the kingdom, and held it of Arthur. Gunter had a fine castle, where his
wife and son were guarded, being committed to the protection of Grim.
The child was but seven years old; but ever as he slept, an odorous
flame issued from his mouth. Hodulf sought to kill him, but Grim
prepared a ship, and furnished it with provisions, wherein he placed the
queen and the child, and set sail from Denmark. On their voyage they
encountered pirates (“outlaghes”), who killed them all after a hard
fight, excepting Grim, who was an acquaintance of theirs, and Grim’s
wife and children. Havelok also was saved. They at last arrived at the
haven, afterwards named “Grimesbi” from Grim. Grim there resumed his old
trade, a fisherman’s, and a town grew up round his hut, which was called
Grimsby. The child grew up, and waxed strong. One day Grim said to him,
“Son, you will never thrive as a fisherman; take your brothers with you,
and seek service amongst the King’s servants.” He was soon well
apparelled, and repaired with his two foster-brothers to Nicole
[Lincoln].<a class = "tag" name = "tag22" id = "tag22" href =
"#note22">22</a> Now at that time there was a king named Alsi, who ruled
over all Nicole and Lindesie;<a class = "tag" name = "tag23" id =
"tag23" href = "#note23">23</a> but the country southward was governed
by another king, named Ekenbright, who had married Alsi’s sister Orewen.
These two had one only daughter, named Argentille. Ekenbright, falling
ill, committed Argentille to the care of Alsi, till she should be of age
to be married to the strongest man that can be found. At Ekenbright’s
death, Alsi reigned over both countries, holding his court at Nicole.
Havelok, on his arrival there, was employed to carry water and cut wood,
and to perform all menial offices requiring great strength. He was named
Cuaran, which means&mdash;in the British language&mdash;a&nbsp;scullion.
Argentille soon arrived at marriageable age, and Alsi determined to
marry her to Cuaran, which would sufficiently fulfil her father’s
wish&mdash;Cuaran being confessedly the strongest man in those parts. To
this marriage he compelled her to consent, hoping thereby to disgrace
her for ever. Havelok was unwilling that his wife should perceive the
marvellous flame, but soon forgot this, and ere long fell asleep. Then
had Argentille a strange vision&mdash;that a savage bear and some foxes
attacked Cuaran, but dogs and boars defended him. A boar having killed
the bear, the foxes cried for quarter from Cuaran,
<span class = "pagenum">xxv</span>
<a name = "intro25" id = "intro25"> </a>
who commanded them to be bound. Then he would have put to sea, but the
sea rose so high that he was terrified. Next she beheld two lions, at
seeing which she was frightened, and she and Cuaran climbed a tree to
avoid them; but the lions submitted themselves to him, and called him
their lord. Then a great cry was raised, whereat she awoke, and beheld
the miraculous flame. “Sir,” she exclaimed, “you burn!” But he reassured
her, and, having heard her dream, said that it would soon come true. The
next day, however, she again told her dream to a chamberlain, her
friend, who said that he well knew a holy hermit who could explain it.
The hermit explained to Argentille that Cuaran must be of royal lineage.
“He will be king,” he said, “and you a queen. Ask him concerning his
parentage. Remember also to repair to his native place.” On being
questioned, Cuaran replied that he was born at Grimsby; that Grim was
his father, and Saburc his mother. “Then let us go to Grimsby,” she
replied. Accompanied by his two foster-brothers, they came to Grimsby;
but Grim and Saburc were both dead. They found there, however, a
daughter of Grim’s, named Kelloc, who had married a tradesman of that
town. Up to this time Havelok had not known his true parentage, but
Kelloc thought it was now time to tell him, and said: “Your father was
Gunter, the King of the Danes, whom Hodulf slew. Hodulf obtained the
kingdom as a grant from Arthur. Grim fled with you, and saved your life;
but your mother perished at sea. Your name is <span class =
"smallcaps">Havelok</span>. My husband will convey you to Denmark, where
you must inquire for a lord named ‘Sigar l’estal;’ and take with you my
two brothers.” So Kelloc’s husband conveyed them to Denmark, and advised
Havelok to go to Sigar and show himself and his wife, as then he would
be asked who his wife is. They went to the city of the seneschal, the
before-named Sigar, where they craved a night’s lodging, and were
courteously entertained. But as they retired to a lodging for the night,
six men attacked them, who had been smitten with the beauty of
Argentille. Havelok defended himself with an axe which he found, and
slew five, whereupon the sixth fled. Havelok and his party fled away for
refuge to a monastery, which was soon attacked by the townsmen who had
heard of the combat. Havelok <i>mounted the tower</i>, and defended
himself bravely, <i>casting down a huge stone on his enemies</i>.<a
class = "tag" name = "tag24" id = "tag24" href = "#note24">24</a> The
news soon reached the ears of Sigar, who hastened to see what the uproar
was about. Beholding
<span class = "pagenum">xxvi</span>
<a name = "intro26" id = "intro26"> </a>
Havelok fixedly, he called to mind the form and appearance of Gunter,
and asked Havelok of his parentage. Havelok replied that Grim had told
him he was by birth a Dane, and that his mother perished at sea; and
ended by briefly relating his subsequent adventures. Then Sigar asked
him his name. “My name is Havelok,” he said, “and my other name is
Cuaran.” Then the seneschal took him home, and determined to watch for
the miraculous flame, which he soon perceived, and was assured that
Havelok was the true heir. Therefore he gathered a great host of his
friends, and sent for the horn which none but the true heir could sound,
promising a ring to any one who could blow it. When all had failed, it
was given to Havelok, who blew it loud and long, and was joyfully
recognized and acknowledged to be the true King. Then with a great army
he attacked Hodulf the usurper, whom he slew with his own hand. Thus was
Havelok made King of Denmark.</p>

<p class = "longquote">
But after he had reigned four years, his wife incited him to return to
England. With a great number of ships he sailed there, and arrived at
Carleflure;<a class = "tag" name = "tag25" id = "tag25" href =
"#note25">25</a> and sent messengers to Alsi, demanding the inheritance
of Argentille. Alsi was indeed astonished at such a demand as coming
from a scullion, and offered him battle. The hosts met at Theford,<a
class = "tag" name = "tag26" id = "tag26" href = "#note26">26</a> and
the battle endured till nightfall without a decisive result. But
Argentille craftily advised her lord to support his dead men by stakes,
to increase the apparent number of his army; and the next day Alsi,
deceived by this device, treated for peace, and yielded up to his former
ward all the land, from Holland<a class = "tag" name = "tag27" id =
"tag27" href = "#note27">27</a> to Gloucester. Alsi had been so sorely
wounded that he lived but fifteen days longer. Thus was Havelok king
over Lincoln and Lindsey, and reigned over them for twenty years. Such
is the lay of Cuaran.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_21" id = "pref_21">§ 21.</a> The chief points to be
noticed in Gaimar’s abridgment are the few additional particulars to be
gleaned from it. We there find that Havelok’s mother was <i>Alvive</i>,
a daughter of King <i>Gaifer</i>; that the King of Nicole and Lindeseie
was a <i>Briton</i>, and was named Edelsie; that his sister, named
Orwain, was married to Adelbrit, a <i>Dane</i>, who ruled over Norfolk;
and that Edelsie and Adelbrit lived in the days of Costentin
(Constantine), who
<span class = "pagenum">xxvii</span>
<a name = "intro27" id = "intro27"> </a>
succeeded Arthur. It is also said that the usurper Hodulf was brother to
Aschis, who is the Achilles of Geoffrey of Monmouth. Another statement,
that Havelok’s kingdom extended from Holland to <i>Colchester</i>, seems
to be an improvement upon “from Holland to <i>Gloucester</i>.”</p>

<p>The words of Mr Petrie, in his remarks upon the lay in Monumenta
Historica Britannica, vol.&nbsp;i., may be quoted here. “Although both
[French versions] have the same story in substance, and often contain
lines exactly alike, yet, besides the different order in which the
incidents are narrated, each has occasionally circumstances wanting in
the other, and such too, it should seem, as would leave the story
incomplete unless supplied from the other copy. Thus, the visit to the
hermit, which is omitted in Gaimar, was probably in the original
romance; for without it Argentille’s dream tells for nothing; and in the
Arundel copy there is a particular account of Haveloc’s defence of a
tower by hurling stones on his assailants, which in Gaimar is so
obscurely alluded to as to be hardly intelligible. On the other hand,
instead of the description of the extraordinary virtues of Sygar’s ring
in Gaimar, it is merely said in the Arundel copy that Sygar would give
his <i>anel d’or</i> to whoever could sound the horn; and, to omit other
instances, a festival is described in Gaimar on the authority of
<i>l’Estorie</i>, of which no notice whatever occurs in the Arundel
MS.”</p>


<h5 class = "section">
<a name = "pref_22" id = "pref_22">§ 22.</a> <span class =
"smallcaps">Sketch of the English Poem.</span></h5>

<p>The “Lay of Havelok” has been admirably paraphrased by Professor
Morley, in his “English Writers,” vol.&nbsp;i. pp.&nbsp;459-467, a book
which should be in every reader’s hands, and which should by all means
be consulted. I only intend here to give a briefer outline, for the sake
of comparing the main features of our poem with those of the French
<i>Lai</i>.</p>

<p class = "longquote">
Hear the tale of Havelok! There was once a good king in England, named
Athelwold, renowned and beloved for his justice. He had but one child, a
daughter named Goldborough. Knowing that his end was approaching, he
sent for all his lords to assemble at Winchester, and there committed
Goldborough to the care of Godrich, the earl of Cornwall; directing him
to see her married
<span class = "pagenum">xxviii</span>
<a name = "intro28" id = "intro28"> </a>
to the strongest and fairest man whom he could find. But Godrich
imprisoned her at Dover, and resolved to seize her inheritance for his
own son. At that time there was also a King of Denmark, named Birkabeyn,
who had one son, Havelok, and two daughters, Swanborough and Helfled. At
the approach of death, he committed these to the care of Earl Godard.
But Godard killed the two girls, and only spared Havelok because he did
not like to kill him with his own hand. He therefore hired a fisherman,
named Grim, to drown Havelok at sea. But Grim perceived, as Havelok
slept, a miraculous light shining round the lad, whereby he knew that
the child was the true heir, and would one day be king. In order to
avoid Godard, Grim fitted up a ship, and provisioned it, and with his
wife Leve, his three sons, his two daughters, and Havelok, put out to
sea. They landed in Lindesey at the month of the Humber, at a place
afterwards named Grimsby after Grim. Grim worked at his old trade, a
fisherman’s, and Havelok carried about the fish for sale. Then arose a
great dearth in the land, and Havelok went out to seek his own
livelihood, walking to Lincoln barefoot. He was hired as a porter by the
earl of Cornwall’s cook, and drew water and cut wood for the earl’s
kitchen. One day some men met to contend in games and to “put the
stone.” At the cook’s command, Havelok also put the stone, hurling it
further than any of the rest.<a class = "tag" name = "tag28" id =
"tag28" href = "#note28">28</a> Godrich, hearing the praises of
Havelok’s strength, at once resolved to perform his oath by causing him
to marry Goldborough; and carried his design into execution. As goon as
the pair were married, Havelok suddenly quitted Lincoln with his wife,
and returned to Grimsby, where he found that Grim was dead, but that his
five children <ins class = "mycorr" title = "inconsistent tense in original">are</ins>
yet alive. At night, Goldborough perceived a light
shining round about Havelok, and observed a cross upon his shoulder. At
the same time she heard an angel’s voice, telling her of good fortune to
come. Then he awoke, and told her a dream; how he had dreamt that all
Denmark and England became his own. She encouraged him, and urged him to
set sail for Denmark at once. He accordingly called to him Grim’s three
sons, and narrated to them his own history, and Godard’s treachery,
asking them to accompany him to Denmark. To this they assented, and
sailed with him and Goldborough to Denmark. There he sought out a former
friend of his father’s, Earl Ubbe, who invited him and his friends to a
sumptuous feast. After the feast, Havelok and Goldborough and Grim’s
sons went to the house of one Bernard Brown, whose house was that night
attacked by sixty thieves. By dint of
<span class = "pagenum">xxix</span>
<a name = "intro29" id = "intro29"> </a>
great prowess, the friends at length slew all their sixty assailants,
and Ubbe was so amazed at Havelok’s valour that he resolved to dub him a
knight, and invited him to sleep in his own castle. At night, he peeped
into Havelok’s chamber, and beheld the marvellous light, and saw a
bright cross on his neck. Rejoiced at heart, he did homage to Havelok,
and commanded all his friends and dependents to do the same. He also
dubbed him knight, and proclaimed him King. With six thousand men he set
out to attack Godard, whom he defeated and made prisoner, and afterwards
caused to be flayed, drawn, and hung. Then Havelok swore that he would
establish at Grimsby a priory of black monks, to pray for Grim’s soul;
and Godrich, having heard that Havelok has invaded England, raised a
great army against him. An indecisive combat took place between Ubbe and
Godrich, but a more decisive one between Godrich and Havelok; for
Havelok cut off his foe’s hand and made him prisoner. Then the English
submitted to Goldborough, and acknowledged her as queen; but Godrich was
condemned and burnt. Havelok rewarded both his own friends and the
English nobles; for he caused Earl Reyner of Chester to marry Gunild,
Grim’s daughter, and Bertram, formerly Godrich’s cook, to marry Levive,
another of Grim’s daughters; bestowing upon Bertram the earldom of
Cornwall. Then were Havelok and Goldborough crowned at London, and a
feast was given that lasted forty days. The kingdom of Denmark was
bestowed upon Ubbe, who held it of King Havelok. Havelok and Goldborough
lived to the age of a hundred years, and their reign lasted for sixty
years in England. They had fifteen children, who were all kings and
queens. Such is the <i>geste</i> of Havelok and Goldborough.</p>


<h5 class = "section">
<a name = "pref_23" id = "pref_23">§ 23.</a> <span class =
"smallcaps">Possible date of Havelok’s reign.</span></h5>

<p>The various allusions to the story of Havelok already cited naturally
lead us to consider the question as to what date we should refer such
circumstances of the story as may have some foundation in truth, or such
circumstances as may have originated the story. I do not look upon this
as altogether a hopeless or profitless inquiry, for it seems to me that
a theory may be constructed which will readily and easily fit in with
most of the statements of our authorities. In the first place, to place
Havelok’s father in the time of Alfred, as is done by Peter de Langtoft
and his translators, is absurd, and evidently due to the confusion
between the names of Gunter and Godrum or Guthrum. We
<span class = "pagenum">xxx</span>
<a name = "intro30" id = "intro30"> </a>
may even adduce Langtoft’s evidence against himself, as he alludes to
Grimsby as being the boundary of Egbert’s kingdom; and indeed, the mere
fact of its being a British lay points to a time before the
establishment of the Heptarchy. As already suggested in §&nbsp;16, some
of the authorities point to the sixth century. But the evidence of the
French poem and of Gaimar points still more steadily to a similar early
date. There we find Gunter appearing as the enemy, not of Alfred, but of
Arthur. The French prose chronicle of the Brute places Adelbright and
Edelfi after the death of Constantine, and it is clear that there is
some close connection between the British lay of Havelok and the British
Chronicle. The <i>Godrich</i> of the English version is the <i>Alsi</i>
of the French poem, the <i>Edelsi</i> of Gaimar, the <i>Adelfrid</i><a
class = "tag" name = "tag29" id = "tag29" href = "#note29">29</a> or
<i>Edelfrid</i> of the Eulogium Historiarum, the <i>Elfroi</i> of Wace,
the <i>Æluric</i> of La?amon, the <i>Æthelfrith</i> who succeeded to the
throne of Northumbria <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 593,
according to the Saxon Chronicle. The <i>Athelwold</i> of the English
version is the <i>Adelbrict</i> of Gaimar, the <i>Ekenbright</i> of the
French poem, the <i>Athelbert</i> of the Eulogium Historiarum, the
<i>Aldebar</i> of Wace, and the <i>Æthelbert</i> of La?amon, i.e. no
other than the celebrated <i>Æthelberht</i> of Kent, who was baptized by
St Augustine <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 596, according to
the Saxon Chronicle. This is the right clue to the <i>names</i>, from
which, when once obtained, the rest follows easily. The variations
between the English and French versions are very great, and it is clear
that each poet proceeded much as poets are accustomed to do. Taking a
legend as the general guide or thread of a narrative, it is the simplest
and easiest plan to dress it up after one’s own fashion, and to draw
upon the materials that are supplied by the <i>general surroundings</i>
of the story. I feel confident that the narrators of the Lay of Havelok
must have used materials not much unlike those used by La?amon, and a
mere comparison of the French and English lays with La?amon will amply
suffice to elucidate this. Æluric is first mentioned at p.&nbsp;195 of
vol. iii. of La?amon, as edited by Sir F. Madden; if we allow ourselves
a margin on both sides of this, we may find many things akin to the lay
of Havelok
<span class = "pagenum">xxxi</span>
<a name = "intro31" id = "intro31"> </a>
between pages 150 and 282 of that volume, as I will now shew. The
character of the good king Athelwold is taken from that of Æthelberht of
Kent, and his love of justice may remind us of the ancient collection of
laws which are still extant as having been made by that king. His
extensive rule, such as is also attributed to Godrich and Havelok, may
point to the title of <i>Bretwalda</i>, which Æthelberht so long
coveted, and at last obtained. Our poet, in describing Birkabeyn,
repeats this character so exactly, and makes the circumstances of the
deaths of Athelwold and Birkabeyn so similar, that they are almost
indistinguishable; a fault which he doubles by repeating the character
of Godrich in describing that of Godard. Both of these answer to
La?amon’s Æluric, who was “the wickedest of all kings” (La?. iii. 195).
So far, perhaps, the connection of the various stories is not very
evident, but I will now mention an obvious coincidence. The quarrel and
reconciliation between Athelbert and Edelfrid, as told in the Eulogium
Historiarum, &amp;c., exactly answers to the quarrel and reconciliation
between Cadwan and Æluric as told in La?amon (vol. iii. p.&nbsp;205);
where Cadwan has come forward in place of Æthelbert, who has by this
time dropped out of La?amon’s narrative. Again, the Gunter or Gurmond
who was Havelok’s father reminds us of the Gurmund of La?amon
(p.&nbsp;156), who is curiously described as king of Africa; but the
name is Danish. The character of Grim is fairly paralleled by that of
Brian, who makes sea-voyages, and goes about as a merchant (La?amon,
iii. 232). In several respects Havelok may have been drawn from
Cadwalan, whose gallant attempts to gain the king of Northumberland are
recorded in La?amon (iii. 216-254); his opponent being Edwin, who has
replaced Ethelfrid as La?amon’s narrative proceeds. At last he
overthrows him and slays him in the great battle of Heathfield or
Hatfield, which took place, according to the Saxon Chronicle, <span
class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 633. This great battle resembles the
decisive one between Havelok and Godrich. As Cadwalan was well supported
by his liegeman Penda (La?amon, iii. 251), so was Havelok by Ubbe.
Again, Cadwalan marries Helen, whom he found at</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p class = "indent">&mdash;þan castle of Deoure</p>
<p>on þere sæ oure;</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">(La?amon, iii. 250),</p>

<span class = "pagenum">xxxii</span>
<a name = "intro32" id = "intro32"> </a>
<p>which reminds us of Havelok’s wife Goldborough, who was imprisoned
at</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p class = "indent3">&mdash;doure</p>
<p>þat standeth on þe seis oure;</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">(l. 320).</p>

<p>The very name Helen, though not the name of Havelok’s wife, was that
of his mother, who was killed by the pirates. For the connection between
La?amon’s Helen and pirates, see Sir F. Madden’s note, vol. iii.
p.&nbsp;428. There is a most curious contradiction in the English lay
about Havelok’s religion; in l.&nbsp;2520 he is a devout Christian, but
in l.&nbsp;2580 Godrich speaks of him as being a cruel pagan. Now it was
just about this very time that Paulinus preached in Lindsey, “where the
first that believed was a powerful man called <i>Blecca</i>, with all
his followers” (A.S. Chron. ed. Thorpe, vol. ii. p.&nbsp;21; <span class
= "smallroman">A.D.</span> 627). Havelok, according to some, was buried
at Stonehenge; but so was Constantine (La?amon, iii. 151). A dearth in
mentioned in the English lay (l.&nbsp;824); cf. La?amon, iii. 279. And I
may here add another coincidence, of an interesting but certainly of a
very circuitous nature. A&nbsp;close examination of the Lay of King Horn
shews that there is no real connection between the story therein
contained and that of Havelok. Yet there is a connection after a sort.
Though by different authors, and in different metre, both lays are found
in English in the same MS.; both versions belong to the same date; both
are from French versions, written by Englishmen from British sources;
and now, if we compare King Horn with the very part of La?amon now under
consideration, there is at once seen to be a most exact resemblance in
one point. The story of the ring given by Horn to Rymenhild
(K.&nbsp;Horn, ed. Lumby, ll. 1026-1210) is remarkably like that of the
ring whereby Brian is recognized by his sister (La?amon, iii. 234-238).
But it is hardly worth while to pursue the subject further. It may
suffice to suppose that the period of the existence of Havelok and Grim
may be referred to the times of Æthelberht of Kent and Æthelfrith and
Eadwine of Northumbria.<a class = "tag" name = "tag30" id = "tag30" href
= "#note30">30</a> It is exceedingly probable that Havelok was never
more than a chief or a petty prince, and
<span class = "pagenum">xxxiii</span>
<a name = "intro33" id = "intro33"> </a>
whether he was a Danish or only a British enemy of the Angles is not of
very great importance. If, however, more exact dates be required, they
may be found in “The Conquest of Britain by the Saxons,” by Daniel P.
Haigh, London, 8vo, 1861, pp.&nbsp;363-367; where the following dates
are suggested. Havelok’s father slain, <span class =
"smallroman">A.D.</span> 487; his expedition to Denmark, <span class =
"smallroman">A.D.</span> 507; his reign in England, <span class =
"smallroman">A.D.</span> 511-531, or a little later. These dates follow
a system which is here about 16 years earlier than the dates in the A.S.
Chronicle. His results are obtained from totally different
considerations. On the whole, let us place Havelok in the <i>sixth</i>
century, at <i>some</i> period of his life.</p>


<p class = "section">
<a name = "pref_24" id = "pref_24">§ 24.</a> It is, perhaps, worthy of a
passing remark that some of the circumstances in the Lay may have been
suggested by the romantic story of Eadwine of Northumbria, who was also
born at the close of the sixth century. For he it was who really married
the <i>daughter of Æthelberht</i>, and it was the <i>archbishop of
York</i>, Paulinus, who performed the ceremony. The relation of how
Eadwine was persecuted by <i>Æthelfrith</i>, how he fled and was
protected by Rædwald, king of the East Angles, how he saw a vision of an
angel who promised his restoration to the throne and that his rule
should exceed that of his predecessors, how, with the assistance of
Rædwald, he overthrew and <i>slew Æthelfrith</i> in a terrible battle
beside the river Idle, may be found in Beda’s Ecclesiastical History,
bk. II. ch. 9-16.<a class = "tag" name = "tag31" id = "tag31" href =
"#note31">31</a> In the last of these chapters there is again mention of
<i>Blecca, the governor of the city of Lincoln</i>. Sir F. Madden, in
his note to l.&nbsp;45, speaks of the extraordinary proofs of the
peaceable state of the country in the reign of Ælfred; but Beda uses
similar language in speaking of the reign of Eadwine; and the earlier
instance is even more remarkable. “It is reported that there was then
such perfect peace in Britain, wheresoever the dominion of King Edwin
extended, that, as <i>is still proverbially said</i>, a woman with her
new-born babe might walk throughout the island, from sea to sea, without
receiving any harm. That king took such care for the good of his nation,
that in several places where he had seen clear springs near the
highways, he caused stakes to be fixed, with brass dishes hanging
<span class = "pagenum">xxxiv</span>
<a name = "intro34" id = "intro34"> </a>
at them, for the conveniency of travellers; nor durst any man touch them
for any other purpose than that for which they were designed, either
through the dread they had of the king, or for the affection which they
bore him, &amp;c.”<a class = "tag" name = "tag32" id = "tag32" href =
"#note32">32</a> Readers who are acquainted with the pleasing poem of
“Edwin of Deira,” by the late Alexander Smith, will remember his
adventures; and it may be noted, as an instance of the manner in which
poets alter names at pleasure, that Mr Smith gives to Æthelfrith the
name of Ethelbert, to Eadwine’s wife Æthelburh, that of Bertha, and to
his father Ælle, that of Egbert. My theory of the Lay of Havelok is then
simply this, that I look upon it as the general result of various
narratives connected with the history of Northumbria and Lindesey at the
close, or possibly the beginning, of the sixth century, gathered round
some favourite local (i.e. Lincolnshire) tradition as a nucleus. A
similar theory may be true of the Lay of Horn.</p>


<h5 class = "section">
<a name = "pref_25" id = "pref_25">§ 25.</a> <span class =
"smallcaps">On the names “Curan” and “Havelok.”</span></h5>

<p>The French version tells us that <i>Coaran</i>, <i>Cuaran</i>, or
<i>Cuheran</i> is the British word for a scullion. This etymology has
not hitherto been traced, but it may easily have been perfectly true.
A&nbsp;glance at Armstrong’s Gaelic Dictionary shews us that the Gaelic
<i>cearn</i> (which answers very well to the Old English <i>hirne</i>, a
corner) has the meaning of a <i>corner</i>, and, secondly, of a
<i>kitchen</i>; and that <i>cearnach</i> is an adjective meaning <i>of
or belonging to a kitchen</i>. But we may come even nearer than this;
for by adding the diminutive ending <i>-an</i> to the Gaelic
<i>cocaire</i>, a cook, we see that <i>Cuheran</i> may really have
conveyed the idea of <i>scullion</i> to a British ear, and this probably
further gave rise to the story of Havelok’s degradation. It is a common
custom&mdash;one which true etymologists must always deplore&mdash;to
invent a story to account for a derivation; and such a practice is
invariably carried out with greater boldness and to a greater extent if
the said derivation chances to be false. For it is possible that Curan
may be simply the Gaelic <i>curan</i>, a brave man, and the Irish
<i>curanta</i>, brave. The derivation of Havelok is certainly puzzling.
<span class = "pagenum">xxxv</span>
<a name = "intro35" id = "intro35"> </a>
Professor Rask declared it to have no meaning in Danish. It bears,
however, a remarkable resemblance to the Old English <i>gavelok</i>,
which occurs in Weber’s <i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>, l.&nbsp;1620, and which
is the A.S. <i>gafeluc</i>, Icel. <i>gaflak</i>, Welsh <i>gaflach</i>, a
spear, dart, or javelin. This is an appropriate name for a warrior, and
possibly reappears in the instance of Hugh <i>Kevelock</i>, earl of
Chester (Bp. Percy’s Folio MS., ed. Hales and Furnivall, i. 128). It is
remarkable that the Gaelic and Irish <i>corran</i> has the same sense,
that of <i>a spear</i>, whilst <i>curan</i>, as above-mentioned, means
<i>a brave man</i>. It is best, perhaps, to stop here; for etymology,
when pursued too far, is wont to beguile the pursuer into every possible
quagmire of absurdity.</p>


<h5 class = "section">
<a name = "pref_26" id = "pref_26">§ 26.</a> <span class =
"smallcaps">Description of the MS.</span>, &amp;c.</h5>

<p>The MS. from which the present poem is printed is in the Laudian
collection in the Bodleian Library, where its old mark is K&nbsp;60, and
its present one Misc. 108. Being described in the old printed catalogue
merely as <i>Vitæ Sanctorum</i>, the romance was in consequence for a
long time overlooked. The Lives of the Saints occupy a large portion of
the volume, and are probably to be ascribed to the authorship of Robert
of Gloucester. “These Lives or Festivals,” says Sir F. Madden, “are
[here] 61 in number, written in long Alexandrine verse. Then succeed the
Sayings of St Bernard and the Visions of St Paul, both in six-line
stanzas; the <i>Disputatio inter Corpus et Animam</i>, the English
Romance of Havelok, the Romance of Kyng Horn, and some additions in a
hand of the 15th century, including the lives of St Blaise, St Cecilia,
and St Alexius, and an alliterative poem intitled <i>Somer Soneday</i>,
making in all the Contents of the Volume to amount to 70 pieces.” The
lays of Havelok and Horn are written out in the same handwriting, of an
early date, certainly not later than the end of the thirteenth century.
The Havelok begins on fol. 204, and is written in double columns, each
column containing 45 lines. A folio is lost between fol. 211 and 212,
but no notice of this has been taken in numbering the folios; hence the
catchword which should have been found at the bottom of fol.
215&nbsp;<i>b</i>, appears at the bottom of fol. 214&nbsp;<i>b</i> (see
l.&nbsp;2164). The poem terminates at the
<span class = "pagenum">xxxvi</span>
<a name = "intro36" id = "intro36"> </a>
27th line on fol. 219 <i>b</i>, and is immediately followed by Kyng Horn
in the same column. The character of the handwriting is bold and square,
but the words are very close together. The initial letter of every line
is written a little way apart from the rest, as in William of Palerne,
and other MSS. Both the long and short <i>s</i>
(?&nbsp;<i>and</i>&nbsp;s) are used. The long <i>s</i> is in general
well distinguished from <i>f</i>, and on this account I have taken the
liberty of printing both <i>esses</i> alike, as my experience in
printing the Romans of Partenay proved that the difficulty of avoiding
misprints is greater than the gain of representing the difference
between them. The chief point of interest is that, as in <i>early</i>
MSS., the long <i>s</i> is sometimes found at the <i>end</i> of a word,
as in “u?” in l.&nbsp;22, and “i?” in l.&nbsp;23. The following are all
the examples of the use of this letter in the first 26 lines; ?o (4),
wicte?te (9), ?tede (10), cri?t, ?childe (16), Kri?t, ?o (17), ?o (19),
?chal (21), Kri?t, u? (22), i? (23), ?talworþi (24), ?talworþe?te (25),
?tede (26). With this exception, the present reprint is a faithful
representation of the original; for, as the exact fidelity of a text is
of the first importance, I have been careful to compare the proof-sheets
with the MS. twice throughout; besides which, the original edition is
itself exceedingly correct, and had been re-read by Sir F. Madden with
the MS. His list of errata (nearly all of them of minor importance)
agreed almost exactly with my own. A great difficulty is caused by the
use of the Saxon letter <i>w</i> (?). This letter, the thorn-letter (þ),
and <i>y</i>, are all three made very nearly alike. In general, the
<i>y</i> is dotted, but the dot is occasionally omitted. Wherever the
letter really appears to be a <i>w</i>, I have denoted it by printing
the <i>w</i> as an italic letter. The following are, I believe, the
<i>only</i> examples of it. <i>W</i>it-drow = withdrew, l.&nbsp;502;
<i>w</i>e, 1058; <i>w</i>as, 1129 (cf. “him was ful wa,” <i>Sir
Tristr.</i> f. iii. st. 43); ber<i>w</i>en, 1426 (written “berwen” in
l.&nbsp;697); <i>w</i>at = known, 1674; <i>w</i>e, miswritten for
<i>w</i>o = who, 1914; to which perhaps we may add <i>w</i>it, 997. This
evidence is interesting as shewing that this letter was then fast going
out of use, and I think that we may safely date the final disappearance
of this letter from MSS. at about the year 1300. As regards the
<i>th</i>, we may remark that at the end of a word both þ and <i>th</i>
are used, as in “norþ and suth,”
<span class = "pagenum">xxxvii</span>
<a name = "intro37" id = "intro37"> </a>
l. 434; sometimes <i>th</i> occurs in the middle of a word, as “sithen,”
l.&nbsp;1238, which is commonly written “siþen,” as in l.&nbsp;399. The
words þe, þat, þer, &amp;c., are hardly ever written otherwise. But the
reader will remark many instances in which <i>th</i> final seems to have
the hard sound of <i>t</i>, as in <i>brouth</i>, 57, <i>nouth</i>, 58,
<i>lith</i>, 534, <i>þouth</i>, 1190, &amp;c.; cf. §&nbsp;27. The letter
<i>t</i> is sometimes shortened so as nearly to resemble <i>c</i>, and
<i>c</i> is sometimes lengthened into <i>t</i>. The letters <i>n</i> and
<i>u</i> are occasionally alike, but the difference between them is
commonly well marked. The <i>i</i> has a long stroke over it when
written next to <i>m</i> or <i>n</i>. On the whole, the writing is very
clear and distinct, after a slight acquaintance with it. The poem is
marked out into paragraphs by the use of large letters. I have
introduced a slight space at the end of each paragraph, to shew this
more clearly.</p>


<h5 class = "section">
<a name = "pref_27" id = "pref_27">§ 27.</a> <span class =
"smallcaps">On the grammatical forms occurring in the poem.</span></h5>

<p>The following peculiarities of spelling may be first noted. We
frequently find <i>h</i> prefixed to words which it is usual to spell
without one. Examples are: <i>holde</i> for <i>old</i>, <i>hete</i> for
<i>ete</i> (eat), <i>het</i> for <i>et</i> (ate), <i>heuere</i> for
<i>euere</i>, <i>Henglishe</i> for <i>Englishe</i>, &amp;c.; see the
Glossary, under the letter H. This enables us to explain some words
which at first appear puzzling; thus <i>her</i> = <i>er</i>, ere;
<i>hayse</i> = <i>ayse</i>, ease; <i>helde</i> = <i>elde</i>, old age;
<i>hore</i> = <i>ore</i>, grace; <i>hende</i> = <i>ende</i>, which in
one passage means <i>end</i>, but in another <i>a duck</i>. The forms
<i>hof</i>, <i>hus</i>, <i>hure</i>, for <i>of</i>, <i>us</i>,
<i>ure</i> are such as we should hardly have expected to find. On the
other hand, <i>h</i> is omitted in the words <i>auelok</i>,
<i>aueden</i>, <i>osed</i>, and in <i>is</i> for <i>his</i>
(l.&nbsp;2254). These instances, and other examples such as follow, may
readily be found by help of the Glossarial Index. Again, <i>d</i> final
after <i>l</i> or <i>n</i> was so slightly sounded as to be omitted even
in writing. Examples are: <i>lon</i> for <i>lond</i>, <i>hel</i> for
<i>held</i>, <i>bihel</i> for <i>biheld</i>, <i>shel</i> for
<i>sheld</i>, <i>gol</i> for <i>gold</i>. But a more extraordinary
omission is that of <i>r</i> final in <i>the</i>, <i>neythe</i>,
<i>othe</i>, <i>douthe</i>, which does not seem to be satisfactorily
explained even by the supposition that the scribe may have omitted the
small upward curl which does duty for <i>er</i> so frequently in MSS.
For we further find the omission of <i>l</i> final, as in <i>mike</i>
for <i>mikel</i>, <i>we</i> for <i>wel</i>, and of <i>t</i> final, as in
<i>bes</i> for <i>best</i>; from which
<span class = "pagenum">xxxviii</span>
<a name = "intro38" id = "intro38"> </a>
instances we should rather infer some peculiarity of pronunciation
rendering final letters indistinct, of which there are numerous
examples, as <i>fiel</i> for <i>field</i>, in modern provincial English.
Cf. <i>il</i> for <i>ilk</i>, in ll. 818, 1740; and <i>twel</i> for
<i>twelf</i>. “From the same license,” says Sir F. Madden, “arises the
frequent repetition of such rhythm as <i>riden</i> and <i>side</i>,
where the final <i>n</i> seems to have been suppressed in pronunciation.
Cf. ll. 29, 254, 957, 1105, 1183, 2098, &amp;c, and hence we perceive
how readily the infinitive verbal Saxon termination glided into its
subsequent form. The broad pronunciation of the dialect in which the
poem was written is also frequently discernible, as in <i>slawen</i>,
l.&nbsp;2676, and <i>knaue</i>, l.&nbsp;949, which rhyme to <i>Rauen</i>
and <i>plawe</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag33" id = "tag33" href =
"#note33">33</a> So likewise, <i>bothe</i> or <i>bethe</i> is, in sound,
equivalent to <i>rede</i>, ll. 360, 694, 1680.” Other peculiarities will
be noticed in discussing the Metre. Observe also the Anglo-Saxon
<i>hw</i> for the modern <i>wh</i>, exemplified by <i>hwo</i>, 368,
<i>hwan</i>, 474, <i>hweþer</i>, 294, <i>hwere</i>, 549, <i>hwil</i>,
301; compare also <i>qual</i>, <i>qui</i>, <i>quan</i>, meaning
<i>whale</i>, <i>why</i>, <i>when</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag34" id
= "tag34" href = "#note34">34</a> The letter <i>w</i> (initial) is the
modern provincial <i>’oo</i>, as in <i>wlf</i>, <i>wluine</i>,
<i>wman</i>; cf. <i>hw</i>, <i>w</i>, both forms of <i>how</i>; and
<i>lowerd</i> for <i>louerd</i>. In particular, we should notice the
hard sound of <i>t</i> denoted by <i>th</i> in the words <i>with</i>,
<i>rithe</i>, <i>brouth</i>, <i>nouth</i>, <i>ricth</i>, <i>knicth</i>,
meaning <i>white</i>, <i>right</i>, <i>brought</i>, <i>naught</i>,
<i>right</i>, <i>knight</i>; so too <i>douther</i>, daughter,
<i>neth</i>, a net, <i>uth</i>, out, <i>woth</i>, wot, <i>leth</i>, let,
<i>lauthe</i> (<i>laught</i>), caught, <i>nither-tale</i>
(<i>nighter-tale</i>), night-time.<a class = "tag" name = "tag35" id =
"tag35" href = "#note35">35</a> On the other hand, <i>t</i> stands for
<i>th</i> in <i>hauet</i>, 564, <i>seyt</i>, 647, <i>herknet</i>, 1,
<i>wit</i>, 100. When <i>th</i> answers to the modern sound, it seems
equivalent to A.S. ð rather than to A.S. þ; examples are <i>mouth</i>,
433, <i>oth</i>, 260, <i>loth</i>, 261. <i>Y</i> and <i>g</i> are
interchangeable, as in <i>yaf</i>, <i>gaf</i>, <i>youen</i>,
<i>gouen</i>; <i>g</i> even occurs for <i>k</i>, as in <i>rang</i>,
2561. In MSS., <i>e</i> is not uncommonly written by
<span class = "pagenum">xxxix</span>
<a name = "intro39" id = "intro39"> </a>
mistake for <i>o</i>; this may perhaps account for <i>helde</i>, 2472,
<i>meste</i>, 233, <i>her</i>, 1924, which should rather be
<i>holde</i>, 30, <i>moste</i>, and <i>hor</i>, 235; there is a like
confusion of <i>weren</i> and <i>woren</i>; and perhaps <i>grotinde</i>
should be <i>gretinde</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag36" id = "tag36"
href = "#note36">36</a> The vowel <i>u</i> is replaced by the modern
<i>ou</i> in the words <i>prud</i>, 302, <i>suth</i>, 434, <i>but</i>,
1040, <i>hus</i>, 740, <i>spusen</i>, 1123; cf. <i>hws</i> in
l.&nbsp;1141. Mr Ellis shews, in his Early English Pronunciation,
chap.&nbsp;v, that in pure specimens of the <i>thirteenth</i> century,
there is no <i>ou</i> in such words, and in the <i>fourteenth</i>
century, no simple <i>u</i>. This furnishes a ready explanation of the
otherwise difficult <i>sure</i>, in l.&nbsp;2005; it is merely the
adverb of <i>sour</i>, <i>sourly</i> being used in the sense of
<i>bitterly</i>; to <i>bye it bitterly</i>, or <i>bye it bittre</i>, is
a common phrase in Piers Plowman. Other spellings worth notice occur in
<i>ouerga</i>, 314, <i>stra</i>, 315 (spelt <i>strie</i> in
l.&nbsp;998), <i>hawe</i>, 1188, <i>plawe</i>, 950, <i>sal</i>, 628
(commonly spelt <i>shal</i>). Note also <i>arum</i> for <i>arm</i>,
<i>harum</i> for <i>harm</i>, <i>boren</i> for <i>born</i>, 1878, and
<i>koren</i> for <i>corn</i>, 1879. There are several instances of words
joined together, as <i>haui</i>, 2002, <i>biddi</i>, 484; <i>shaltu</i>,
2186, <i>wiltu</i>, 905, <i>wenestu</i>, 1787; <i>wilte</i>, 528,
<i>thenkeste</i>, 578, <i>shaltou</i>, 1800; <i>thouthe</i>, 790,
<i>hauedet</i>, <i>youenet</i>, <i>hauenet</i>; <i>sawe</i>, 338;
<i>latus</i>, 1772; where the personal pronouns <i>i</i>, <i>þu</i>,
<i>he</i>, <i>it</i>, <i>we</i>, <i>us</i> are added to the verb. Hence,
in l.&nbsp;745, it is very likely that <i>calleth</i> is written for
<i>callet</i>, i.e. call it; and on the same principle we can explain
<i>dones</i>; see <i>Es</i> in the Glossary. In like manner
<i>goddot</i> is contracted from <i>God wot</i>; and <i>þerl</i> from
<i>þe erl</i>.</p>

<p><i>Nouns.</i> As regards the nouns employed, I may remark that the
final <i>e</i> is perhaps always sounded in the oblique cases, and
especially in the dative case; as in <i>nedè</i>, <i>stedè</i>, &amp;c.
(see ll. 86-105), <i>willè</i>, 85, <i>gyuè</i>, 357, <i>blissè</i>,
2187, <i>cricè</i>, 2450; cf. the adjectives <i>longè</i>, 2299,
<i>wisè</i>, 1713; also the nominatives <i>rosè</i>, 2919, <i>newè</i>,
2974. <i>Frend</i> is a pl. form; cf. <i>hend</i>, which is both a
plural (2444) and a dat. sing. (505). In the plural, the final <i>e</i>
is fully pronounced in the adjectives <i>allè</i>, 2, <i>hardè</i>, 143,
<i>starkè</i>, 1015, <i>fremdè</i>, 2277, <ins class = "mycorr" title =
"è conjectural: printed text unclear"><i>bleikè</i></ins> 470, and in
many others; cf. the full form <i>boþen</i>, 2223. Not only does the
phrase <i>none kines</i>, of no kind, occur in ll. 861, 1140, but we
find the unusual phrase <i>neuere kines</i>, of
<span class = "pagenum">xl</span>
<a name = "intro40" id = "intro40"> </a>
never a kind, in l. 2691. Among the numerals, we find not only
<i>þre</i>, but <i>þrinne</i>.</p>

<p><i>Pronouns.</i> The first personal pronoun occurs in many forms in
the nominative, as <i>i</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>hi</i>, <i>ich</i>, <i>ic</i>,
<i>hic</i>, and even <i>ihc</i>; the oblique cases take the form
<i>me</i>. For the second person, we have <i>þu</i>, <i>þou</i>, in the
nominative, and also <i>tu</i>, when preceded by <i>þat</i>, as in
l.&nbsp;2903. We may notice also <i>hijs</i> for <i>his</i>, l.&nbsp;47;
<i>he</i> for <i>they</i>; <i>sho</i>, 112, <i>scho</i>, 126,
<i>sche</i>, 1721, for <i>she</i>; and, in particular, the dual form
<i>unker</i>, of you two, 1882. The most noteworthy possessive pronouns
are <i>minè</i>, pl. 1365, <i>þinè</i>, pl. 620; <i>his</i> or
<i>hise</i>, pl. <i>hisè</i>, 34; <i>ure</i>, 606; <i>youres</i>, 2800;
<i>hirè</i>, 2918, with which cf. the dat. sing. <i>hirè</i> of the
personal pronoun, 85, 300. <i>þis</i> is plural, and means <i>these</i>,
in l.&nbsp;1145. As in other old English works, <i>men</i> is frequently
an impersonal pronoun, answering to the French <i>on</i>, and is
followed by a singular verb; as in <i>men ringes</i>, 390, <i>men seyt
and suereth</i>, 647, <i>men fetes</i>, 2341, <i>men nam</i>, 900,
<i>men birþe</i>, 2101, <i>men dos</i>, 2434; cf. <i>folk sau</i>, 2410;
but there are a few instances of its use with a plural verb, as <i>men
haueden</i>, 901, <i>men shulen</i>, 747. The former is the more usual
construction.</p>

<p><i>Verbs.</i> The infinitives of verbs rarely have <i>y-</i>
prefixed; two examples are <i>y-lere</i>, 12, <i>y-se</i>, 334. Nor is
the same prefix common before past participles; yet we find
<i>i-gret</i>, 163, <i>i-groten</i>, 285, and <i>i-maked</i>, 5, as well
as <i>maked</i>, 23. Infinitives end commonly in <i>-en</i> or
<i>-e</i>, as <i>riden</i>, 26, <i>y-lere</i>; also in <i>-n</i>, as
<i>don</i>, 117, <i>leyn</i>, 718; and even in <i>-o</i>, as <i>flo</i>,
612, <i>slo</i>, 1364. The present singular, 3rd person, of the
indicative, ends both in <i>-es</i> or <i>-s</i>, and <i>-eth</i> or
<i>-th</i>, the former being the more usual. Examples are <i>longes</i>,
396, <i>leues</i>, 1781, <i>haldes</i>, 1382, <i>fedes</i>, 1693,
<i>bes</i>, 1744, <i>comes</i>, 1767, <i>glides</i>, 1851,
<i>þarnes</i>, 1913, <i>haues</i>, 1952, <i>etes</i>, 2036, <i>dos</i>,
1913; also <i>eteth</i>, 672, <i>haueth</i>, 804, <i>bikenneth</i>,
1269, <i>doth</i>, 1876, <i>liþ</i>, 673. The full form of the 2nd
person is <i>-est</i>, as <i>louest</i>, 1663; but it is commonly cut
down to <i>-es</i>, as <i>weldes</i>, 1359, <i>slepes</i>, 1283,
<i>haues</i>, 688, <i>etes</i>, 907, <i>getes</i>, 908; cf. <i>dos</i>,
2390, <i>mis-gos</i>, 2707, <i>slos</i>, 2706. The same dropping of the
<i>t</i> is observable in the past tense, as in <i>reftes</i>, 2394,
<i>feddes and claddes</i>, 2907. Still more curious is the ending in
<i>t</i> only, as in <i>þu bi-hetet</i>, 677, <i>þou mait</i>, 689; cf.
ll. 852, 1348. In the subjunctive mood the <i>-st</i> disappears as in
Anglo-Saxon,
<span class = "pagenum">xli</span>
<a name = "intro41" id = "intro41"> </a>
and hence the forms <i>bute þou gonge</i>, 690, <i>þat þu fonge</i>,
856, &amp;c.; cf. <i>bede</i>, 668. In the 3rd person, present tense, of
the same mood, we have the <i>-e</i> fully pronounced, as in
<i>shildè</i>, 16, <i>yeuè</i>, 22, <i>leuè</i>, 334, <i>redè</i>, 687;
and in l.&nbsp;544, <i>wreken</i> should undoubtedly be <i>wrekè</i>,
since the <i>-en</i> belongs to the plural, as in <i>moten</i>, 18. The
plural of the indicative present ends in <i>-en</i>, as, <i>we
hauen</i>, 2798, <i>ye witen</i>, 2208, <i>þei taken</i>, 1833; or, very
rarely, in <i>-eth</i>, as <i>ye bringeth</i>, 2425, <i>he</i> (they)
<i>strangleth</i>, 2584. Sometimes the final <i>-n</i> is lost, as in
<i>we haue</i>, 2799, <i>ye do</i>, 2418, <i>he</i> (they)
<i>brenne</i>, 2583. There is even a trace of the plural in <i>-es</i>,
as in <i>haues</i>, 2581. The <i>present</i> tense has often a
<i>future</i> signification, as in <i>etes</i>, 907, <i>eteth</i>, 672,
<i>getes</i>, 908.</p>

<p><i>Past tense.</i> Of the third person singular and plural of the
past tense the following are selected examples. <span class =
"smallcaps">Weak Verbs</span>: <i>hauede</i>, 770, <i>sparedè</i>, 898,
<i>yemedè</i>, 975, <i>semedè</i>, 976, <i>sparkëdè</i>, 2144,
<i>þankedè</i>, 2189; pl. <i>loueden</i>, 955, <i>leykeden</i>, 954,
<i>woundeden</i>, 2429, <i>stareden</i>, 1037, <i>yemede</i> (rather
read <i>yemeden</i>), 2277, <i>makeden</i>, 554, <i>sprauleden</i>, 475;
also <i>calde</i>, 2115, <i>gredde</i>, 2417, <i>herde</i>, 2410,
<i>kepte</i>, 879, <i>fedde</i>, 786, <i>ledde</i>, 785, <i>spedde</i>,
756, <i>clapte</i>, 1814, <i>kiste</i>, 1279; pl. <i>herden</i>,
<i>brenden</i>, 594, <i>kisten</i>, 2162, <i>ledden</i>, 1246; and,
thirdly, of the class which change the vowel, <i>aute</i>, 743,
<i>laute</i>, 744, <i>bitauhte</i>, 2212. Compare the past participles
<i>osed</i>, 971, <i>mixed</i>, 2533, <i>parred</i>, 2439,
<i>gadred</i>, 2577; <i>reft</i>, 1367, <i>wend</i>, 2138, <i>hyd</i>,
1059; <i>told</i>, 1036, <i>sold</i>, 1638, <i>wrouth</i> =
<i>wrout</i>, 1352. There are also at least two past participles in
<i>-et</i>, as <i>slenget</i>, 1923, <i>grethet</i>, 2615, to which add
<i>weddeth</i>, <i>beddeth</i>, 1127, In l.&nbsp;2057, <i>knawed</i>
seems put for <i>knawen</i>, for the rime’s sake.</p>

<p><span class = "smallcaps">Strong Verbs</span>: third person singular,
past tense, <i>bar</i>, 815, <i>bad</i>, 1415, <i>yaf</i>, or
<i>gaf</i>, <i>spak</i>; <i>kam</i>, 766 (spelt <i>cham</i>, 1873),
<i>nam</i>, <i>kneu</i>, <i>hew</i>, 2729, <i>lep</i>, 1777, <i>let</i>,
2447 (spelt <i>leth</i>, 2651), <i>slep</i>, 1280, <i>wex</i>, 281:
<i>drou</i>, 705, <i>for</i>, 2943, <i>low</i>, 903, <i>slow</i>, 1807,
<i>hof</i>, 2750, <i>stod</i>, 986, <i>tok</i>; 751, <i>wok</i>, 2093;
pl. <i>beden</i>, 2774, <i>youen</i>, or <i>gouen</i>; <i>comen</i>,
1017 (spelt <i>keme</i>, 1208), <i>nomen</i>, 2790 (spelt <i>neme</i>,
1207), <i>knewen</i>, 2149, <i>lopen</i>, 1896, <i>slepen</i>, 2128;
<i>drowen</i>, 1837, <i>foren</i>, 2380, <i>lowen</i>, 1056,
<i>slowen</i>, 2414, &amp;c. And secondly, of the class which more
usually change the vowel in the <i>plural</i> of the preterite, we find
the singular forms <i>bigan</i>, 1357, <i>barw</i>, 2022, <i>karf</i>,
471, <i>swank</i>, 788, <i>warp</i>, 1061, <i>shon</i>, 2144,
<i>clef</i>, 2643, <i>sau</i>, 2409, <i>grop</i>, 1965, <i>drof</i>,
725, <i>shof</i>,
<span class = "pagenum">xlii</span>
<a name = "intro42" id = "intro42"> </a>
892; pl. <i>bigunnen</i>, 1011, <i>sowen</i>, 1055, <i>gripen</i>, 1790,
<i>driue</i>, for <i>driuen</i>, 1966; also <i>bunden</i>, 2436,
<i>scuten</i>, 2431 (spelt <i>schoten</i>, 1864, <i>shoten</i>, 1838),
<i>leyen</i>, 2132, &amp;c. Compare the past participles <i>boren</i>,
1878, <i>youen</i> or <i>gouen</i>, <i>cumen</i>, 1436, <i>nomen</i>,
2265 (spelt <i>numen</i>, 2581), <i>laten</i>, 1925, <i>waxen</i>, 302,
<i>drawen</i>, 1925, <i>slawen</i>, 2000, which two last become
<i>drawe</i>, <i>slawe</i> in ll. 1802, 1803.</p>

<p>We should also observe the past tenses <i>spen</i>, 1819,
<i>stirt</i>, 812, <i>fauth</i> for <i>faut</i> or <i>fauht</i>, 1990,
<i>citte</i>, 942, <i>bere</i>, 974, <i>kipte</i>, 1050, <i>flow</i>,
2502, <i>plat</i>, 2755; and the past participles <i>demd</i> for
<i>demed</i>, 2488, <i>giue</i> for <i>giuen</i>, 2488, <i>henged</i>,
1429, <i>keft</i>, 2005.</p>

<p><i>Imperative Mood.</i> Examples of the imperative mood singular, 2nd
person, are <i>et</i>, <i>sit</i>, 925, <i>nim</i>, 1336, <i>yif</i>,
674; in the plural, the usual ending is <i>-es</i>, as in <i>liþes</i>,
2204, <i>comes</i>, 1798, <i>folwes</i>, 1885, <i>lokes</i>, 2292,
<i>bes</i>, 2246, to which set belong <i>slos</i>, 2596, <i>dos</i>,
2592; but there are instances of the ending <i>-eth</i> also, as in
<i>cometh</i>, 1885, <i>yeueþ</i>, 911, to which add <i>doth</i>, 2037,
<i>goth</i>, 1780. Indeed both forms occur in one line, as in <i>Cometh
swiþe, and folwes me</i> (1885). Instead of <i>-eth</i> we even find
<i>-et</i>, as in <i>herknet</i>,&nbsp;1. These variations afford a good
illustration of the unsettled state of the grammar in some parts of
England at this period; we need not suppose the scribe to be at fault in
all cases where there is a want of uniformity.</p>

<p>Of reflexive verbs, we meet with <i>me dremede</i>, 1284, <i>me
met</i>, 1285, <i>me þinkes</i>, 2169, <i>him hungrede</i>, 654, <i>him
semede</i>, 1652, <i>him stondes</i>, 2983, <i>him rewede</i>, 503. The
present participles end most commonly in <i>-inde</i>, as
<i>fastinde</i>, 865, <i>grotinde</i> (? <i>gretinde</i>), 1390,
<i>lauhwinde</i>, 946, <i>plattinde</i>, 2282, <i>starinde</i>, 508; but
we also find <i>gangande</i>, 2283, <i>driuende</i>, 2702. Compare the
nouns <i>tiþande</i>, 2279, <i>offrende</i>, 1386, which are Norse
forms, <i>tíðindi</i> (pl.) being the Icelandic for <i>tidings</i>, and
<i>offrandi</i> the present participle of <i>offra</i>, to offer. But
the true Icelandic equivalent of the substantive <i>an offering</i> is
<i>offran</i>, and the old Swedish is <i>offer</i>; and hence we see at
how very early a date the confusion between the noun-ending and the
ending of the present participle arose; a confusion which has bewildered
many generations of Englishmen. Yet this very poem in other places has
<i>-ing</i> as a noun-ending <i>only</i>, never (that I remember) for
the present participle. Examples of it are
<span class = "pagenum">xliii</span>
<a name = "intro43" id = "intro43"> </a>
<i>greting</i>, 166, <i>dreping</i>, i.e. slaughter, 2684,
<i>buttinge</i>, <i>skirming</i>, <i>wrastling</i>, <i>putting</i>,
<i>harping</i>, <i>piping</i>, <i>reding</i>; see ll. 2322-2327. Such
words are frequently called <i>verbal nouns</i>, but the term is very
likely to mislead. I have found that many suppose it to imply <i>present
participles used as nouns</i>, instead of <i>nouns of verbal
derivation</i>. If such nouns could be called by some new name, such as
<i>nouns of action</i>, or by any other title that can be conventionally
restricted to signify them, it would, I think, be a gain. Amongst the
auxiliary verbs, may be noted the use of <i>cone</i>, 622, as the
subjunctive form of <i>canst</i>; <i>we mone</i>, 840, as the
subjunctive of <i>mowen</i>; cf. <i>ye mowen</i>, 11; but especially we
should observe the use of the comparatively rare verbs <i>birþe</i>, it
behoves, pt.&nbsp;t. <i>birde</i>, it behoved, and <i>þurte</i>, he
need, the latter of which is fully explained in the Glossary to William
of Palerne, s.v. <i>þort</i>.</p>

<p>The prefix <i>to-</i> is employed in <i>both</i> senses, as explained
in the same Glossary, s.v. <i>To-</i>. In <i>to-brised</i>,
<i>to-deyle</i>, &amp;c., it is equivalent to the German <i>zer-</i> and
Mœso-Gothic <i>dis-</i>; of its <i>other</i> and <i>rarer</i> use,
wherein it answers to the German <i>zu-</i> and Mœso-Gothic <i>du-</i>,
there is but <i>one</i> instance, viz. in the word <i>to-yede</i>, 765,
which signifies <i>went to</i>; cf. Germ. <i>zugehen</i>, to go to,
<i>zugang</i> (A.S. <i>to-gang</i>), access, approach. There are some
curious instances of a peculiar syntax, whereby the infinitive mood
active partakes of a passive signification, as in <i>he made him kesten,
and in feteres festen</i>, he caused him to be cast in prison (<i>or
perhaps</i>, overthrown), and to be fastened in fetters; l.&nbsp;81. But
it is probable that this is to be explained by considering it as a
phrase in which we should <i>now</i> supply the word <i>men</i>, and
that we may interpret it by “he caused [men] to cast him in prison, and
to fasten him with fetters;” for in ll. 1784, 1785, the phrase is
repeated in a less ambiguous form. See also l.&nbsp;86. So also, in ll.
2611, 2612, I&nbsp;consider <i>keste</i>, <i>late</i>, <i>sette</i>, to
be in the infinitive mood. Such a construction is at once understood by
comparing it with the German <i>er liess ihn binden</i>, he caused him
to be bound. In l.&nbsp;2352, appears the most unusual form
<i>ilker</i>, which is literally <i>of each</i>, and hence,
<i>apiece</i>; cf. <i>unker</i>, which also is a genitive plural. It
will be observed that the verb following is in the plural, the real
nominative to it being <i>þei þre</i>. In l.&nbsp;2404, the expression
<i>þat þer þrette</i>, “that there threat,” recalls a colloquialism
<span class = "pagenum">xliv</span>
<a name = "intro44" id = "intro44"> </a>
which is still common. The word <i>þrie</i>, 730, is, apparently, the
O.E. adverb <i>thrie</i>, thrice; <i>liues</i>, 509, is an adverb ending
in <i>-es</i>, originally a genitive case. <i>Þus-gate</i> is, according
to Mr Morris, unknown to the Southern dialect; it occurs in ll. 785,
2419, 2586. I may add that Havelok contains as many as five expressions,
which seem to refer to <i>proverbs</i> current at the time of writing
it. See ll. 307, 648, 1338, 1352, 2461.</p>


<h5 class = "section">
<a name = "pref_28" id = "pref_28">§ 28.</a> <span class =
"smallcaps">On the Metre of Havelok.</span></h5>

<p>The poem is written in the familiar rhythm of which I have already
spoken elsewhere, viz. at p.&nbsp;xxxvii of the Preface to Mr Morris’s
edition of Genesis and Exodus. The metre of Havelok is rather more
regular, but many of the remarks there made apply to it. The chief rule
is that every line shall contain four accents,<a class = "tag" name =
"tag37" id = "tag37" href = "#note37">37</a> the two principal types
being afforded (1)&nbsp;by the eight-syllable and nine-syllable
lines&mdash;</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>(<i>a</i>) For hém | ne yé|dë góld | ne fé, 44;</p>
<p>(<i>b</i>) It wás | a kíng | bi á|rë dáwës, 27;</p>
</div>

<p>and (2) by the seven-syllable and eight-syllable lines&mdash;</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>(<i>c</i>) Hérk|net tó | me gó|dë men, 1;</p>
<p>(<i>d</i>) Al|lë thát | he mícth|ë fyndë, 42.</p>
</div>

<p>To one of these four forms every line can be reduced, by the use of
that slighter utterance of less important syllables which is so very
common in English poetry. It is not the number of <i>syllables</i>, but
of <i>accents</i>, that is essential. In <i>every</i> line throughout
the poem there are four accents, with only two or three exceptions,
<span class = "pagenum">xlv</span>
<a name = "intro45" id = "intro45"> </a>
viz. ll. 1112, 1678, &amp;c, which are defective. In a similar manner,
we may readily scan any of the lines, as e.g. ll. 2-4;</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>(<i>c</i>) Wi|uës, mayd|nës, and al|lë men</p>
<p>(<i>b</i>) Of a ta|lë þat | ich you | wile tellë<a class = "tag" name
= "tag38" id = "tag38" href = "#note38">38</a></p>
<p>(<i>b</i>) Wo-so | ’t wil’ her’ | and þer|to duellë, &amp;c.</p>
</div>

<p>Here the syllables <i>-nes and</i> in <ins class = "mycorr" title =
"error for ‘l. 2’">l. 3</ins>, <i>of a</i> in <ins class = "mycorr"
title = "error for ‘l. 3’">l. 4</ins>, and <i>it wile</i> in <ins class
= "mycorr" title = "error for ‘l. 4’">l.&nbsp;5</ins>, are so rapidly
pronounced as to occupy only the room of one unaccented syllable in
lines of the strict type. However awkward this appears to be in theory,
it is very easy in practice, as the reciter readily manages his voice so
as to produce the right rhythmical effect; and, indeed, this variation
of arrangement is a real improvement, preventing the recitation from
becoming monotonous. Those who have a good ear for rhythm will readily
understand this, and it seems unnecessary to dwell upon it more at
length. But it may be remarked, that the three lines above quoted are
rather <i>more irregular than usual</i>, and that the metre is such as
to enable us to fix the instances in which the final <i>-e</i> is
pronounced with great accuracy, on which account I shall say more about
this presently. I would, however, first enumerate the rimes which seem
to be more or less inexact or peculiar, or otherwise instructive.</p>

<p>I. <i>Repetitions.</i> Such are <i>men, men</i>; <i>holden,
holde</i>, 29;<a class = "tag" name = "tag39" id = "tag39" href =
"#note39">39</a> <i>erþe, erþe</i>, 739; <i>heren, heren</i>, 1640;
<i>nithes, knithes</i>, 2048; <i>youres, youres</i>, 2800. To this class
belong also <i>longe, londe</i>, 172, <i>heye, heie</i>, 1151, 2544;
where <i>longe, londe</i> is, however, only an assonance.</p>

<p>II. <i>Assonant rimes.</i> Here the rime is in the vowel-sound; the
consonantal endings differ. Such are <i>rym, fyn</i>, 21; <i>yeme,
quene</i>, 182; <i>shop, hok</i>, 1101 (where <i>shop</i> is probably
corrupt); <i>odrat, bad</i>, 1153; <i>fet, ek</i>, 1303; <i>yer,
del</i>, 1333; <i>maked, shaped</i>, 1646; <i>beþe, rede</i>, 1680;
<i>riche, chinche</i>, 1763, 2940; <i>feld, swerd</i>, 1824, 2634;
<i>seruede, werewed</i>, 1914; <i>wend, gent</i>, 2138; <i>þank,
rang</i>, 2560; <i>boþen, ut-drowen</i>, 2658. To the same class belong
<i>name</i>, <i>rauen</i>,
<span class = "pagenum">xlvi</span>
<a name = "intro46" id = "intro46"> </a>
1397, <i>grauen, name</i>, 2528; <i>slawen, rauen</i>, 2676. <i>Henged,
slenget</i>, 1922, should rather be called an imperfect rime.<a class =
"tag" name = "tag40" id = "tag40" href = "#note40">40</a> There is also
found the exact opposite to this, viz., an agreement or
<i>consonance</i> at the end, preceded by an apparent diversity in the
vowel; as <i>longe, gange</i>, 795 (but see <i>longe, gonge</i>, 843),
<i>bidde, stede</i>, 2548, <i>open, drepen</i>, 1782, <i>gres, is</i>,
2698, <i>boþe, rathe</i>, 2936 (but see <i>rathe, bathe</i>, 1335,
2542), <i>fet</i> (long <i>e</i>), <i>gret</i>, 2158; and not unlike
these are some instances of loose rimes, as <i>beþe, rede</i>, 360,
<i>knaue, plawe</i>, 949, <i>sawe, hawe</i> (where <i>hawe</i> is
written for <i>haue</i>), 1187, <i>sawe, wowe</i>, 1962 (but see
<i>wowe, lowe</i>, 2078, <i>lowe, sawe</i>, 2142, <i>wawe, lowe</i>,
2470). Observe also <i>bouth, oft</i> (read <i>vt</i> or <i>ut</i> =
<i>out</i>?), 883, <i>tun, barun</i>, 1001 (cf. <i>toun, brun</i>, 1750,
<i>champiouns, barouns</i>, 1032); <i>plattinde, gangande</i>, 2282,
&amp;c. <i>Eir, toþer</i>, 410, <i>harde, crakede</i>, 567, are probably
due to mistakes.<a class = "tag" name = "tag41" id = "tag41" href =
"#note41">41</a></p>

<p>III. Rimes which shew that the final <i>-en</i> was pronounced so
slightly as to be nearly equivalent to <i>-e</i>. Examples: <i>holden,
holde</i>, 29; <i>gongen, fonge</i>, 855; <i>bringe, ringen</i>, 1105;
<i>mouthen, douthe</i>, 1183; <i>riden, side</i>, 1758; <i>wesseylen,
to-deyle</i>, 2098; <i>slawen, drawe</i>, 2476. In the same way
<i>hon</i> rimes to <i>lond</i>, 1341, owing to the slight pronunciation
of the final <i>d</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag42" id = "tag42" href
= "#note42">42</a></p>

<p>IV. Rimes which appear imperfect, but may be perfect. <i>Riche</i>
answers to <i>like</i>, 132, but the true spelling is <i>rike</i>,
answering to <i>sike</i>, 290. <i>Mithe</i>, 196, should probably be
<i>moucte</i>, as in l.&nbsp;257, and it would thus rime with
<i>þoucte</i>. <i>Blinne</i>, 2670, should certainly be <i>blunne</i>;
cf. A.S. <i>blinnan</i>, pt. t.&nbsp;s. <i>ic blan</i>, pt. t. pl. <i>we
blunnon</i>; and thus it rimes to <i>sunne</i>. <i>Misdede</i>, 993, is
clearly an error for
<span class = "pagenum">xlvii</span>
<a name = "intro47" id = "intro47"> </a>
<i>misseyde</i>, as appears from the parallel passage in ll. 49, 50; and
it then rimes with <i>leyde</i>. So in l.&nbsp;1736, for <i>deled</i>
read <i>deyled</i>, as in l.&nbsp;2098. <i>Boþe</i>, 430, has no line
answering to it, and a line may have been lost. <i>Nicth, lict</i>, 575,
is a perfect rime. <i>Halde, bolde</i>, 2308, may also be perfect.
<i>For-sworen</i> answers to <i>for-lorn</i> (pronounced
<i>for-loren</i>), 1423; <i>bitawte</i> to <i>authe</i> (pronounced
<i>aute</i>), 1409; <i>yemede</i> (pronounced <i>yem-dè</i>) is not an
improper rime to <i>fremde</i>, 2276; <i>anon</i> rimes with
<i>iohan</i> (if pronounced <i>ion</i> or <i>John</i>, as indicated by
the spelling <i>ion</i> in l.&nbsp;177), 2562, 2956. Yet in another
instance it seems to be two syllables, <i>Jo-han</i>; see <i>wimman,
iohan</i>, 1720.<a class = "tag" name = "tag43" id = "tag43" href =
"#note43">43</a> Speche should be <i>speke</i>, and thus rimes to
<i>meke</i>, 1065. <i>Stareden</i> should perhaps be <i>stradden</i>, or
some such form, rightly riming to <i>ladden</i>, 1037. Under this head
we may notice some rimes which throw, possibly, some light on the
pronunciation. Thus, for the sound of <i>ey, ei</i>, observe <i>hayse,
preyse</i>, 60; <i>leyke, bleike</i>, 469; <i>laumprei, wei</i>, 771;
<i>deye</i> rimes to <i>preye</i>, 168; <i>day</i> to <i>wey</i>, 663;
<i>seyd</i> to <i>brayd</i>, 1281; but we also find <i>hey, fri</i>,
1071; <i>hey, sley</i>, 1083, <i>heye, heie</i>, 1151; <i>heye, eie</i>,
2544; <i>leye, heye</i>, 2010; <i>heye, fleye</i>, 2750. <i>Fram</i>
rimes to <i>sham</i>, 55; yet the latter word is really <i>shame</i>,
83; <i>gange</i> is also spelt <i>gonge</i>, <i>halde</i> rimes with
<i>bolde</i>, 2308. The pronunciation of <i>ware</i>, <i>were</i>, or
<i>wore</i>, seems ambiguous; we find <i>sore, wore</i>, 236; <i>wore,
more</i>, 258; <i>ware, sare</i>, 400; <i>wore, sore</i>, 414; <i>were,
þere</i>, 741; <i>more, þore</i>, 921. For the sound of <i>e</i>,
observe <i>suere, gere</i>, 388; <i>suereth, dereth</i>, 648; <i>eten,
geten</i>, 930; <i>yet, fet</i>, 1319; <i>stem, bem</i>, 592; <i>glem,
bem</i>, 2122; also <i>yeue, liue</i>, 198; <i>liue, gyue</i>, 356;
<i>lyue, yeue</i>, 1217; <i>her, ther</i>, 1924; <i>fishere, swere</i>,
2230. For that of <i>i</i>,
<span class = "pagenum">xlviii</span>
<a name = "intro48" id = "intro48"> </a>
observe <i>cri, merci</i>, 270; <i>sire, swire</i>, 310; <i>swiþe,
vnbliþe</i>, 140; <i>fir, shir</i>, 587; <i>sire, hire</i>, 909;
<i>rise, bise</i>, 723; <i>fyr, shir</i>, 915; <i>lye, strie</i>, 997;
<i>hey, fri</i>, 1071; <i>for-þi, merci</i>, 2500. For that of <i>o</i>,
observe <i>two, so</i>, 350; <i>do, so</i>, 713; <i>shon, on</i>, 969;
<i>hom, grom</i>, 789; <i>lode, brode</i>, 895; <i>anon, ston</i>, 927;
<i>ston, won</i>, 1023; <i>do, sho</i> (shoe), 1137; <i>do, sho</i>
(she), 1231; <i>stod, mod</i>, 1702; <i>ilkon, ston</i>, 1842;
<i>shon</i> (shoon), <i>ston</i>, 2144; <i>croud, god</i>, 2338; <i>don,
bon</i>, 2354; <i>sone</i> (soon), <i>bone</i>, 2504; <i>bole, hole</i>,
2438.<a class = "tag" name = "tag44" id = "tag44" href =
"#note44">44</a> Only in a few of these instances would the words rime
in modern standard English. For the <i>ou</i> and <i>u</i> sounds,
observe <i>couþe, mouþe</i>, 112; <i>yow, now</i>, 160; <i>wolde,
fulde</i>, 354; <i>yw, nou</i>, 453; <i>bounden, wnden</i>, 545;
<i>sowel, couel</i>, 767; <i>low, ynow</i>, 903; <i>sowen, lowe</i>,
957; <i>strout, but</i>, 1039; <i>þou, nou</i>, 1283; <i>doun, tun</i>,
1630; <i>crus, hous</i>, 1966; <i>wounde, grunde</i>, 1978; <i>bowr,
tour</i>, 2072; <i>spuse, huse</i>, 2912. <i>Lowe</i>, 1291, 2431, 2471,
should rather be <i>lawe</i>, as in l.&nbsp;2767. These hints will
probably suffice for the guidance of those who wish to follow up the
subject. It is evident that full dependence cannot be placed upon the
<i>exactness</i> of the rimes.</p>


<h5 class = "section">
<a name = "pref_29" id = "pref_29">§ 29.</a> <span class =
"smallcaps">On the final -e</span>, &amp;c.</h5>

<p>There can be little doubt that the final <i>-e</i> is, in general,
fully pronounced in this poem wherever it is written, with but a very
few exceptions; but at the same time it is liable to be elided when
followed by a vowel or (sometimes) by the letter <i>h</i>, as is usual
in old English poetry. In the following remarks, I shall use an
apostrophe to signify that <i>e</i> is <i>written, but not
pronounced</i>; thus “wil’” signifies that “wile” is the MS. form, but
“wil” the apparent pronunciation. I shall use an italic <i>e</i> to
signify that the <i>e</i> is elided because followed by a vowel or
<i>h</i>, as “cupp<i>e</i>” (l.&nbsp;14); and in the same way,
“rid<i>en</i>,” “lit<i>el</i>,” &amp;c, signify that the syllables
<i>-en</i>, <i>-el</i> are slurred over in a like manner. It will be
seen that such syllables are, in general, slurred over when they occur
before a vowel or <i>h</i>; under the same circumstances, that is, as
the final <i>-e</i>. When I simply write the word in the form “gode” as
in the MS., I mean that the <i>-e</i> is <i>fully pronounced</i>; so
that “gode” stands for “godë.”</p>

<span class = "pagenum">xlix</span>
<a name = "intro49" id = "intro49"> </a>
<p>The following, then, are instances. I follow the order in Mr Morris’s
Introduction to Chaucer’s Prologue, &amp;c. (Clarendon Press
Series).</p>

<p class = "inset1">
(<i>A</i>) In nouns and adjectives (of A.S. origin) the final <i>-e</i>
represents one of the final vowels <i>a</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>e</i>, and
hence is fully sounded even in the nominative case in such instances.
Examples; gome (A.S. <i>goma</i>), 7, blome (A.S. <i>bloma</i>), 63,
trewe (A.S. <i>treowe</i>), 179, knaue (A.S. <i>cnafa</i>), 308, 450,
sone (A.S. <i>sunu</i>), 394.</p>

<p class = "inset1">
(<i>B</i>) In words of French origin it is sounded as in French verse.
Such words are scarce in Havelok. Examples: hayse, 59, beste, 279,
mirácle, 500, rose, 2919, curtesye (<i>miswritten</i> curteyse), 2876,
cf. 194, drurye, 195, male, 48, large, 97, noble, 1263.</p>

<p class = "inset1">
(<i>C</i>) It is a remnant of various grammatical inflexions:&mdash;</p>

<p class = "inset2">
<ins class = "mycorr" title = "paragraph break added by transcriber">(1)</ins>
it is a sign of the <i>dative</i> case in nouns;
as, nede, 9, stede, 10, trome, 8, wronge, 72, stede, 142, dede (not
elided, because of the cæsura), 167, arke, 222, erþe, 248, lite þrawe,
276. It also sometimes marks the accusative, or the genitive of feminine
nouns: <i>accusatives</i>, cupp<i>e</i>, 14, wede, 94, brede, 98,
shrede, 99, mede, 102, quiste, 219, sorwe, 238 (cf. sorw’ in
l.&nbsp;240), son<i>e</i>, 308, knaue, 308, sone, 350, wille, 441:
<i>genitives</i>, messe, 186, 188, helle, 405.</p>

<p class = "inset2">
(2) In adjectives it marks&mdash;</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>a</i>) the <i>definite form</i> of the adjective; as, þe meste, 233,
þe riche (not elided<a class = "tag" name = "tag45" id = "tag45" href =
"#note45">45</a>), 239, te beste, 87, þe hexte [man], 1080, þat wicke,
1158, þat foule, 1158, þe firste, 1333, þe rede, 1397. This rule is most
often violated in the case of <i>dissyllabic</i> superlatives; as, þe
wictest’, 8, þe fairest, þe strangest, 1081, 1110; cf. 199, 200.</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>b</i>) the <i>plural</i> number. Examples abound, as, gode, 1, alle,
2, are, 27, yung = yung<i>e</i>, 30, holde, 30, gode, 34, 55, harde,
143, gren<i>e</i>, 470, bleike, 470, halte, 543, doumbe, 543,
&amp;c.</p>

<p class = "inset3 continue">
The same use is often extended to possessive pronouns; we find the
plurals mine, 385, 514 (but min’, 392), þine, 620, hise, 34, 67, hure,
1231; and even the singulars hire, 84, 85, hure, 338, yure, 171. But the
personal pronoun feminine is often hir’, 172, 209; yet see
l.&nbsp;316.</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>c</i>) the <i>vocative</i> case, as, dere, 839, 2170; leue, 909.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">l</span>
<a name = "intro50" id = "intro50"> </a>
<p class = "inset2">
(3) In verbs it marks&mdash;</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>a</i>) the infinitive mood; as, telle, 3, duelle, 4, falle, 39,
bey<i>e</i>, 53, swere, 254, be-bedde, 421, ber<i>e</i>, 549, &amp;c. On
this point there cannot be a moment’s doubt, for the form <i>-en</i> is
found quite as often, and they rime together, as in 254, 255, cf. 29,
30. But it is well worth remarking that <i>-en</i> is slurred over
exactly where <i>-e</i> would be, with much regularity. Examples are:
rid<i>en</i>, 10, biginn<i>en</i>, 21, mak<i>en</i>, 29, heng<i>en</i>,
43, lurk<i>en</i>, 68, crep<i>en</i>, 68, rid<i>en</i>, 88,
hau<i>en</i>, 270. Other examples are very numerous. But we sometimes
find <i>-en</i> not slurred over, as, drinken, 15; and the same is true
even of <i>-e</i>, but such cases are exceptional and rare.</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>b</i>) the gerund; as, to preyse, 60.</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>c</i>) the past participle of a strong verb; as, drawe, 1802, slawe,
1803. But these are rare, as they are commonly written drawen, slawen,
2224.</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>d</i>) the past tense of weak verbs, where the <i>-e</i> follows
<i>-ed</i>, <i>-t</i>, or <i>-d</i>. Examples are very numerous; as,
louede = lov’de, 30, 35 (not elided), 37, hauede = hav’de, 343; cf.
haued = havd’, 336; þurte, 10, durst<i>e</i>, 65, reft<i>e</i>, 94;
dede, 29, sende, 136, seyde, 228, herde, 286. Observe hated =
hated<i>e</i>, <ins class = "mycorr" title = "period missing">40.</ins>
The plurals of these tenses are rarely in <i>-e</i>, generally in
<i>-en</i>, as, haueden, 241, ded<i>en</i>, 242, sprauleden =
spraul’den, 475.</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>e</i>) the subjunctive or optative mood, or the 3rd person of the
imperative mood, which is really the 3rd person of the subjunctive. This
rule seems to be carefully observed. Examples are yeue, 22, thaue, 296,
yerne, 299, leue, 406, were, 513, wit<i>e</i>, 517, &amp;c. So for the
<i>first</i> person, as, lat<i>e</i>, 509, lepe (not elided), 2009,
spek<i>e</i>, 2079; and for the <i>second</i> person, as, understonde,
1159, fare, 2705, cone, 622, 623.</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>f</i>) other parts of a <i>few</i> verbs; thus, the 1st person
singular present, as, liue, 301, ete, 793, rede, 1660, wille, 388, where
<i>wille</i> is equivalent to <i>wish</i>.</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>g</i>) present participles: thus, plattínde, 2282, is a half-rime to
gangánde. In other places, the author is careful to place them before a
vowel, as gretind<i>e</i>, 1390, lauhwind<i>e</i>, 946, starind<i>e</i>,
508, driuend<i>e</i>, 2702, fastind<i>e</i>, 865.</p>

<p class = "inset2">
(4) In adverbs the final <i>-e</i> denotes&mdash;</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>a</i>) an older vowel-ending; as, son<i>e</i> (A.S. <i>sóna</i>),
136, sone, 218,
<span class = "pagenum">li</span>
<a name = "intro51" id = "intro51"> </a>
251, yete (A.S. <i>géta</i>, as well as <i>gét</i>), 495, ofte (Swed.
<i>ofta</i>, Dan. <i>ofte</i>), 227.</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>b</i>) an adverb as distinguished from its corresponding adjective,
as, yerne, 153, loude, 96, longe, 241, more, 301, softe, 305, heye, 335,
swiþe, 455, harde, 639. Hence, in l.&nbsp;640, we should read
<i>neye</i>.</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>c</i>) an older termination in <i>-en</i> or <i>-an</i>; as,
þer-hinne, 322, 709, 712, henne, 843, inne, 855. Cf. A.S. <i>heonan</i>,
<i>innan</i>.</p>

<p class = "inset3">
(<i>d</i>) It is also sounded in the termination <i>-like</i>, as,
sikerlike, 422. Hence, in baldelike, 53, <i>both</i> the <i>ees</i> are
sounded; cf. feblelike, 418. When the final <i>-e</i> is slurred over
before an <i>h</i> in <i>Chaucer</i>, <i>h</i> is found commonly to
begin the pronoun <i>he</i>, or its cases, the possessive pronouns
<i>his</i>, <i>hire</i>, or their cases, a part of the verb to
<i>have</i>, or else the adverbs <i>how</i> or <i>heer</i>. The same
rule seems to hold in <i>Havelok</i>. Observe, that <i>e</i> often forms
a syllable in the <i>middle</i> of a word, as, bondeman, 32, engelondes,
63, pourelik<i>e</i>, 322.</p>

<p>With regard to the final <i>-en</i>, it is most commonly slurred over
before a vowel or the <i>h</i> in <i>he</i> or <i>haue</i>, not only
when it is the termination of the infinitive mood, but in <i>many other
cases</i>. One striking example may suffice:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He gret<i>en</i> and gouled<i>en</i> and gou<i>en</i> hem ille,
164.</p>
</div>

<p>A still more striking peculiarity is that <i>the same rule often
holds</i> for the ending <i>-es</i>. We find it, of course, forming a
distinct syllable in plurals; as, limes, 86; and in adverbs, as, liues,
509. But observe such instances as maydn<i>es</i>, 2, prest<i>es</i>,
33, vtlaw<i>es</i>, 41, siþ<i>es</i>, 213, &amp;c.</p>

<p>In the same way, when rapid final syllables such as <i>-el</i>,
<i>-er</i>, <i>-ere</i>, &amp;c., are slurred over, it will
<i>generally</i> be found <i>that a vowel or</i> h <i>follows them</i>.
Examples: lit<i>el</i>, 6, won<i>eth</i>, 105, bed<i>els</i>, 266,
bod<i>i</i>, 345, deu<i>el</i>, 446, hung<i>er</i>, 449. Compare
ou<i>er</i>al, 38, 54. There are many other peculiarities which it would
take long to enumerate, such as, that <i>sworn</i> is pronounced
<i>sworen</i>, 204; that the final <i>-e</i> is sometimes preserved
before a vowel, as in <i>dedë am</i>, 167; that the word <i>ne</i> is
very frequently not counted, as it were, in the scansion, as in 57, 113,
220, 419, the second <i>ne</i> in l.&nbsp;547, and in several other
places. But it must suffice to state merely, that when the above rules
(with allowance of a few exceptions)
<span class = "pagenum">lii</span>
<a name = "intro52" id = "intro52"> </a>
are carefully observed, it will be found that the metre of Havelok is
<i>very regular</i>, and <i>valuable on account of its
regularity</i>.</p>

<p>It would therefore be easy to correct the text in many places by help
of an exact analysis of the rhythm. But this, except in a very few
places, has not been attempted, because the imperfect, but unique, MS.
copy is more instructive as it stands. In l.&nbsp;19, e.g. <i>wit</i>
should be <i>wite</i>; in l.&nbsp;47, <i>red</i> should be <i>rede</i>;
in l.&nbsp;74, <i>his soule</i> should be <i>of his soule</i>, &amp;c.
The importance of attending to the final <i>-e</i> may be exemplified by
the lines&mdash;</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Allë greten swiþë sore, 236;</p>
<p>But sonë dedë hirë fetë, 317;</p>
<p>þinë cherlës, þinë hinë, 620<ins class = "mycorr"
title = "printed . for ;">;&nbsp;</ins></p>
<p>Grimës sonës allë þre, 1399;</p>
<p>Hisë sistres herë lif, 2395.</p>
</div>

<p>Mr Ellis writes&mdash; “These final examples suggested to me to
compose the following German epitaph, which contains just as many final
<i>e</i>’s, and which I think no German would find to have anything
peculiar in the versification:</p>

<h5 class = "left">GRABSCHRIFT.</h5>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Diese alte reiche Frau</p>
<p>Hasste jede eitle Schau,</p>
<p>Preiste Gottes gute Gabe,</p>
<p>Mehrte stets die eig’ne Habe,</p>
<p>Liegt hier unbeweint im Grabe.</p>
</div>

<p>I think Havelok may be well compared with Goethe’s ballad,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Es war ein Kön<i>ig in Thu</i>le,</p>
<p class = "indent">Gar treu bis an das Grab,</p>
<p>Dem, sterbend, seine Buhle</p>
<p class = "indent"><i>Einen gold</i>enen Becher gab.</p>

<p class = "stanza">
Es ging ihm nichts darüber,</p>
<p class = "indent">Er leert’ ihn jeden Schmaus,</p>
<p>Die Augen gin<i>gen ihm ü</i>ber</p>
<p class = "indent">So oft er trank daraus.</p>

<p class = "stanza">
Und als er kam zu sterben,</p>
<p class = "indent">Zählt’ er <i>seine Städt’</i> im Reich,</p>
<p>Gönnt’ alles seinem Erben,</p>
<p class = "indent">Den Becher nicht zugleich:&mdash;</p>
</div>

<span class = "pagenum">liii</span>
<a name = "intro53" id = "intro53"> </a>
<p>and the end:&mdash;</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Die Augen thä<i>ten ihm sin</i>ken,</p>
<p class = "indent">Trank nie <i>einen Trop</i>fen mehr.</p>
</div>

<p>The <i>italicised</i> trisyllabic measures are fine. Observe also the
elisions of final <i>-e</i> before a following vowel (<i>Städt’</i>
being very unusual), and the omission of the dative <i>-e</i> in <i>im
Reich</i>, to rhyme with <i>zugleich</i>.”</p>

<p>I have only to add that my special thanks are due to Sir F. Madden
for his permission to make use of his valuable notes, glossary, and
preface, and for his assistance; as also to Mr Ellis for his notes,
which, however, reached me only at the last moment, when much alteration
of the proofs was troublesome. There are many things probably which Mr
Ellis does not much approve of in this short popular sketch of the
metre, in which attention is drawn only to some of the <i>principal</i>
points. In particular, he disapproves of the term <i>slurring over</i>,
though I believe that I mean precisely the same thing aa he does, viz.
that these light syllables are really <i>fully pronounced</i>, and not
in any way forcibly suppressed; but that, owing to their being light
syllables, and occurring before vowel sounds, the full pronunciation of
them does not cause the verse to halt, but merely imparts to it an
agreeable vivacity. As I have already said elsewhere<a class = "tag"
name = "tag46" id = "tag46" href = "#note46">46</a>&mdash; “A poet’s
business is, in fact, to take care that the syllables which <i>are</i>
to be rapidly pronounced are such as easily <i>can</i> be so; and that
the syllables which are to be heavily accented are naturally those that
<i>ought</i> to be. If he gives attention to this, it does not much
matter whether each foot has <i>two</i> or <i>three</i> <ins class =
"mycorr" title = "text reads ‘sylalbles’">syllables</ins> in it.”</p>

<hr class = "small" />

<h4 class = "smallcaps"><a name = "footnotes" id = "footnotes">
Footnotes to Introduction</a></h4>

<p class = "mynote center">
Skip to <a href = "#emendations">Emendations</a></p>

<div class = "footnote">

<p><a name = "note1" id = "note1" href = "#tag1">1.</a>
In particular, we find there a complete proof, supported by some fifty
examples, that, <i>as</i> can be traced, through the forms <i>ase</i>,
<i>als</i>, <i>alse</i>, <i>also</i>, to the A.S. <i>eall-swa</i>; a
proof, that in the difficult phrase <i>lond and lithe</i>, the word
<i>lithe</i> [also spelt <i>lede</i>, <i>lude</i>] is equivalent to the
French <i>tenement</i>, <i>rente</i>, or <i>fe</i>; and, thirdly, a
complete refutation of Mr Singer’s extraordinary notion that the adverb
<i>swithe</i> means <i>a sword</i>!</p>

<p><a name = "note2" id = "note2" href = "#tag2">2.</a>
In the same way, <i>William of Palerne</i> was prepared by me for the
press, subject to his advice; see <i>William of Palerne</i>,
Introduction, p.&nbsp;ii.</p>

<p><a name = "note3" id = "note3" href = "#tag3">3.</a>
I say <i>nearly</i>, because I have not been able to verify <i>every</i>
reference to <i>every</i> poem quoted. I have verified and critically
examined all the citations from the <i>poem itself</i>, from Ritson’s
Romances, Weber’s Romances, La?amon, Beowulf, Chaucer, Langland, and Sir
Walter Scott’s edition of Sir Tristrem (3rd edition, 1811).</p>

<p><a name = "note4" id = "note4" href = "#tag4">4.</a>
To this, the reader is referred for fuller information.</p>

<p><a name = "note5" id = "note5" href = "#tag5">5.</a>
“The word Breton, which some critics refer to Armorica, is here applied
to a story of mere English birth.” Hallam; Lit. of Europe, 6th ed. 1860;
vol.&nbsp;i. p.&nbsp;36. See the whole passage.</p>

<p><a name = "note6" id = "note6" href = "#tag6">6.</a>
“The Chronicler writes of him, f. 6. ‘Il feu le plus beau bacheleir
q<i>e</i> vnqes reigna en Engleterre, <i>ceo dit le Bruit</i>, par quoy
ly lays ly apellerunt <i>King Adelstane with gilden kroket</i>, pour ce
q’il feu si beaus.’ We have here notice of another of those curious
historical poems, the loss of which can never be sufficiently deplored.
The term <i>crocket</i> (derived by Skinner from the Fr. <i>crochet</i>,
uncinulus) points out the period of the poem’s composition, since the
fashion alluded to of wearing those large rolls of hair so called, only
arose at the latter end of Hen. III. reign, and continued through the
reign of Edw.&nbsp;I. and part of his successor’s.”</p>

<p><a name = "note7" id = "note7" href = "#tag7">7.</a>
See below, § 16.</p>

<p><a name = "note8" id = "note8" href = "#tag8">8.</a>
The poems in MSS. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ff. 5. 48 and Dd. 14.&nbsp;2 resemble
this Chronicle, but do not mention Havelok’s name.</p>

<p><a name = "note9" id = "note9" href = "#tag9">9.</a>
This proof is rendered unnecessary by the citations from it by Rauf de
Boun in 1310, and by the age of our MS. itself.</p>

<p><a name = "note10" id = "note10" href = "#tag10">10.</a>
<i>Hanelok</i> in Hearne, throughout, but undoubtedly <i>contra
fidem</i> MSS.</p>

<p><a name = "note11" id = "note11" href = "#tag11">11.</a>
The writing in the earlier portion (concerning Havelok) is hardly later
than <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400.</p>

<p><a name = "note12" id = "note12" href = "#tag12">12.</a>
Sir F. Madden adds&mdash; “collated with another of the same age, MS.
Cott. Dom. A.&nbsp;x, and a third, of the 15th century, MS. Harl. 200.”
I omit the collations; the words within square brackets are supplied
from these other copies.</p>

<p><a name = "note13" id = "note13" href = "#tag13">13.</a>
I omit the collations with MSS. Harl. 24 and 753. Sir F. Madden proves
that this English version was made <span class =
"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1435, by <i>John Maundevile</i>, rector of
Burnham Thorp in Norfolk.</p>

<p><a name = "note14" id = "note14" href = "#tag14">14.</a>
Colbrande is the giant defeated by Guy in the Ballad of “Guy and
Colebrande.” See <i>Percy Folio MS.</i>; ed. Hales and Furnivall, vol.
ii. p.&nbsp;528, where <i>Auelocke</i> means <i>Anlaf</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "note15" id = "note15" href = "#tag15">15.</a>
Quoted in a note in Sir F. Madden’s preface, p.&nbsp;xxiii.</p>

<p><a name = "note16" id = "note16" href = "#tag16">16.</a>
So then ought Hamlet; but the editor of Saxo Grammaticus says, “in
antiquioribus regum Daniæ genealogiis Amlethus non occurrit.” See Saxo
Gram. ed. Müller, Havniæ, 1839; end of lib. iii. and beginning of lib.
iv.; also the note on p.&nbsp;132 of the Notæ Uberiores. The idea that
Havelock is Amlet is to be found in Grundtvig, North. Myth. 1832,
p.&nbsp;565.</p>

<p><a name = "note17" id = "note17" href = "#tag17">17.</a>
Havelok [<i>or</i> Hanelock, as it is sometimes read] is quite as like
Anlaf, whence the blunder noticed in note&nbsp;1, p.&nbsp;xviii. In the
form Hablok, it is not unlike <i>Blecca</i>, who was a great man in
<i>Lindesey</i> soon after the days of <i>Æthelberht</i> of Kent; see
Saxon Chronicle, An. <span class = "smallroman">DCXXVII</span>.</p>

<p><a name = "note18" id = "note18" href = "#tag18">18.</a>
His account has been printed in the <i>Topographer</i>, V.&nbsp;i.
p.&nbsp;241. sq. 8vo, 1789. We follow, as usual, the MS. itself,
p.&nbsp;1.</p>

<p><a name = "note19" id = "note19" href = "#tag19">19.</a>
Quoted in Brock’s Biography of Sir H. Havelock, 1858; p.&nbsp;9.</p>

<p><a name = "note20" id = "note20" href = "#tag20">20.</a>
Æthelberht of Kent reigned from <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
560-616 (56 years).</p>

<p><a name = "note21" id = "note21" href = "#tag21">21.</a>
For this latter portion of the Preface I am entirely responsible.</p>

<p><a name = "note22" id = "note22" href = "#tag22">22.</a>
<i>Nicole</i> is a French inversion of Lincoln. It is not uncommon.</p>

<p><a name = "note23" id = "note23" href = "#tag23">23.</a>
The northern part of Lincolnshire is called <i>Lindsey</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "note24" id = "note24" href = "#tag24">24.</a>
Hence the obvious origin of the legend of “Havelok’s stone,” and the
local tradition about Grim’s casting down stones from the tower of
Grimsby church.</p>

<p><a name = "note25" id = "note25" href = "#tag25">25.</a>
Possibly Saltfleet, suggests Mr Haigh. Such, at least, is the position
required by the circumstances.</p>

<p><a name = "note26" id = "note26" href = "#tag26">26.</a>
In the Durham MS. it is Tiedfort, i.e. Tetford, not far from Horncastle,
in Lincolnshire.</p>

<p><a name = "note27" id = "note27" href = "#tag27">27.</a>
A name given to the S.E. part of Lincolnshire.</p>

<p><a name = "note28" id = "note28" href = "#tag28">28.</a>
Here again is an allusion to “Havelok’s stone.”</p>

<p><a name = "note29" id = "note29" href = "#tag29">29.</a>
Hence, by confusion, the placing of Havelok’s father in the time of
<i>Ælfred</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "note30" id = "note30" href = "#tag30">30.</a>
Or, as I should prefer to say, earlier than those times. The two kings
spoken of in the Lay may have had names somewhat similar to these, which
may have been replaced by the more familiar names here mentioned.</p>

<p><a name = "note31" id = "note31" href = "#tag31">31.</a>
Cf. Lappenberg’s History of England, tr. by Thorpe, vol.&nbsp;i.
pp.&nbsp;145-154.</p>

<p><a name = "note32" id = "note32" href = "#tag32">32.</a>
See the same statement in Fabyan’s Chronicles, p.&nbsp;112; ed. Ellis,
1811.</p>

<p><a name = "note33" id = "note33" href = "#tag33">33.</a>
“Cf. K. Horn, 1005, where <i>haue</i> rhymes with plawe.” &mdash;M. Mr
A.&nbsp;J. Ellis would consider <i>slawen</i>, <i>knaue</i>, &amp;c., as
assonances&mdash; “Do not think of the pronunciation of modern
<i>drawen</i>. Read <i>sla-wen</i>, <i>kna-ue</i>, an assonance.
<i>Beþe</i> does <i>not</i> rhyme to <i>reden</i>; it is only an
assonance.” &mdash;Ellis. On the other hand, we find the spellings
<i>rathe</i>, <i>rothe</i> instead of <i>rede</i> in ll. 1335 and
2817.</p>

<p><a name = "note34" id = "note34" href = "#tag34">34.</a>
“<i>Qual</i> = <i>quhal</i>, the aspirate being omitted; and
<i>quhal</i> = <i>whal</i>.” &mdash;Ellis.</p>

<p><a name = "note35" id = "note35" href = "#tag35">35.</a>
The use of <i>th</i> for <i>t</i> is not uncommon. In the <i>Romans of
Partenay</i>, we have <i>thown</i>, <i>thaken</i>, <i>thouchyng</i>,
&amp;c., for <i>town</i>, <i>taken</i>, <i>touching</i>; see Preface,
p.&nbsp;xvi. In the copy of Piers Plowman in MS. Camb. Univ. Lib. Dd
l.&nbsp;17, I have observed several similar examples. Cf. Eng.
<i>tea</i>, Ital. <i>tè</i>, Span. <i>té</i>, with Fr. <i>thé</i>, Swed.
<i>the</i>, G. Du. Dan. <i>thee</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "note36" id = "note36" href = "#tag36">36.</a>
“Is <i>e</i> for <i>o</i> a mistake, or may it be compared with
<i>preue</i> for <i>prove</i>, &amp;c.?” &mdash;Ellis. I would observe
that <i>greting</i> is the spelling of the <i>substantive</i> in
l.&nbsp;166.</p>

<p><a name = "note37" id = "note37" href = "#tag37">37.</a>
“This <i>four accents</i> I consider to be a wrong way of stating the
fact.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. The metre consists of four measures, each generally,
not always, of <i>two</i> syllables, the first often <i>one</i>
syllable, the others often of <i>three</i> syllables, and each measure
has generally more stress on the last than on any other, but the accents
or principal stresses in the verse are usually 2, sometimes 3, perhaps
never&nbsp;4.” &mdash;A.&nbsp;J. Ellis. I need hardly add that such a
statement is more exact, and that I here merely use the word
<i>accent</i> in the loose sense it often bears, viz. as denoting the
“stress,” more or less heavy, and sometimes imperceptible, which is
popularly supposed to belong to the last syllable in a measure. I must
request the reader to remember that this present sketch of the metre is
very slight and imperfect, and worded in the usual not very correct
popular language. For more strict and careful statements the reader is
referred to Mr A.&nbsp;J. Ellis’s work on Early English Pronunciation.
Until readers have made themselves acquainted with that work, they will
readily understand what I <i>here</i> mean by “accents;” afterwards,
they can easily adopt a stricter idea of its meaning.</p>

<p><a name = "note38" id = "note38" href = "#tag38">38.</a>
“You cannot scan this line in any way. This method of doing it is quite
impossible; it is a mere chopping to make a verse like this. The line is
corrupt. Omit <i>þat</i>, and you have</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Of | a tal’ | ich you | wile telle</p>
</div>

<p>or better,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Of | a tal’ | ich wil|e telle.”</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
Ellis.</p>

<p><a name = "note39" id = "note39" href = "#tag39">39.</a>
The number is that of the <i>first</i> line of the pair.</p>

<p><a name = "note40" id = "note40" href = "#tag40">40.</a>
“You have omitted the curious <i>harde, krakede</i>, 567, here; it is
only an assonance, not a mistake, I believe.” &mdash;Ellis. But see
<a href = "#textnote567">note to l.&nbsp;567</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "note41" id = "note41" href = "#tag41">41.</a>
“On <i>i, e</i> rhymes, see p. 271, last line and following, of my Chap.
IV. The <i>o, a</i> depend on a provincialism, and this applies to
<i>sawe</i>, <i>wowe</i><ins class = "mycorr" title = "all ; changed from , for consistency">;
</ins><i>beþe</i>, <i>rede</i>; <i>knaue</i>,
<i>plawe</i>; <i>sawe</i>, <i>hawe</i>; &amp;c. <i>Bouth, oft</i> is a
case of assonance, <i>bouth</i> being <i>bought</i>, where properly the
<i>ugh</i> is the voiced sound of Scotch <i>quh</i>, and easily passes
into <i>f</i>. The assonance is therefore nearly a rhyme. <i>Plattinde,
gangande</i> is probably a scribal error. <i>Eir, toþer</i> is certainly
a mistake; read</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Swanborow, helfled, his sistres fair.”</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
Ellis.</p>

<p>We may then perhaps alter <i>gangande</i> to <i>ganginde</i>. I do
not quite like writing the modern form <i>fair</i> instead of the old
plural <i>fayre</i> in order to gain a rime to <i>eir</i>. Cf. ll. 1095,
2300, 2538, 2768.</p>

<p><a name = "note42" id = "note42" href = "#tag42">42.</a>
“<i>Hon, lond</i> may arise from a Danism, or from an English custom at
that time of not pronouncing <i>d</i> after <i>n</i> in <i>nd</i> final;
Danish <i>Mand</i> and German <i>Mann</i> are identical.” &mdash;Ellis.
I prefer to call it Danish; we English, now at least, often <i>add</i> a
<i>d</i>, as in <i>sound, gownd</i>, from <i>soun, gown</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "note43" id = "note43" href = "#tag43">43.</a>
“<i>Johan</i> is almost <i>Jon</i> in Chaucer, however written, but
l.&nbsp;177 wants a measure; read&mdash;</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Bi [Jhesu] crist, and bi seint ion.</p>
</div>

<p>In l.&nbsp;1720 also the verse is defective; omit <i>al</i>, and
read&mdash;</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>In denemark nis wimman [non]</p>
<p>So fayr so sche, bi <i>seint</i> Johan,</p>
</div>

<p>where <i>seint</i> is a dissyllable; see p.&nbsp;264 of my Early
English Pronunciation. <i>Hey, fri</i>, 1071, is an error; read
<i>hy</i>, and see p.&nbsp;285 of my book. The other instances of
<i>ei</i>, <i>ai</i> are all regular, the confusion of <i>ei</i>,
<i>ai</i> being perfect in the thirteenth century. <i>Shame</i>,
l.&nbsp;88, is dative, and would prove nothing, but <i>shame</i> in
Orrmin is conclusive. Hence in <i>sham’</i>, 56, we have an <i>e</i>
omitted; compare p.&nbsp;323 of my book, and the German <i>Ruh’</i>.”
&mdash;Ellis. In other places, the spelling <i>heye</i> occurs, rather
than <i>hy</i>: see ll. 719, 987, 1071, 1083, 1289<ins class = "mycorr"
title = "comma invisible">, </ins>1685, 2431, 2471, 2544, 2724, 2750,
2945, &amp;c.</p>

<p><a name = "note44" id = "note44" href = "#tag44">44.</a>
“The instances of <i>o</i> are all regular, except <i>croud, god</i>,
2338, which is a false rhyme altogether; <i>ou</i> = modern <i>oo</i>.”
&mdash;Ellis.</p>

<p><a name = "note45" id = "note45" href = "#tag45">45.</a>
<i>Riche</i> being both <span class = "smallroman">A.S.</span> and
French, has the <i>e</i> even when indefinite; a riche king, 841; a
riche man, 373.</p>

<p><a name = "note46" id = "note46" href = "#tag46">46.</a>
Preface to Mr Morris’s Genesis and Exodus, p. xxxviii.</p>

</div>


<span class = "pagenum">liv</span>
<a name = "intro54" id = "intro54"> </a>
<h3><a name = "emendations" id = "emendations">EMENDATIONS,
ETC.</a></h3>

<hr class = "tiny" />

<p class = "mynote">
This section is shown as printed. The editor’s corrections were
variously handled. Minor changes to the primary text are shown in
brackets and marked with <ins class = "edcorr" title = "Corrected by author from ‘red’">mouse-hover popups</ins>. The more complicated or
tentative emendations are given as supple&shy;mentary footnotes,
separately <span class = "addition">outlined</span>. Additions to the
Glossary are marked in the same way. The following paragraph is part of
the original text.</p>

<p><span class = "firstword">Some</span> emendations have been made in
the text by inserting letters and words within square brackets. A few
more may be noticed here.</p>

<p>p. 2, l. 47. The MS. has <i>red</i>; but it should be
<i>rede</i>.</p>

<p>p. 3, l. 66. For the MS. reading <i>here</i> Mr Garnett proposed to
read <i>othere</i>, which is clearly right.</p>

<p>p. 3, l. 74. For <i>his soule</i> (as in the MS.) we should probably
read <i>of his soule</i>.</p>

<p>p. 3, l. 79. For <i>wo diden</i> (as in the MS.) we should read <i>wo
so dide</i>.</p>

<p>p. 6, l. 177. <i>Read</i>&mdash; “Bi [ihesu] crist,” &amp;c, to fill
up; but this is doubtful; see l.&nbsp;1112.</p>

<p>p. 18, l. 560. For <i>with</i>, Mr Garnett proposed to read
<i>wilt</i>.</p>

<p>p. 20, l. <ins class = "mycorr" title = "text reads ‘60’">640</ins>.
For <i>ney</i> (as in MS.) read <i>neye</i>, the adverbial form.</p>

<p>p. 21, l. 660. Perhaps there should be a comma after <i>Slep</i>,
making the sense to be <i>sleep, son</i>, not <i>sleep soon</i>.</p>

<p>p. 23, l. 746. For <i>alle</i>, Mr Garnett proposed to read
<i>shalle</i>.</p>

<p>p. 24, l. 784. Perhaps we should, however, read <i>se-weren</i>, and
the note on the line (p.&nbsp;93) may be wrong. See <i>Weren</i> in the
Glossary.
<span class = "mynote">
See <a href = "#endnote">Endnote</a>.</span></p>

<p>p. 32, l. 1037. For <i>stareden</i> we should perhaps read
<i>stradden</i>; see the Glossary.</p>

<p>p. 33, l. 1080. For <i>hexte</i> we should rather read <i>hexte</i>
[<i>man</i>]; cf. l.&nbsp;199.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">lv</span>
<a name = "intro55" id = "intro55"> </a>

<p>p. 38, l. 1233. Mr Garnett suggested that <i>cloþen</i> may mean
<i>clothes</i>. If so, dele the comma after it.</p>

<p>p. 43, l. 1420. For <i>wolde</i> we should rather read [<i>he</i>]
<i>wolde</i>.</p>

<p>p. 46, l. 1687. <i>þarned</i> is an error of the scribe for
<i>þoled</i>; see the Glossary.</p>

<p>p. 47, l. 1720. Perhaps we should rather read&mdash;<i>is womman</i>
[<i>non</i>].</p>

<p>p. 47, l. 1733. <i>Bidde</i> must mean <i>offer</i>, rather than
<i>bid</i> (as in the Glossary); unless it be miswritten for <i>bide</i>
= tarry.</p>

<p>p. 47, l. 1736. The MS. reading <i>deled</i> should be <i>deyled</i>;
cf. l.&nbsp;2099.</p>

<p>p. 76, l. 2670. The MS. reading <i>blinne</i> should clearly be
<i>blunne</i>. A few other suggestions of emendations will be found in
the Glossarial Index. See the words <i>Arwe</i>, <i>Birþe</i>,
<i>Felde</i>, <i>Sor</i>, <i>Tauhte</i>, <i>Þenne</i>, <i>Thit</i>,
<i>Werewed</i>, <i>Wreken</i>, &amp;c. See also the suggestions in the
preface, pp.&nbsp;xxxix, xli, xlvi, xlvii.</p>

<p>p. 132, s.v. <i>Loken</i>. The reference to the Ancren Riwle is to
MS. Titus D&nbsp;18, fol. 17; cf. the edition by Morton (Camd. Soc.
1853), p.&nbsp;56.</p>

<p>In the Glossary, <i>Dunten</i> is wrongly placed after
<i>Dint</i>.</p>

<p class = "mynote">
See <a href = "#endnote">Endnote</a> for following items.</p>

<p>Also, <i>Greting</i> is wrongly placed before <i>Gres</i>.</p>

<p><i>Hal</i>, more probably, is shortened from <i>half</i>, like
<i>twel</i> from <i>twelue</i>.</p>

<p><ins class = "mycorr" title = "spelled ‘Schoten’"><i>Shoten</i></ins>,
in l. 1838, means <i>rushed</i>, <i>darted</i>, <i>flew</i>.</p>

<p><i>Teyte</i> may mean <i>lively</i>. My explanation is not generally
accepted.</p>

<p><i>Bise</i> occurs in l. 724.</p>

<a name = "intro56" id = "intro56"> </a>

</div>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p class = "illustration">
<span class = "pagenum">1</span>
<a name = "page1" id = "page1">&nbsp;</a><br />
<a name = "havelok" id = "havelok">&nbsp;</a><br />
<img src = "https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:f:frederic-madden-the-lay-of-havelok-the-dane-incipit.png" width = "364" height = "74"
alt = "Incipit vita Hauelok, quondam Rex Anglie et Denemarchie."
title = "Incipit vita Hauelok, quondam Rex Anglie et Denemarchie."
/></p>

<hr class = "tiny" />

<div class = "havelok">


<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 204, col. 1.]<br />
Hearken!</p>
<p class = "section">
Herknet to me, gode men,</p>
<p>Wiues, maydnes, and alle men,</p>
<p>Of a tale þat ich you wile telle,</p>
<span class = "linenum">4</span>
<p>Wo so it wile here, and þer-to duelle.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
I will tell you the tale of Havelok,</p>
<p>Þe tale is of hauelok i-maked;</p>
<p>Wil he was litel he yede ful naked:</p>
<p>Hauelok was a ful god gome,</p>
<span class = "linenum">8</span>
<p>He was ful god in eueri trome,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag9" id = "texttag9" href =
"#textnote9">9</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
a wight man at need.</p>
<p>He was þe wicteste ma<i>n</i> at nede,</p>
<p>Þat þurte ride<i>n</i> on ani stede.</p>
<p>Þat ye mowen nou y-here,</p>
<span class = "linenum">12</span>
<p>And þe tale ye mowen y-lere.</p>
<p>At the begi<i>n</i>ning<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag1" id =
"poem_tag1" href = "#poem_note1">1</a> of vre tale,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
First, fill me a cup of ale.</p>
<p>Fil me a cuppe of ful god ale;</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag15" id = "texttag15" href =
"#textnote15">15</a>
<p>And [y] wile dri<i>n</i>ken her y spelle,</p>
<span class = "linenum">16</span>
<p>Þat crist vs shilde alle fro helle!</p>
<p>Krist late vs heu<i>er</i>e so for to do,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Christ grant we may do right!</p>
<p>Þat we moten comen him to,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag19" id = "texttag19" href =
"#textnote19">19</a>
<p>And wit[e]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag2" id = "poem_tag2" href =
"#poem_note2">2</a> þat it mote ben so!</p>
<span class = "linenum">20</span>
<p><i>Benedicamus domino!</i></p>
<p>Here y schal bigi<i>n</i>nen a rym,</p>
<p>Krist us yeue wel god fyn!</p>

<span class = "pagenum">2</span>
<a name = "page2" id = "page2"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
The rime is about Havelok.</p>
<p>The rym is maked of hauelok,</p>
<span class = "linenum">24</span>
<p>A stalworþi man i<i>n</i> a flok;</p>
<p>He was þe stalworþeste ma<i>n</i> at nede,</p>
<p>Þat may riden on ani stede.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note1" id = "poem_note1" href = "#poem_tag1">1</a>
MS. Begi<i>n</i>nig.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note2" id = "poem_note2" href = "#poem_tag2">2</a>
<i>See</i> ll. 517, 1316.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
THE GOOD KING ATHELWOLD &emsp; IS KING OVER ALL ENGLAND.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
There was once a king who made good laws.</p>
<p class = "section">
IT was a king bi are dawes,</p>
<span class = "linenum">28</span>
<p>That i<i>n</i> his time were gode lawes</p>
<p>He dede maken, an ful wel holden;</p>
<p>Hym louede yu<i>n</i>g, him louede holde,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag31" id = "texttag31" href =
"#textnote31">31</a>
<p>Erl and barun, dreng and kayn,</p>
<span class = "linenum">32</span>
<p>Knict, bondema<i>n</i>, and swain,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
All loved him.</p>
<p>Wydues, maydnes, p<i>re</i>stes and clerkes,</p>
<p>And al for hise gode werkes.</p>
<p>He louede god with al his micth,</p>
<span class = "linenum">36</span>
<p>And holi kirke, and soth, ant ricth;</p>
<p>Ricth-wise<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag3" id = "poem_tag3" href =
"#poem_note3">3</a> man he louede alle,</p>
<p>And ou<i>er</i>al made hem forto calle;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He hated traitors and robbers.</p>
<p>Wreieres and wrobberes made he falle,</p>
<span class = "linenum">40</span>
<p>And hated he<i>m</i> so ma<i>n</i> doth galle;</p>
<p>Vtlawes and theues made he bynde,</p>
<p>Alle that he micthe fynde,</p>
<p>And heye he<i>n</i>gen on galwe-tre;</p>
<span class = "linenum">44</span>
<p>For hem ne yede gold ne fe.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag45" id = "texttag45" href =
"#textnote45">45</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
At that time, men could carry gold about safely,</p>
<p>In that time a man þat bore</p>
<p>[Wel fyfty pund, y woth, or more,]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag4"
id = "poem_tag4" href = "#poem_note4">4</a></p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 204, col. 2.]</p>
<p>Of <ins class = "edcorr" title = "corrected by editor from ‘red’">red[e]</ins> gold up-on hijs bac,</p>
<span class = "linenum">48</span>
<p>In a male with or blac,</p>
<p>Ne funde he non that him misseyde,</p>
<p>N[e] with iuele on [him] hond leyde.</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne micthe chapme<i>n</i> fare</p>
<span class = "linenum">52</span>
<p>Þuruth englond wit here ware,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and boldly buy and sell.</p>
<p>And baldelike beye and selle<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>Oueral þer he wilen dwellen,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">3</span>
<a name = "page3" id = "page3"> </a>
<p>In gode burwes, and þer-fram</p>
<span class = "linenum">56</span>
<p>Ne funde<i>n</i> he non þat dede he<i>m</i> sham,</p>
<p>Þat he ne were<i>n</i> sone to sorwe brouth,</p>
<p>An pou<i>er</i>e maked, and browt to nouth.</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne was engelond at hayse;<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag5" id = "poem_tag5" href = "#poem_note5">5</a></p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Then was England at ease.</p>
<span class = "linenum">60</span>
<p>Michel was svich a king to preyse,</p>
<p>Þat held so eng[e]lond in grith!</p>
<p>Krist of heuene was him with.</p>
<p>He was engelondes blome;</p>
<span class = "linenum">64</span>
<p>Was non so bold lond to rome,</p>
<p>Þat durste upon his [menie] bringhe</p>
<p>Hunger, ne here<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag5a" id =
"poem_tag5a" href = "#poem_note5a">*</a> wicke þinghe.</p>
<p>Hwan he felede hise foos,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The king made his foes hide themselves.</p>
<span class = "linenum">68</span>
<p>He made he<i>m</i> lurken, and crepe<i>n</i> in wros:</p>
<p>Þe hidde<i>n</i> he<i>m</i> alle, and helde<i>n</i> he<i>m</i>
stille,</p>
<p>And diden al his herte wille.</p>
<p>Ricth he louede of alle þinge,</p>
<span class = "linenum">72</span>
<p>To wronge micht hi<i>m</i> no man bri<i>n</i>ge,</p>
<p>Ne for siluer, ne for gold:&mdash;</p>
<p>So was he his soule<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag5b" id =
"poem_tag5b" href = "#poem_note5b">†</a> hold.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He befriended the fatherless.</p>
<p>To þe faderles was he rath,</p>
<span class = "linenum">76</span>
<p>Wo so dede hem wrong or lath,</p>
<p>Were it clerc, or were it knicth,</p>
<p>He dede hem sone to haue<i>n</i> ricth;</p>
<p>And wo [so] dide<i>n</i><a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag5c" id =
"poem_tag5c" href = "#poem_note5c">‡</a> widuen wrong,</p>
<span class = "linenum">80</span>
<p>Were he neure knicth so strong,</p>
<p>Þat he ne made hi<i>m</i> sone kesten,</p>
<p>And in fet<i>er</i>es ful faste festen;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Them who wrought shame he punished.</p>
<p>And wo so dide maydne shame</p>
<span class = "linenum">84</span>
<p>Of hire bodi, or brouth i<i>n</i> blame,</p>
<p>Bute it were bi hire wille,</p>
<p>He<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag6" id = "poem_tag6" href =
"#poem_note6">6</a> made hi<i>m</i> sone of limes spille.</p>
<p>He was te<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag7" id = "poem_tag7" href =
"#poem_note7">7</a> beste knith at nede,</p>
<span class = "linenum">88</span>
<p>Þat heuere micthe ride<i>n</i> on stede,</p>
<p>Or wepne wagge, or folc vt lede;</p>

<span class = "pagenum">4</span>
<a name = "page4" id = "page4"> </a>
<p>Of knith ne hauede he neu<i>er</i>e drede,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag91" id = "texttag91" href =
"#textnote91">91</a>
<p>Þat he ne spro<i>n</i>g forth so sparke of glede,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 204<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">92</span>
<p>And lete him [knawe] of hise hand-dede,</p>
<p>Hw he couþe with wepne spede;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He made his foes cry for mercy.</p>
<p>And oþer he refte hi<i>m</i> hors or wede,</p>
<p>Or made him sone ha<i>n</i>des sprede,</p>
<span class = "linenum">96</span>
<p>And “louerd, me<i>r</i>ci!” loude grede.</p>
<p>He was large, and no wicth gnede;</p>
<p>Hauede he non so god brede,</p>
<p>Ne on his bord no<i>n</i> so god shrede,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He fed the poor.</p>
<span class = "linenum">100</span>
<p>Þat he ne wolde þorwit fede,</p>
<p>Poure þat on fote yede;</p>
<p>Forto haue<i>n</i> of him þe mede</p>
<p>Þat for vs wolde on rode blede,</p>
<span class = "linenum">104</span>
<p>Crist, that al kan wisse and rede,</p>
<p>Þat euere woneth i<i>n</i> ani þede.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note3" id = "poem_note3" href = "#poem_tag3">3</a>
MS. “Rirth wise.”</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note4" id = "poem_note4" href = "#poem_tag4">4</a>
Supplied from conjecture. Cf. v. 653, 787. A few more instances will be
found where a similar liberty has been taken, for the purpose of
completing the sense.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note5" id = "poem_note5" href = "#poem_tag5">5</a>
MS. athayse.</p>

<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note5a" id = "poem_note5a" href = "#poem_tag5a">*</a>
For the MS. reading <i>here</i> Mr Garnett proposed to read
<i>othere</i>, which is clearly right.</p>

<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note5b" id = "poem_note5b" href = "#poem_tag5b">†</a>
For <i>his soule</i> (as in the MS.) we should probably read <i>of his
soule</i>.</p>

<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note5c" id = "poem_note5c" href = "#poem_tag5c">‡</a>
For <i>wo diden</i> (as in the MS.) we should read <i>wo so
dide</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note6" id = "poem_note6" href = "#poem_tag6">6</a>
MS. Ke.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note7" id = "poem_note7" href = "#poem_tag7">7</a>
MS. Ke waste.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
ATHELWOLD IS ABOUT TO DIE.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
His name was Athelwold.</p>
<p class = "space">
¶ Þe ki<i>n</i>g was hoten aþelwold,</p>
<p>Of word, of wepne he was bold;</p>
<span class = "linenum">108</span>
<p>In engeland was neure knicth,</p>
<p>Þat bet<i>er</i>e hel þe lond to ricth.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag110" id = "texttag110" href =
"#textnote110">110</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
He had but a young daughter to succeed him.</p>
<p>Of his bodi ne hauede he eyr</p>
<p>Bute a mayden swiþe fayr,</p>
<span class = "linenum">112</span>
<p>Þat was so yung þat sho ne couþe</p>
<p>Gon on fote, ne speke wit mouþe.</p>
<p>Þan him tok an iuel strong,</p>
<p>Þat he we[l] wiste, and under-fong,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He feels he is dying, and says,</p>
<span class = "linenum">116</span>
<p>Þat his deth was come<i>n</i> him on:</p>
<p>And seyde, “c<i>ri</i>st, wat shal y don!</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag118" id = "texttag118" href =
"#textnote118">118</a>
<p>Louerd, wat shal me to rede!</p>
<p>I woth ful wel ich haue mi mede.</p>
<span class = "linenum">120</span>
<p>W shal nou mi douhter fare?</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“I am in trouble about her.</p>
<p>Of hire haue ich michel kare;</p>
<p>Sho is mikel in mi þouth,</p>
<p>Of me self is me rith nowt.</p>
<span class = "linenum">124</span>
<p>No selcouth is, þou me be wo;<span class = "pagenum">5</span></p>
<a name = "page5" id = "page5"> </a>
<p>Sho ne ka<i>n</i> speke, ne sho kan go.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Were she but of age,</p>
<p>Yif scho couþe on horse ride,</p>
<p>And a thousa<i>n</i>de me<i>n</i> bi hire syde;</p>
<span class = "linenum">128</span>
<p>And sho were com<i>en</i> intil helde,</p>
<p>And engelond sho couþe welde;</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag130" id = "texttag130" href =
"#textnote130">130</a>
<p>And don hem of þar hire were q<i>ue</i>me,</p>
<p>An hire bodi couþe yeme;</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag132" id = "texttag132" href =
"#textnote132">132</a>
<p>No wolde me neu<i>er</i>e iuele like</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
I would not care for myself.”</p>
<p>Me þou ich were i<i>n</i> heuene-riche!”</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HE SUMMONS HIS LORDS TO WINCHESTER.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Qua<i>n</i>ne he hauede þis plei<i>n</i>te maked,</p>
<p>Þer-after stro<i>n</i>glike [he] quaked.</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag136" id = "texttag136" href =
"#textnote136">136</a>
<p>He sende writes sone on-on</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 204<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<p>After his erles eu<i>er</i>e-ich on;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He summons his lords, from Roxburgh to Dover.</p>
<p>And after hise baru<i>n</i>s, riche and poure,</p>
<p>Fro rokesburw al i<i>n</i>to douere,</p>
<span class = "linenum">140</span>
<p>That he shulde<i>n</i> comen swiþe</p>
<p>Til him, that was ful vnbliþe;</p>
<p>To þat stede þe[r] he lay,</p>
<p>In harde bondes, nicth and day.</p>
<span class = "linenum">144</span>
<p>He was so faste wit yuel fest,</p>
<p>Þat he ne mouthe haue<i>n</i> no rest;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He can no longer eat.</p>
<p>He ne mouthe no mete hete,</p>
<p>Ne he ne mouchte no lyþe gete;</p>
<span class = "linenum">148</span>
<p>Ne non of his iuel þat couþe red;</p>
<p>Of him ne was nouth bute<i>n</i> ded.</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
All sadly obey his summons.</p>
<p class = "section">
Alle þat the writes herden,</p>
<p>Sorful an sori til him ferde<i>n</i>;</p>
<span class = "linenum">152</span>
<p>He wru<i>n</i>gen ho<i>n</i>des, and wepe<i>n</i> sore,</p>
<p>And yerne preyde<i>n</i> cristes hore,</p>
<p>Þat he [wolde] t<i>ur</i>nen him</p>
<p>Vt of þat yuel þat was so grim!</p>
<span class = "linenum">156</span>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne he weren comen alle</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They come to Winchester.</p>
<p>Bifor þe king i<i>n</i>to the halle,</p>
<p>At wi<i>n</i>chestre þer he lay:</p>

<span class = "pagenum">6</span>
<a name = "page6" id = "page6"> </a>
<p>“Welcome,” he seyde, “be ye ay!</p>
<span class = "linenum">160</span>
<p>Ful michel þank[e] kan [y] yow</p>
<p>That ye aren come<i>n</i> to me now!”</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
ATHELWOLD SELECTS EARL GODRICH &emsp; TO BE HIS DAUGHTER’S
GUARDIAN.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
They all mourn and lament.</p>
<p class = "section">
Quanne he were<i>n</i> alle set,</p>
<p>And þe king aueden i-gret,</p>
<span class = "linenum">164</span>
<p>He grete<i>n</i>, and goulede<i>n</i>, and goue<i>n</i> he<i>m</i>
ille,</p>
<p>And he bad he<i>m</i> alle ben stille;</p>
<p>And seyde, “þat greti<i>n</i>g helpeth nouth,</p>
<p>For al to dede am ich brouth.</p>
<span class = "linenum">168</span>
<p>Bute nov ye sen þat i shal deye,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He prays them to tell him who can guard his daughter best.</p>
<p>Nou ich wille you alle preye</p>
<p>Of mi douther þat shal be</p>
<p>Yure leuedi after me,</p>
<span class = "linenum">172</span>
<p>Wo may yeme<i>n</i> hire so longe,</p>
<p>Boþen hire and engelonde,</p>
<p>Til þat she [mowe] winan of helde,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag175" id = "texttag175" href =
"#textnote175">175</a>
<p>And þa she mowe yeme<i>n</i> and welde?”</p>
<span class = "linenum">176</span>
<p>He ansuered<i>en</i>, and seyd<i>en</i> an-on,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They answer, “Earl Godrich of Cornwall.”</p>
<p>Bi crist<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag7a" id = "poem_tag7a" href
= "#poem_note7a">*</a> and bi seint ion,</p>
<p>That þerl Godrigh of cornwayle</p>
<p>Was trewe ma<i>n</i>, wit-ute<i>n</i> faile;</p>
<span class = "linenum">180</span>
<p>Wis ma<i>n</i> of red, wis ma<i>n</i> of dede,</p>
<p>And me<i>n</i> hauede<i>n</i> of hi<i>m</i> mikel drede.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 205, col. 1.]</p>
<p>“He may hire alþer-best[e] yeme,</p>
<p>Til þat she mowe wel be<i>n</i> quene.”</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note7a" id = "poem_note7a" href = "#poem_tag7a">*</a>
<i>Read</i>&mdash; “Bi [ihesu] crist,” &amp;c, to fill up; but this is
doubtful; see l.&nbsp;1112.</p>
</div>

<span class = "linenum">184</span>
<p class = "section">
Þe king was payed of that Rede;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The king sends for chalice and paten,</p>
<p>A wol fair cloth bri<i>n</i>ge<i>n</i> he dede,</p>
<p>And þer-on leyde þe messebok,</p>
<p>Þe caliz, and þe pateyn ok,</p>
<span class = "linenum">188</span>
<p>Þe corporaus, þe messe-gere;</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag189" id = "texttag189" href =
"#textnote189">189</a>
<p>Þer-on he garte þe erl suere,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
for the earl to swear upon.</p>
<p>Þat he sholde yemen hire wel,</p>
<p>With-ute<i>n</i> lac, wit-ute<i>n</i> tel,</p>
<span class = "linenum">192</span>
<p>Til þat she were tuelf<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag8" id =
"poem_tag8" href = "#poem_note8">8</a> wi<i>n</i>ter hold,<span class =
"pagenum">7</span></p>
<a name = "page7" id = "page7"> </a>
<p>And of speche were bold;</p>
<p>And þat she covþe of curteysye,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
His daughter is to marry the best and fairest man that can be found.</p>
<p>Gon, and speken of luue-drurye;</p>
<span class = "linenum">196</span>
<p>And til þat she louen þoucte,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag9" id =
"poem_tag9" href = "#poem_note9">9</a></p>
<p>Wom so hire to gode thoucte;</p>
<p>And þat he shulde hire yeue</p>
<p>Þe beste ma<i>n</i> that micthe liue,</p>
<span class = "linenum">200</span>
<p>Þe beste, fayreste, the stra<i>n</i>gest ok:&mdash;</p>
<p>Þat dede he him sweren on þe bok.</p>
<p>And þa<i>n</i>ne shulde he engelond</p>
<p>Al bitechen in-to hire hond.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note8" id = "poem_note8" href = "#poem_tag8">8</a>
<i>Qu.</i> tuenti. Cf. v. 259.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note9" id = "poem_note9" href = "#poem_tag9">9</a>
MS. mithe. But see l. 257.</p>
</div>

<span class = "linenum">204</span>
<p class = "section">
Quanne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag10" id = "poem_tag10" href =
"#poem_note10">10</a> þat was sworn on his wise,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He gives up all England to the earl, to keep for her.</p>
<p>Þe ki<i>n</i>g dede þe mayde<i>n</i> arise,</p>
<p>And þe erl hire bitaucte,</p>
<p>And al the lond he euere awcte;</p>
<span class = "linenum">208</span>
<p>Engelonde eueri del;</p>
<p>And preide, he shulde yeme hire wel.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note10" id = "poem_note10" href = "#poem_tag10">10</a>
MS. Ouanne. And perhaps “his” should have been “þis.”</p>


<p class = "section">
Þe king ne mowcte don no more,</p>
<p>But yerne preyede godes ore;</p>
<span class = "linenum">212</span>
<p>And dede him hosle<i>n</i> wel and shriue,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The king does penance.</p>
<p>I woth, fif hu<i>n</i>dred siþes and fiue;</p>
<p>An ofte dede him sore swinge,</p>
<p>And wit hondes smerte di<i>n</i>ge;</p>
<span class = "linenum">216</span>
<p>So þat þe blod ran of his fleys,</p>
<p>Þat tendre was, and swiþe neys.</p>
<p><a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag11" id = "poem_tag11" href =
"#poem_note11">11</a>And sone gaf it euere-il del;</p>
<p>He made his quiste swiþe wel.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He makes his will.</p>
<span class = "linenum">220</span>
<p>Wan it was goue<i>n</i>, ne micte me<i>n</i> finde</p>
<p>So mikel me<i>n</i> micte hi<i>m</i> in winde,</p>
<p>Of his i<i>n</i> arke, ne in chiste,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">8</span>
<a name = "page8" id = "page8"> </a>
<p>In engelond þat noma<i>n</i> wiste:</p>
<span class = "linenum">224</span>
<p>For al was youe<i>n</i>, faire and wel,</p>
<p>Þat him was leued no catel.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note11" id = "poem_note11" href =
"#poem_tag11">11</a>
Some lines appear to be wanting here, such as&mdash;</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>“He þoucte his quiste þan to make,</p>
<p>His catel muste he wel bitake,” &amp;c.</p>
</div>
</div>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
KING ATHELWOLD DIES.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Þa<i>n</i>ne he hauede be<i>n</i> ofte swngen,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 205, col. 2.]</p>
<p>Ofte shriue<i>n</i>, and ofte dungen,</p>
<span class = "linenum">228</span>
<p>“<i>In man</i>us <i>tuas</i>, lou[<i>er</i>]de,” he seyde,</p>
<p>Her þat he þe speche leyde.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The king dies.</p>
<p>To ihe<i>s</i>u crist bigan to calle,</p>
<p>And deyede biforn his heyme<i>n</i> alle.</p>
<span class = "linenum">232</span>
<p>Þan he was ded, þere micte me<i>n</i> se</p>
<p>Þe meste sorwe that micte be;</p>
<p>Þer was sobbing, siking, and sor,</p>
<p>Handes wri<i>n</i>gi<i>n</i>g, and drawi<i>n</i>g bi hor.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
All mourn for him.</p>
<span class = "linenum">236</span>
<p>Alle greten swiþe sore,</p>
<p>Riche and poure þat þere wore;</p>
<p>An mikel sorwe hauede<i>n</i> alle,</p>
<p>Leuedyes i<i>n</i> boure, knictes i<i>n</i> halle.</p>


<span class = "linenum">240</span>
<p class = "section">
Quan þat sorwe was somdel laten,</p>
<p>And he hauede<i>n</i> longe graten,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Masses are sung for him.</p>
<p>Belles dede<i>n</i> he sone ri<i>n</i>gen,</p>
<p>Monkes and p<i>re</i>stes messe singen;</p>
<span class = "linenum">244</span>
<p>And saut<i>er</i>es deden he manie reden,</p>
<p>Þat god self shulde his soule lede<i>n</i></p>
<p>Into heuene, biforn his sone,</p>
<p>And þer wit-uten hende wone.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He is buried and the earl takes possession,</p>
<span class = "linenum">248</span>
<p>Þan he was to þe erþe brouth,</p>
<p>Þe riche erl ne foryat nouth,</p>
<p>Þat he ne dede al engelond</p>
<p>Sone sayse i<i>n</i>til his hond;</p>
<span class = "linenum">252</span>
<p>And in þe castels leth he<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag12" id =
"poem_tag12" href = "#poem_note12">12</a> do</p>
<p>Þe knictes he micte triste<i>n</i> to;</p>
<p>And alle þe englis dede he swere[<i>n</i>],</p>

<span class = "pagenum">9</span>
<a name = "page9" id = "page9"> </a>
<p>Þat he shulde<i>n</i> him ghod fey baren;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
till the maiden is twenty years old.</p>
<span class = "linenum">256</span>
<p>He yaf alle me<i>n</i>, þat god þoucte,</p>
<p>Liuen and deyen til þat him moucte,<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag13" id = "poem_tag13" href = "#poem_note13">13</a></p>
<p>Til þat þe kinges dowter wore</p>
<p>Tuenti wint<i>er</i> hold, and more.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note12" id = "poem_note12" href =
"#poem_tag12">12</a>
Sir F. Madden printed “lechhe”; but the MS. may be read “leth he.”</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note13" id = "poem_note13" href =
"#poem_tag13">13</a>
So in MS. But the sense requires</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>“He gaf alle men, þat god <i>him</i> þouchte,</p>
<p>Liuen and deyen til þat <i>he</i> mouete,” &amp;c.</p>
</div>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
EARL GODRICH TAKES POSSESSION.</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">260</span>
<p class = "section">
Þa<i>n</i>ne he hauede take<i>n</i> þis oth</p>
<p>Of erles, baru<i>n</i>s, lef and loth,</p>
<p>Of knictes, cherles, fre and þewe,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Earl Godrich appoints justices, sheriffs, &amp;c.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag263" id = "texttag263" href =
"#textnote263">263</a>
<p>Justises dede he maken newe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">264</span>
<p>Al engelond to faren þorw,</p>
<p>Fro douere i<i>n</i>to rokesborw.</p>
<p>Schireues he sette, bedels, and g<i>re</i>yues,</p>
<p>Grith-sergea<i>n</i>s, wit lo<i>n</i>ge gleyues,</p>
<span class = "linenum">268</span>
<p>To yeme<i>n</i> wilde wodes and paþes</p>
<p>Fro wicke me<i>n</i>, that wolde don scaþes;</p>
<p>And forto haue<i>n</i> alle at his cri,</p>
<p>At his wille, at his merci;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 205<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">272</span>
<p>Þat non durste be<i>n</i> him ageyn,</p>
<p>Erl ne baron, knict ne sweyn.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He grows very rich,</p>
<p>Wislike for soth, was him wel</p>
<p>Of folc, of wepne, of catel,</p>
<span class = "linenum">276</span>
<p>Soþlike, in a lite þrawe</p>
<p>Al engelond of him stod [in] awe;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and all England fears him.</p>
<p>Al engelond was of him adrad,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag14" id
= "poem_tag14" href = "#poem_note14">14</a></p>
<p>So his þe beste fro þe gad.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note14" id = "poem_note14" href = "#poem_tag14">14</a>
MS. “adred,” altered to “adrad.”</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
The maiden grows up very fair.</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag280" id = "texttag280" href =
"#textnote280">280</a>
<p class = "section">
Þe ki<i>n</i>ges douther bigan þriue,</p>
<p>And wex þe fayrest wma<i>n</i> on liue.</p>
<p>Of alle þewes w[as] she wis,</p>
<p>Þat gode weren, and of pris.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Her name is Goldborough.</p>
<span class = "linenum">284</span>
<p>Þe mayden Goldeboru was hoten;</p>
<p>For hire was mani a ter igroten.</p>


<span class = "pagenum">10</span>
<a name = "page10" id = "page10"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODRICH PLOTS AGAINST HIS WARD.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Quanne the Erl godrich him herde</p>
<p>Of þat mayde<i>n</i>, hw we[l s]he ferde;</p>
<span class = "linenum">288</span>
<p>Hw wis sho was, w chaste, hw fayr,</p>
<p>And þat sho was þe rithe eyr</p>
<p>Of engelond, of al þe rike:&mdash;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich is vexed.</p>
<p>Þo bigan godrich to sike,</p>
<span class = "linenum">292</span>
<p>And seyde, “weþer she sholde be</p>
<p>Quen and leuedi ouer me?</p>
<p>Hweþer sho sholde al engelond,</p>
<p>And me, and mine, haue<i>n</i> in hire hond?</p>
<span class = "linenum">296</span>
<p>Daþeit hwo it hire thaue!</p>
<p>Shal sho it neu<i>er</i>e more haue.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“Shall I give England to a fool, a girl?</p>
<p>Sholde ic yeue a fol, a þerne,</p>
<p>Engelond, þou sho it yerne?</p>
<span class = "linenum">300</span>
<p>Daþeit hwo it hire yeue,</p>
<p>Euere more hwil i liue!</p>
<p>Sho is waxen al to prud,</p>
<p>For gode metes, and noble shrud,</p>
<span class = "linenum">304</span>
<p>Þat hic haue youen hire to offte;</p>
<p>Hic haue yemed hire to softe.</p>
<p>Shal it nouth ben als sho þenkes,</p>
<p>‘Hope maketh fol ma<i>n</i> ofte ble<i>n</i>kes.’</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
My son shall have England<ins class = "mycorr"
title = "close quote missing">.&nbsp;</ins></p>
<span class = "linenum">308</span>
<p>Ich haue a sone, a ful fayr knaue,</p>
<p>He shal e<i>n</i>gelond al haue.</p>
<p>He shal [ben] ki<i>n</i>g, he shal ben sire,</p>
<p>So brouke i eu<i>er</i>e mi blake swire!”</p>


<span class = "linenum">312</span>
<p class = "section">
Hwan þis t<i>r</i>ayson was al þouth,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He lets his oath go for nothing.</p>
<p>Of his oth ne was him nouth.</p>
<p>He let his oth al ouer-ga,</p>
<p>Þerof ne yaf he nouth a stra;</p>
<span class = "linenum">316</span>
<p>But sone dede hire fete,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 205<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<p>Er he wolde hete<i>n</i> ani mete,</p>
<p>Fro wi<i>n</i>chestre þer sho was,</p>
<p>Also a wicke t<i>r</i>aytur iudas;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He sends the maiden to Dover.</p>
<span class = "linenum">320</span>
<p>And dede lede<i>n</i> hire to doure,<span class =
"pagenum">11</span></p>
<a name = "page11" id = "page11"> </a>
<p>Þat standeth on þe seis oure;</p>
<p>And þerhinne dede hire fede</p>
<p>Pourelike in feble wede,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He shuts her up in the castle.</p>
<span class = "linenum">324</span>
<p>Þe castel dede he yemen so,</p>
<p>Þat non ne micte come<i>n</i> hire to</p>
<p>Of hire frend, with [hire] to speke<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>Þat heuere micte hire bale wreke<i>n</i>.</p>


<span class = "linenum">328</span>
<p class = "section">
Of Goldeb<i>oru</i> shul we nou laten,</p>
<p>Þat nouth ne bli<i>n</i>neth forto g<i>ra</i>te<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>Þet sho liggeth in p<i>ri</i>soun:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
May Christ release Goldborough from prison!</p>
<p>Ihe<i>s</i>u c<i>r</i>ist, that lazarun</p>
<span class = "linenum">332</span>
<p>To liue broucte fro dede bondes,</p>
<p>He lese hire wit hise hondes;</p>
<p>And leue sho mo him y-se</p>
<p>Heye ha<i>n</i>gen on galwe tre,</p>
<span class = "linenum">336</span>
<p>Þat hire haued i<i>n</i> sorwe brouth,</p>
<p>So as sho ne misdede nouth!</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
BIRKABEYN IS KING OF DENMARK.</span></p>

<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag338" id = "texttag338" href =
"#textnote338">338</a>
<p class = "section">
Sawe nou forth i<i>n</i> hure spelle;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
At that time there was a king of Denmark, called Birkabeyn.</p>
<p>In þat time, so it bifelle,</p>
<span class = "linenum">340</span>
<p>Was in þe lon of denemark</p>
<p>A riche king, and swyþe stark.</p>
<p>Þ[e] name of him was birkabeyn,</p>
<p>He hauede mani knict and sueyn;</p>
<span class = "linenum">344</span>
<p>He was fayr man, and wicth,</p>
<p>Of bodi he was þe beste knicth</p>
<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e micte lede<i>n</i> uth here,</p>
<p>Or stede onne ride, or ha<i>n</i>dlen spere,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He had three children.</p>
<span class = "linenum">348</span>
<p>Þre children he hauede bi his wif,</p>
<p>He hem louede so his lif.</p>
<p>He hauede a sone [and] douhtres two,</p>
<p>Swiþe fayre, as fel it so.</p>
<span class = "linenum">352</span>
<p>He þat wile non forbere,</p>
<p>Riche ne poure; king ne kaysere,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Death came upon him.</p>
<p>Deth him tok þa<i>n</i> he bes[t] wolde</p>

<span class = "pagenum">12</span>
<a name = "page12" id = "page12"> </a>
<p>Liuen, but hyse dayes were fulde;</p>
<span class = "linenum">356</span>
<p>Þat he ne moucte no more liue,</p>
<p>For gol ne siluer, ne for no gyue.</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
He sends for the priests.</p>
<p class = "section">
Hwa<i>n</i> he þat wiste, raþe he sende</p>
<p>After p<i>re</i>stes fer an hende,</p>
<span class = "linenum">360</span>
<p>Chanounes gode, and mo<i>n</i>kes beþe,<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag15" id = "poem_tag15" href = "#poem_note15">15</a></p>
<p>Him for to<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag16" id = "poem_tag16" href
= "#poem_note16">16</a> wisse, and to Rede;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 206, col. 1.]</p>
<p>Him for to hoslon, an forto shriue,</p>
<p>Hwil his bodi were on liue.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note15" id = "poem_note15" href =
"#poem_tag15">15</a>
MS. “boþe.” But “beþe” rimes to “Rede”; see l. 694.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note16" id = "poem_note16" href =
"#poem_tag16">16</a>
MS. fort<i>hm</i> to, the <i>hm</i> being expuncted.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
BIRKABEYN SELECTS EARL GODARD &emsp; TO BE GUARDIAN OF HIS THREE
CHILDREN.</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">364</span>
<p class = "section">
Hwa<i>n</i> he was hosled and shriue<i>n</i>,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag365" id = "texttag365" href =
"#textnote365">365</a>
<p>His q<i>ui</i>ste maked, and for him gyue<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>His knictes dede he alle site,</p>
<p>For þorw hem he wolde wite,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He asks who will guard his children?</p>
<span class = "linenum">368</span>
<p>Hwo micte yeme hise childre<i>n</i> yunge,</p>
<p>Til þat he kouþen speke<i>n</i> wit tu<i>n</i>ge;</p>
<p>Speke<i>n</i> and gangen, on horse riden,</p>
<p>Knictes an sweynes bi here side<i>n</i>.</p>
<span class = "linenum">372</span>
<p>He spoken þer-offe, and chosen sone</p>
<p>A riche man was under mone,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He chooses Godard.</p>
<p>Was þe trewest þat he wende,</p>
<p>Godard, þe kinges oune frende;</p>
<span class = "linenum">376</span>
<p>And seyden, he Moucthe he<i>m</i> best loke,</p>
<p>Yif þat he hem vndertoke,</p>
<p>Til hise sone Mouthe bere</p>
<p>Helm on heued, and lede<i>n</i> vt here,</p>
<span class = "linenum">380</span>
<p>In his hand a sp<i>e</i>re stark,</p>
<p>And king ben maked of denemark.</p>
<p>He wel trowede þat he seyde,</p>
<p>And on Godard handes leyde;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He commends the children to Godard.</p>
<span class = "linenum">384</span>
<p>And seyde, “Here bi-teche i þe</p>
<p>Mine childre<i>n</i> alle þre,</p>
<p>Al denemark, and al mi fe,</p>
<p>Til þat mi sone of helde be;</p>

<span class = "pagenum">13</span>
<a name = "page13" id = "page13"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
He makes him swear to take care of them,</p>
<span class = "linenum">388</span>
<p>But þat ich wille, þat þo[u] suere</p>
<p>On auter, and on messe-gere,</p>
<p>On þe belles þat men ri<i>n</i>ges,</p>
<p>On messe-bok þe prest on singes,</p>
<span class = "linenum">392</span>
<p>Þat þou mine children shalt we[l] yeme,</p>
<p>Þat hire kin be ful wel queme,</p>
<p>Til mi sone mowe ben knicth,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and to give up the kingdom to the boy.</p>
<p>Þanne biteche him þo his Ricth,</p>
<span class = "linenum">396</span>
<p>Denemark, and þat þertil lo<i>n</i>ges,</p>
<p>Casteles and tunes, wodes and wo<i>n</i>ges.”</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
Godard swears to do so.</p>
<p class = "section">
Godard stirt up, an swor al þat</p>
<p>Þe king him bad, and siþen sat</p>
<span class = "linenum">400</span>
<p>Bi the knictes, þat þer ware,</p>
<p>Þat wepen alle swiþe sare</p>
<p>For þe king þat deide sone:</p>
<p>Ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st, that makede mone</p>
<span class = "linenum">404</span>
<p>On þe mirke nith to shine,</p>
<p>Wite his soule fro helle pine;</p>
<p>And leue þat it mote wone</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 206, col. 2.]</p>
<p>In heuene-riche with godes sone!</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODARD IMPRISONS THE THREE CHILDREN.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Godard shuts up the children, Havelok, Swanborough, and Helfled, in a
castle.</p>
<span class = "linenum">408</span>
<p class = "section">
Hwan birkabeyn was leyd i<i>n</i> g<i>ra</i>ue,</p>
<p>Þe erl dede sone take þe knaue,</p>
<p>Hauelok, þat was þe eir,</p>
<p>Swanborow, his sister, helfled, þe toþer,<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag17" id = "poem_tag17" href = "#poem_note17">17</a></p>
<span class = "linenum">412</span>
<p>And in þe castel dede he hem do,</p>
<p>Þer non ne micte hem come<i>n</i> to</p>
<p>Of here kyn, þer þei sperd wore;<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag18"
id = "poem_tag18" href = "#poem_note18">18</a></p>
<p>Þer he greten ofte sore,</p>
<span class = "linenum">416</span>
<p>Boþe for hunger and for kold,</p>
<p>Or he weren þre wint<i>er</i> hold.</p>
<p>Feblelike he gaf he<i>m</i> cloþes,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He cares not for his oaths.</p>
<p>He ne yaf a note of hise oþes;</p>

<span class = "pagenum">14</span>
<a name = "page14" id = "page14"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">420</span>
<p>He hem [ne] cloþede rith, ne fedde,</p>
<p>Ne hem ne dede richelike be-bedde.</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne godard was sikerlike</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He is a traitor.</p>
<p>Vnder god þe moste swike,</p>
<span class = "linenum">424</span>
<p>Þat eure in erþe shaped was,</p>
<p>With-uten on, þe wike Iudas.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
May he be accursed!</p>
<p>Haue he þe malisun to-day</p>
<p>Of alle þat eure speke<i>n</i> may!</p>
<span class = "linenum">428</span>
<p>Of p<i>at</i>riark, and of pope!</p>
<p>And of prest with loke<i>n</i> kope!</p>
<p>Of monekes, and h<i>er</i>mites boþe!<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag19" id = "poem_tag19" href = "#poem_note19">19</a></p>
<p>And of þe leue holi rode,</p>
<span class = "linenum">432</span>
<p>Þat god him-selue ran on blode!</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag433" id = "texttag433" href =
"#textnote433">433</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
Cursed be he by north and south!</p>
<p>Crist warie him with his mouth!</p>
<p>Waried wrthe he of norþ and suth!</p>
<p>Offe alle man, þat speke<i>n</i> kunne!</p>
<span class = "linenum">436</span>
<p>Of c<i>ri</i>st, þat made<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag20" id =
"poem_tag20" href = "#poem_note20">20</a> mone and su<i>n</i>ne!</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne he hauede of al þe lond</p>
<p>Al þe folk tilled in-til his hond,</p>
<p>And alle haueden swore<i>n</i> him oth,</p>
<span class = "linenum">440</span>
<p>Riche and poure, lef and loth,</p>
<p>Þat he sholden hise wille freme,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He plots against the children.</p>
<p>And þat he shulde[<i>n</i>] him nouth g<i>re</i>me,</p>
<p>He þouthe a ful strong trechery,</p>
<span class = "linenum">444</span>
<p>A trayson, and a felony,</p>
<p>Of þe children forto make:</p>
<p>Þe deuel of helle him sone take!</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note17" id = "poem_note17" href =
"#poem_tag17">17</a>
Corrupt? Lines 410, 411 do not rime well together.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note18" id = "poem_note18" href =
"#poem_tag18">18</a>
MS. were. But see l. 237.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note19" id = "poem_note19" href =
"#poem_tag19">19</a>
Lines 430, 431, 432 rime together. NB. The words <i>holi rode</i> are
written over an erasure.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note20" id = "poem_note20" href =
"#poem_tag20">20</a>
MS. mande.</p>
</div>

<p class = "sidenote">
He goes to the tower where they are.</p>
<p class = "section">
Hwa<i>n</i> þat was þouth, onon he ferde</p>
<span class = "linenum">448</span>
<p>To þe tour þer he wore<i>n</i> sp<i>er</i>de,</p>
<p>Þer he grete<i>n</i> for hunger and cold:</p>
<p>Þe knaue þat was su<i>m</i>del bold,</p>
<p>Ka<i>m</i> him ageyn, on knes him sette,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 206<i>b</i>, col<ins class = "mycorr" title = "period missing">.
</ins>1.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">452</span>
<p>And godard ful feyre he fer grette;</p>
<p>And Godard seyde, “Wat is yw?</p>

<span class = "pagenum">15</span>
<a name = "page15" id = "page15"> </a>
<p>Hwi grete ye and goulen nou?”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok says they are hungry.</p>
<p>“For us hu<i>n</i>greth swiþe sore:”&mdash;</p>
<span class = "linenum">456</span>
<p>Seyden he wolde<i>n</i> [haue] more,</p>
<p>“We ne haue to hete, ne we ne haue</p>
<p>Herinne neyther knith ne knaue</p>
<p>Þat yeueth us drinke<i>n</i>, ne no mete,</p>
<span class = "linenum">460</span>
<p>Halue<i>n</i>del þat we moun ete.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“Alas, that we were born!”</p>
<p>Wo is us þat we weren born!</p>
<p>Weilawei! nis it no korn,</p>
<p>Þat men micte make<i>n</i> of bred?</p>
<span class = "linenum">464</span>
<p>Vs<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag21" id = "poem_tag21" href =
"#poem_note21">21</a> hungreth, we aren ney ded.”</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note21" id = "poem_note21" href = "#poem_tag21">21</a>
MS. þs; of. l. 455.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODARD KILLS SWANBORGUGH AND HELFLED.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Godard cares not.</p>
<p class = "section">
Godard herde here wa,</p>
<p>Ther-offe yaf he nouth a stra,</p>
<p>But tok þe maydnes bothe same<i>n</i>,</p>
<span class = "linenum">468</span>
<p>Al-so it were up-on hiis game<i>n</i>;</p>
<p>Al-so he wolde with he<i>m</i> leyke,</p>
<p>Þat were<i>n</i> for hunger g<i>re</i>ne and bleike.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He cuts the throats of the two girls.</p>
<p>Of boþen he karf on two here þrotes,</p>
<span class = "linenum">472</span>
<p>And siþen [karf] he<i>m</i> alto grotes.</p>
<p>Þer was sorwe, we so it sawe!</p>
<p>Hwan þe children bi þ[e]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag22" id =
"poem_tag22" href = "#poem_note22">22</a> wawe</p>
<p>Leyen and spraulede<i>n</i> in þe blod:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok sees it, and is afraid.</p>
<span class = "linenum">476</span>
<p>Hauelok it saw, and þe[r] bi stod.</p>
<p>Ful sori was þat seli knaue,</p>
<p>Mikel dred he mouthe haue,</p>
<p>For at hise herte he saw a knif,</p>
<span class = "linenum">480</span>
<p>For to reuen him hise lyf.</p>
<p>But þe knaue,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag23" id = "poem_tag23"
href = "#poem_note23">23</a> þat litel was,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He begs Godard to spare him,</p>
<p>He knelede bifor þat iudas,</p>
<p>And seyde, “louerd, m<i>er</i>ci nov!</p>
<span class = "linenum">484</span>
<p>Ma<i>n</i>rede, louerd, biddi you!</p>
<p>Al denemark i wile you yeue,</p>
<p>To þat forward þu late me liue;</p>
<p>Here hi wile on boke swere,</p>
<span class = "linenum">488</span>
<p>Þat neure more ne shal i bere<span class = "pagenum">16</span></p>
<a name = "page16" id = "page16"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODARD SPARES HAVELOK FOR A TIME.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
offering never to oppose him,</p>
<p>Ayen þe, louerd, shel ne spere,</p>
<p>Ne oþer wepne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag24" id = "poem_tag24"
href = "#poem_note24">24</a> that may you dere.</p>
<p>Louerd, haue m<i>er</i>ci of me!</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and to flee from Denmark.</p>
<span class = "linenum">492</span>
<p>To-day i wile fro denemark fle,</p>
<p>Ne neu<i>er</i>e more comen ageyn:</p>
<p>Swere<i>n</i> y wole, þat bircabein</p>
<p>Neu<i>er</i>e yete me ne gat:”&mdash;</p>
<span class = "linenum">496</span>
<p>Hwan þe deuel he[r]de<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag25" id =
"poem_tag25" href = "#poem_note25">25</a> that,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 206<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<p>Sum-del bigan him forto rewe;</p>
<p>With-drow þe knif, þat was lewe</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godard has pity on him.</p>
<p>Of þe seli children blod;</p>
<span class = "linenum">500</span>
<p>Þer was miracle fair and god!</p>
<p>Þat he þe knaue nouth ne slou,</p>
<p>But fo[r] rewnesse him <i>w</i>it-drow.<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag26" id = "poem_tag26" href = "#poem_note26">26</a></p>
<p>Of auelok rewede him ful sore,</p>
<span class = "linenum">504</span>
<p>And þoucte, he wolde þat he ded wore,</p>
<p>But on þat he nouth wit his hend</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag506" id = "texttag506" href =
"#textnote506">506</a>
<p>Ne drepe him nouth,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag27" id =
"poem_tag27" href = "#poem_note27">27</a> þat fule fend!</p>
<p>Þoucte he, als he him bi stod,</p>
<span class = "linenum">508</span>
<p>Starinde als he were wod:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
But he reflects</p>
<p>“Yif y late him liues go,</p>
<p>He micte me wirchen michel wo.</p>
<p>Grith ne get y neu<i>er</i>e mo,</p>
<span class = "linenum">512</span>
<p>He may [me] waite<i>n</i> for to slo;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
that, were Havelok dead, his children would be the heirs.</p>
<p>And yf he were brouct of liue,</p>
<p>And mine childre<i>n</i> wolde<i>n</i> thriue,</p>
<p>Lou<i>er</i>di<i>n</i>ges after me</p>
<span class = "linenum">516</span>
<p>Of al denemark micten he be.</p>
<p>God it wite, he shal ben ded,</p>
<p>Wile i take<i>n</i> non oþer red;</p>

<span class = "pagenum">17</span>
<a name = "page17" id = "page17"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODARD TELLS GRIM TO DROWN HAVELOK.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
He determines to drown him.</p>
<p>I shal do caste<i>n</i> hi<i>m</i> in þe se,<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag28" id = "poem_tag28" href = "#poem_note28">28</a></p>
<span class = "linenum">520</span>
<p>Þer i wile þat he drench[ed] be;</p>
<p>Aboute<i>n</i> his hals an anker god,</p>
<p>Þat he ne flete in the flod.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He sends for a fisherman, and says to him,</p>
<p>Þer anon he dede sende</p>
<span class = "linenum">524</span>
<p>After a fishere þat he wende,</p>
<p>Þat wolde al his wille do,</p>
<p>And sone anon he seyde him to:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“Grim, I will make you free.</p>
<p>“Grim, þou wost þu art mi þral,</p>
<span class = "linenum">528</span>
<p>Wilte don mi wille al,</p>
<p>Þat i wile bidde<i>n</i> þe,</p>
<p>To-morwen [i] shal make<i>n</i> þe fre,</p>
<p>And aucte þe yeuen, and riche make,</p>
<span class = "linenum">532</span>
<p>With-þa<i>n</i> þu wilt þis child[e] take,</p>
<p>And lede<i>n</i> him with þe to-nicht,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Throw this child into the sea”.</p>
<p>Þan þou sest se<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag29" id = "poem_tag29"
href = "#poem_note29">29</a> Mone lith,</p>
<p>In-to þe se, and don him þer-i<i>n</i>ne,</p>
<span class = "linenum">536</span>
<p>Al wile [i] take<i>n</i> on me þe sinne.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Grim binds the child.</p>
<p>Grim tok þe child, and bo<i>n</i>d hi<i>m</i> faste,</p>
<p>Hwil þe bondes micte laste;</p>
<p>Þat weren of ful stro<i>n</i>g line:&mdash;</p>
<span class = "linenum">540</span>
<p>Þo was hauelok i<i>n</i> ful stro<i>n</i>g pine.</p>
<p>Wiste he neu<i>er</i>e her wat was wo:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 207, col. 1.]</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Christ wreak thee of Godard, Havelok!</p>
<p>Ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st, þat makede to go</p>
<p>Þe halte, and þe doumbe speke<i>n</i>,</p>
<span class = "linenum">544</span>
<p>Hauelok, þe of Godard wreken!</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note22" id = "poem_note22" href =
"#poem_tag22">22</a>
MS. biþ; of. l. 2470.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note23" id = "poem_note23" href =
"#poem_tag23">23</a>
MS. kaue.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note24" id = "poem_note24" href =
"#poem_tag24">24</a>
MS. “wepne bere,” where “bere” is redundant.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note25" id = "poem_note25" href =
"#poem_tag25">25</a>
MS. hede.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note26" id = "poem_note26" href =
"#poem_tag26">26</a>
Printed thus in the former edition:&mdash; “But to rewnesse him thit
drow.” But the MS. has <i>fo</i>, not <i>to</i>, where <i>fo</i> is
corruptly written for <i>for</i>, as in l.&nbsp;1318; and the initial
letter of the last syllable but one may be read as a Saxon <i>w</i> (?),
not a thorn-letter (þ). It merely repeats the idea in ll. 497, 498.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note27" id = "poem_note27" href =
"#poem_tag27">27</a>
Qu. mouth.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note28" id = "poem_note28" href =
"#poem_tag28">28</a>
MS. she.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note29" id = "poem_note29" href =
"#poem_tag29">29</a>
<i>So in</i> MS. <i>Qu.</i> þe.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK IS TAKEN TO GRIM’S COTTAGE.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Hwan grim hi<i>m</i> hauede faste bou<i>n</i>de<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>And siþe<i>n</i> in an eld cloth wnden</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Grim gags the child.</p>
<p>A keuel of clutes, ful, un-wraste,</p>
<span class = "linenum">548</span>
<p>Þat he [ne] mouthe speke, ne fnaste,</p>
<p>Hwere he wolde him bere or lede.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag550" id = "texttag550" href =
"#textnote550">550</a>
<p>Hwan he hauede don þat dede,</p>
<p>Hwa<i>n</i><a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag30" id = "poem_tag30"
href = "#poem_note30">30</a> þe swike him hauede hethede,<a class =
"tag" name = "poem_tag31" id = "poem_tag31" href =
"#poem_note31">31</a></p>

<span class = "pagenum">18</span>
<a name = "page18" id = "page18"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">552</span>
<p>Þat he shulde him forth [lede]</p>
<p>And him drinchen in þe se;</p>
<p>Þat forwarde makeden he.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He puts him in a bag, and takes him on his back.</p>
<p>In a poke, ful and blac,</p>
<span class = "linenum">556</span>
<p>Sone he caste him on his bac,</p>
<p>Ant bar him hom to hise cleue,</p>
<p>And bi-taucte hi<i>m</i> dame leue,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He puts him in charge of his wife.</p>
<p>And seyde, “wite þou þis knaue,</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag560" id = "texttag560" href =
"#textnote560">560</a>
<p>Al-so thou with<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag31a" id =
"poem_tag31a" href = "#poem_note31a">*</a> mi lif haue;</p>
<p>I shal dreinche<i>n</i> him i<i>n</i> þe se,</p>
<p>For him shole we ben maked fre,</p>
<p>Gold haue<i>n</i> ynou, and oþer fe;</p>
<span class = "linenum">564</span>
<p>Þat hauet mi louerd bihote<i>n</i> me.”</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note30" id = "poem_note30" href =
"#poem_tag30">30</a>
We should rather read “<i>þan</i>.”</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note31" id = "poem_note31" href =
"#poem_tag31">31</a>
MS. he þede.</p>

<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note31a" id = "poem_note31a" href = "#poem_tag31a">*</a>
For <i>with</i>, Mr Garnett proposed to read <i>wilt</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GRIM SEES THAT HAVELOK IS THE KING’S SON.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
She throws down Havelok violently.</p>
<p class = "section">
Hwan dame [leue] herde þat,</p>
<p>Vp she stirte, and nouth ne sat,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag567" id = "texttag567" href =
"#textnote567">567</a>
<p>And caste þe knaue adoun so harde,</p>
<span class = "linenum">568</span>
<p>Þat hise croune he þer crakede</p>
<p>Ageyn a gret ston, þer it lay:</p>
<p>Þo hauelok micte sei, “weilawei!</p>
<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e was i kinges bern!”</p>
<span class = "linenum">572</span>
<p>Þat him ne hauede grip or ern,</p>
<p>Leoun or wlf, wluine or bere,</p>
<p>Or oþer best, þat wolde him dere.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The child lies there till midnight.</p>
<p>So lay þat child to middel nicth,</p>
<span class = "linenum">576</span>
<p>Þat grim bad leue bringe<i>n</i> lict,</p>
<p>For to don on [him] his cloþes:</p>
<p>“Ne the<i>n</i>keste nowt of mine oþes</p>
<p>Þat ich haue mi louerd swore<i>n</i>?</p>
<span class = "linenum">580</span>
<p>Ne wile i nouth be forloren.</p>
<p>I shal beren him to þe se,</p>
<p>Þou wost þat [bi-]houes me;</p>
<p>And i shal drenchen him þer-inne;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Grim tells his wife to light the fire and a candle.</p>
<span class = "linenum">584</span>
<p>Ris up swiþe, an go þu binne,</p>
<p>And blou þe fir, and lith a kandel:”</p>
<p>Als she shulde hise cloþes handel</p>

<span class = "pagenum">19</span>
<a name = "page19" id = "page19"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 207, col. 2.]</p>
<p>On forto don, and blawe þe<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag32" id =
"poem_tag32" href = "#poem_note32">32</a> fir,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
She sees a light shining round the lad.</p>
<span class = "linenum">588</span>
<p>She saw þer-inne a lith ful shir,</p>
<p>Also brith so it were day,</p>
<p>Aboute þe knaue þer he lay.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag591" id = "texttag591" href =
"#textnote591">591</a>
<p>Of hise mouth it stod a stem,</p>
<span class = "linenum">592</span>
<p>Als it were a su<i>n</i>nebem;</p>
<p>Also lith was it þer-inne,</p>
<p>So þer brenden cerges i<i>n</i>ne:<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag33" id = "poem_tag33" href = "#poem_note33">33</a></p>
<p>“Ih<i>es</i>u cr<i>i</i>st!” wat dame leue,</p>
<span class = "linenum">596</span>
<p>“Hwat is þat lith in vre cleue!</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
She bids Grim come and see.</p>
<p>Sir<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag34" id = "poem_tag34" href =
"#poem_note34">34</a> up grim, and loke wat it menes,</p>
<p>Hwat is þe lith as þou wenes?”</p>
<p>He stirte<i>n</i> boþe up to the knaue,</p>
<span class = "linenum">600</span>
<p>For ma<i>n</i> shal god wille haue,</p>
<p>Vnkeuelede<i>n</i> him, and swiþe unbou<i>n</i>de<i>n</i>,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They find a mark on his shoulder.</p>
<p>And sone anon [upon] him fu<i>n</i>den,</p>
<p>Als he tirnede<i>n</i> of his serk,</p>
<span class = "linenum">604</span>
<p>On his rith shuldre a kyne merk;</p>
<p>A swiþe brith, a swiþe fair:</p>
<p>“Goddot!” quath grim, “þis [is] ure eir</p>
<p>Þat shal [ben] louerd of denemark,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Grim says the lad is to be king.</p>
<span class = "linenum">608</span>
<p>He shal be<i>n</i> king strong and stark;</p>
<p>He shal haue<i>n</i> in his hand</p>
<p>A[l] denemark and engeland;</p>
<p>He shal do godard ful wo,</p>
<span class = "linenum">612</span>
<p>He shal him hangen, or quik flo;</p>
<p>Or he shal him al quic g<i>ra</i>ue,</p>
<p>Of him shal he no m<i>er</i>ci haue.”</p>
<p>Þus seide grim, and sore gret,</p>
<span class = "linenum">616</span>
<p>And sone fel him to þe fet,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He prays Havelok to forgive him.</p>
<p>And seide, “louerd, haue m<i>er</i>ci</p>
<p>Of me, and leue, that is me bi!</p>
<p>Louerd, we aren boþe þine,</p>
<span class = "linenum">620</span>
<p>Þine cherles, þine hine.<span class = "pagenum">20</span></p>
<a name = "page20" id = "page20"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GRIM AND HIS WIFE FEED HAVELOK.</span></p>

<p>Lowerd, we shole<i>n</i> þe wel fede,</p>
<p>Til þat þu cone ride<i>n</i> on stede,</p>
<p>Til þat þu cone ful wel bere</p>
<span class = "linenum">624</span>
<p>Helm on heued, sheld and sp<i>er</i>e.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godard shall never know about this.</p>
<p>He ne shal neuere wite, sikerlike,</p>
<p>Godard, þat fule swike.</p>
<p>Þoru oþer ma<i>n</i>, louerd, tha<i>n</i> þoru þe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">628</span>
<p>Sal i neu<i>er</i>e frema<i>n</i> be.</p>
<p>Þou shalt me, louerd, fre make<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>For i shal yemen þe, and wake<i>n</i>;</p>
<p>Þoru þe wile i fredom haue:”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 207<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">632</span>
<p>Þo was haueloc a bliþe knaue.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok is glad, and asks for bread.</p>
<p>He sat him up, and crauede bred.</p>
<p>And seide, “ich am [wel] ney ded,</p>
<p>Hwat for hunger, wat for bondes</p>
<span class = "linenum">636</span>
<p>Þat þu leidest on min hondes;</p>
<p>And for [þe] keuel at þe laste,</p>
<p>Þat in mi mouth was þrist faste.</p>
<p>y was þe[r]-with so harde prangled,</p>
<span class = "linenum">640</span>
<p>Þat i was þe[r]-with <ins class = "edcorr"
title = "changed by editor from ‘ney’">ney[e]</ins> strangled.”</p>
<p>“Wel is me þat þu mayth hete:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Dame Leve brings him bread and cheese, butter, &amp;c.</p>
<p>Goddoth!” quath leue, “y shal þe fete</p>
<p>Bred an chese, butere and milk,</p>
<span class = "linenum">644</span>
<p>Pastees and flaunes, al with suilk</p>
<p>Shole we sone þe wel fede,</p>
<p>Louerd, in þis mikel nede,</p>
<p>Soth it is, þ<i>a</i>t me<i>n</i> seyt and suereth:</p>
<span class = "linenum">648</span>
<p>‘Þer god wile helpe<i>n</i>, nouth no dereth.’”</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note32" id = "poem_note32" href =
"#poem_tag32">32</a>
MS. þer.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note33" id = "poem_note33" href =
"#poem_tag33">33</a>
<i>Qu.</i> þrinne. See ll. 716, 761, 2125.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note34" id = "poem_note34" href =
"#poem_tag34">34</a>
<i>Qu.</i> stir, <i>or</i> stirt.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GRIM SAYS HE HAS DROWNED HAVELOK.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Þa<i>n</i>ne sho hauede brouth þe mete,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok eats all up greedily.</p>
<p>Haueloc anon biga<i>n</i> to ete</p>
<p>Grundlike, and was ful bliþe;</p>
<span class = "linenum">652</span>
<p>Couþe he nouth his hunger Miþe.</p>
<p>A lof he het, y woth, and more,</p>
<p>For him hungrede swiþe sore.</p>
<p>Þre dayes þer-biforn, i wene,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">21</span>
<a name = "page21" id = "page21"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">656</span>
<p>Et he no mete, þat was wel sene.</p>
<p>Hwan he hauede eten, and was fed,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Grim puts him to bed.</p>
<p>Grim dede make<i>n</i> a ful fayr bed;</p>
<p>Vncloþede him, and dede hi<i>m</i> þer-i<i>n</i>ne,</p>
<span class = "linenum">660</span>
<p>And seyde, “Slep<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag34a" id =
"poem_tag34a" href = "#poem_note34a">*</a> sone, with michel
wi<i>n</i>ne;</p>
<p>Slep wel faste, and dred þe nouth,</p>
<p>Fro sorwe to ioie art þu brouth.”</p>
<p>Sone so it was lith of day,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Grim tells Godard he has killed Havelok,</p>
<span class = "linenum">664</span>
<p>Grim it under-tok þe wey</p>
<p>To þe wicke traitour godard,</p>
<p>Þat was denemak a<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag35" id =
"poem_tag35" href = "#poem_note35">35</a> stiward,</p>
<p>And seyde, “louerd, don ich haue</p>
<span class = "linenum">668</span>
<p>Þat þou me bede of þe knaue;</p>
<p>He is drenched i<i>n</i> þe flod,</p>
<p>Aboute<i>n</i> his hals an anker god;</p>
<p>He is witer-like ded,</p>
<span class = "linenum">672</span>
<p>Eteth he neure more bred;</p>
<p>He liþ drenched in þe se:&mdash;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and asks for his reward.</p>
<p>Yif me gold [and] oþer fe,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag36" id =
"poem_tag36" href = "#poem_note36">36</a></p>
<p>Þat y mowe riche be;</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag676" id = "texttag676" href =
"#textnote676">676</a>
<p>And with þi chartre make [me] fre,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 207<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<p>For þu ful wel bi-hetet me,</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne i last[e] spak with þe.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godard bids him go home, and remain a thrall;</p>
<p>Godard stod, and lokede on him</p>
<span class = "linenum">680</span>
<p>Þoruth-like, with eyne grim;</p>
<p>And seyde, “Wiltu [nou] ben erl?</p>
<p>Go hom swiþe, fule drit, cherl;</p>
<p>Go heþen, and be euere-more</p>
<span class = "linenum">684</span>
<p>Þral and cherl, als þou er wore.</p>
<p>Shal [þou] haue non oþer mede;</p>
<p>For litel i [shal]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag37" id =
"poem_tag37" href = "#poem_note37">37</a> do þe lede</p>
<p>To þe galues, so god me rede!</p>

<span class = "pagenum">22</span>
<a name = "page22" id = "page22"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
for he has done wickedly.</p>
<span class = "linenum">688</span>
<p>For þou haues don a wicke dede.</p>
<p>Þou Mait stonde<i>n</i> her to longe,</p>
<p>Bute þou swiþe eþen gonge.”</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note34a" id = "poem_note34a" href = "#poem_tag34a">*</a>
Perhaps there should be a comma after <i>Slep</i>, making the sense to
be <i>sleep, son</i>, not <i>sleep soon</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note35" id = "poem_note35" href =
"#poem_tag35">35</a>
<i>Qu.</i> Denemarkes.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note36" id = "poem_note36" href =
"#poem_tag36">36</a>
Cf. l. 1225.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note37" id = "poem_note37" href =
"#poem_tag37">37</a>
The MS. has “ig,” but the <i>g</i> is expuncted; and it omits
“shal.”</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GRIM SETS SAIL FOR ENGLAND.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Grim thoucte to late þat he ran</p>
<span class = "linenum">692</span>
<p>Fro þat t<i>ra</i>ytour, þa wicke man;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Grim fears that both himself and Havelok will be hung.</p>
<p>And þoucte, “wat shal me to rede?</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag694" id = "texttag694" href =
"#textnote694">694</a>
<p>Wite he him onliue, he wile beþe</p>
<p>Heye hangen on galwe-tre:</p>
<span class = "linenum">696</span>
<p>Betere us is of londe to fle,</p>
<p>And berwen boþen ure liues,</p>
<p>And mine childre<i>n</i>, and mine wiues.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Grim sells his live stock.</p>
<p>Grim solde sone al his corn,</p>
<span class = "linenum">700</span>
<p>Shep wit wolle, neth wit horn,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag701" id = "texttag701" href =
"#textnote701">701</a>
<p>Hors, and swin, [and gate] wit berd,</p>
<p>Þe gees, þe he<i>n</i>nes of þe yerd;</p>
<p>Al he solde, þat outh douthe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">704</span>
<p>That he eure selle moucte,</p>
<p>And al he to þe peni drou:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He fits up his ship carefully.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag706" id = "texttag706" href =
"#textnote706">706</a>
<p>Hise ship he g<i>re</i>yþede wel inow,</p>
<p>He dede it tere, an ful wel pike,</p>
<span class = "linenum">708</span>
<p>Þat it ne doutede sond ne krike;</p>
<p>Þer-inne dide a ful god mast,</p>
<p>Stronge kables, and ful fast,</p>
<p>Ores god, an ful god seyl,</p>
<span class = "linenum">712</span>
<p>Þer-i<i>n</i>ne wantede nouth a nayl,</p>
<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e he sholde þer-i<i>n</i>ne do:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He takes with him his wife, his three sons, his two daughters, and
Havelok.</p>
<p>Hwan he hauedet greyþed so,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag715" id = "texttag715" href =
"#textnote715">715</a>
<p>Hauelok þe yunge he dide þer-inne,</p>
<span class = "linenum">716</span>
<p>Him and his wif, hise sones þrinne,</p>
<p>And hise two doutres, þat faire wore,</p>
<p>And sone dede he leyn in an ore,</p>
<p>And drou him to þe heye se,</p>
<span class = "linenum">720</span>
<p>Þere he mith alþer-best[e] fle.</p>
<p>Fro londe wore<i>n</i> he bote a mile,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">23</span>
<a name = "page23" id = "page23"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 208, col. 1.]</p>
<p>Ne were neuere but ane hwile,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
A north wind arises, called the <i>bise</i>, and drives them to
England.</p>
<p>Þat it ne bigan a wind to Rise</p>
<span class = "linenum">724</span>
<p>Out of þe north, me<i>n</i> calleth ‘bise’</p>
<p>And drof he<i>m</i> intil engelond,</p>
<p>Þat al was siþen in his hond,</p>
<p>His, þat hauelok was þe name;</p>
<span class = "linenum">728</span>
<p>But or he hauede michel shame,</p>
<p>Michel sorwe, and michel tene,</p>
<p>And þrie he gat it al bidene;</p>
<p>Als ye shule<i>n</i> nou forthwar lere,<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag38" id = "poem_tag38" href = "#poem_note38">38</a></p>
<span class = "linenum">732</span>
<p>Yf that ye wile<i>n</i> þer-to here.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note38" id = "poem_note38" href = "#poem_tag38">38</a>
MS. here; <i>read</i> lere. Cf. ll. 12, 1640.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GRIM FOUNDS THE TOWN OF GRIMSBY.</span></p>

<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag733" id = "texttag733" href =
"#textnote733">733</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
Grim went up the Humber to Lindesey.</p>
<p class = "section">
IN humb<i>er</i> grim biga<i>n</i> to lende,</p>
<p>In lindeseye, Rith at þe north ende.</p>
<p>Þer sat is ship up-on þe sond,</p>
<span class = "linenum">736</span>
<p>But grim it drou up to þe lond;</p>
<p>And þere he made a litel cote,</p>
<p>To him and to hise flote.</p>
<p>Biga<i>n</i> he þere for to erþe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">740</span>
<p>A litel hus to maken of erþe,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
There he built a house.</p>
<p>So þat he wel þore were</p>
<p>Of here herboru h<i>er</i>borwed þere;</p>
<p>And for þat grim þat place aute,</p>
<span class = "linenum">744</span>
<p>Þe stede of grim þe name laute;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
That place was called Grimsby, after Grim.</p>
<p>So þat [hit] grimesbi calleth alle</p>
<p>Þat þer-offe speken alle,<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag38a" id =
"poem_tag38a" href = "#poem_note38a">*</a></p>
<p>And so shule<i>n</i> me<i>n</i> calle<i>n</i> it ay,</p>
<span class = "linenum">748</span>
<p>Bituene þis and domesday.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note38a" id = "poem_note38a" href = "#poem_tag38a">*</a>
For <i>alle</i>, Mr Garnett proposed to read <i>shalle</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK DOES NOT LIKE BEING IDLE.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Grim was a good fisherman.</p>
<p class = "section">
Grim was fishere swiþe god,</p>
<p>And mikel couþe on the flod;</p>
<p>Mani god fish þer-inne he tok,</p>
<span class = "linenum">752</span>
<p>Boþe with neth, and with hok.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag753" id = "texttag753" href =
"#textnote753">753</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
He caught sturgeons, turbot, &amp;c.</p>
<p>He tok þe sturgiun, and þe qual,</p>
<p>And þe turbut, and lax with-al,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">24</span>
<a name = "page24" id = "page24"> </a>
<p>He tok þe sele, and þe hwel;</p>
<span class = "linenum">756</span>
<p>He spedde ofte swiþe wel:</p>
<p>Keling he tok, and tu<i>m</i>berel,</p>
<p>Hering, and þe makerel,</p>
<p>Þe Butte, þe schulle, þe þornebake:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He had four panniers made for himself and his sons.</p>
<span class = "linenum">760</span>
<p>Gode paniers dede he make</p>
<p>Ontil him, and oþer þrinne,</p>
<p>Til hise sones to bere<i>n</i> fish inne,</p>
<p>Vp o-londe to selle and fonge;</p>
<span class = "linenum">764</span>
<p>Forbar he neyþe[r] tun, ne gronge,</p>
<p>Þat he ne to-yede with his ware;</p>
<p>Kam he neu<i>er</i>e hom hand-bare,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 208, col. 2.]</p>
<p>Þat he ne broucte bred and sowel,</p>
<span class = "linenum">768</span>
<p>In his shirte, or in his couel;</p>
<p>In his poke benes and korn:&mdash;</p>
<p>Hise swink ne hauede he nowt forlorn.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He used to sell lampreys at Lincoln,</p>
<p>And hwan he tok þe grete laumprei,</p>
<span class = "linenum">772</span>
<p>Ful we[l] he couþe þe rithe wei</p>
<p>To lincolne, þe gode boru;</p>
<p>Ofte he yede it þoru and þoru,</p>
<p>Til he hauede wol<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag39" id =
"poem_tag39" href = "#poem_note39">39</a> wel sold,</p>
<span class = "linenum">776</span>
<p>And þer-fore þe penies told.</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne he com, þe<i>n</i>ne he were bliþe,</p>
<p>For hom he brouthe fele siþe</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and bring home simnels, meal, meat, and hemp.</p>
<p>Wastels, simenels with þe horn,</p>
<span class = "linenum">780</span>
<p>Hise pokes fulle of mele an korn,</p>
<p>Netes flesh, shepes, and swines,</p>
<p>And hemp to make<i>n</i> of gode lines;</p>
<p>And stronge ropes to hise netes,</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag784" id = "texttag784" href =
"#textnote784">784</a>
<p>In þe se were<i>n</i> he ofte setes.<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag40" id = "poem_tag40" href = "#poem_note40">40</a>
<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag40a" id = "poem_tag40a" href =
"#poem_note40a">*</a></p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note39" id = "poem_note39" href =
"#poem_tag39">39</a>
<i>Qu.</i> ful <i>or</i> al.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note40" id = "poem_note40" href =
"#poem_tag40">40</a>
<i>Sic</i> in MS.</p>

<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note40a" id = "poem_note40a" href = "#poem_tag40a">*</a>
Perhaps we should, however, read <i>se-weren</i>, and the <a href =
"#textnote784">note</a> on the line (p.&nbsp;93) may be wrong. See
<a href = "#gloss_Weren"><i>Weren</i></a> in the Glossary.
<span class = "mynote">
See <a href = "#endnote">Endnote</a>.</span></p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK SELLS FISH LIKE THE BEST.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Thus they lived for 12 years.</p>
<p class = "section">
Þus-gate grim him fayre ledde.</p>
<p>Him and his genge wel he fedde</p>
<p>Wel twelf wint<i>er</i>, oþer more:</p>
<span class = "linenum">788</span>
<p>Hauelok was war þat gri<i>m</i> swa<i>n</i>k sore<span class =
"pagenum">25</span></p>
<a name = "page25" id = "page25"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok thinks he eats too much to be idle.</p>
<p>For his mete, and he lay at hom:</p>
<p>Thouthe, “ich am nou no grom;</p>
<p>Ich am wel waxe<i>n</i>, and wel may ete<i>n</i></p>
<span class = "linenum">792</span>
<p>More þa<i>n</i> euere Grim may geten.</p>
<p>Ich ete more, bi god on liue,</p>
<p>Þan grim an hise children fiue!</p>
<p>It ne may nouth ben þus lo<i>n</i>ge,</p>
<span class = "linenum">796</span>
<p>Goddot! y wile with þe gange,</p>
<p>For to leren su<i>m</i> god to gete;</p>
<p>Swinken ich wolde for mi mete.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
It is no shame for a man to work.</p>
<p>It is no shame forto swinken;</p>
<span class = "linenum">800</span>
<p>Þe ma<i>n</i> þat may wel ete<i>n</i> and dri<i>n</i>ke<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>Þat nouth ne haue but on swi<i>n</i>k lo<i>n</i>g,</p>
<p>To ligge<i>n</i> at hom it is ful strong.</p>
<p>God yelde him þer i ne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag41" id =
"poem_tag41" href = "#poem_note41">41</a> may,</p>
<span class = "linenum">804</span>
<p>Þat haueth me fed to þis day!</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He determines to carry about panniers like the rest.</p>
<p>Gladlike i wile þe paniers bere;</p>
<p>Ich woth, ne shal it me nouth dere,</p>
<p>Þey þer be i<i>n</i>ne a birþene gret,</p>
<span class = "linenum">808</span>
<p>Al so heui als a neth.</p>
<p>Shal ich neuere lengere dwelle,</p>
<p>To morwe<i>n</i> shal ich forth pelle.”</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note41" id = "poem_note41" href = "#poem_tag41">41</a>
MS. ine.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK GOES TO LINCOLN TO GET WORK.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
On þe morwen, hwa<i>n</i> it was day,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 208<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">812</span>
<p>He stirt up sone, and nouth ne lay;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He carries a pannier full of fish,</p>
<p>And cast a panier on his bac,</p>
<p>With fish giueled als a stac;</p>
<p>Also michel he bar him one,</p>
<span class = "linenum">816</span>
<p>So he foure, bi mine mone!<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag42" id =
"poem_tag42" href = "#poem_note42">42</a></p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and sells them.</p>
<p>Wel he it bar, and solde it wel,</p>
<p>Þe siluer he brouthe hom il del;</p>
<p>Al þat he þer-fore tok</p>
<span class = "linenum">820</span>
<p>With-held he nouth a ferþinges nok.</p>
<p>So yede he forth ilke day,</p>
<p>Þat he neuere at home lay.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">26</span>
<a name = "page26" id = "page26"> </a>
<p>So wolde he his mester lere;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
A great dearth arises.</p>
<span class = "linenum">824</span>
<p>Bifel it so a strong dere</p>
<p>Bigan to rise of korn of bred,</p>
<p>That grim ne couþe no god red,</p>
<p>Hw he sholde his meine fede;</p>
<span class = "linenum">828</span>
<p>Of hauelok hauede he michel drede:</p>
<p>For he was strong, and wel mouthe ete</p>
<p>More þa<i>n</i>ne heuere mouthe he gete;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They have not enough to eat.</p>
<p>Ne he ne mouthe on þe se take</p>
<span class = "linenum">832</span>
<p>Neyþer le<i>n</i>ge, ne þorn[e]bake,<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag43" id = "poem_tag43" href = "#poem_note43">43</a></p>
<p>Ne non oþer fish þat douthe</p>
<p>His meyne fede<i>n</i> with he[r]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag44"
id = "poem_tag44" href = "#poem_note44">44</a> mouthe.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Grim is sorry for Havelok.</p>
<p>Of hauelok he hauede kare,</p>
<span class = "linenum">836</span>
<p>Hwilgat þat he micthe fare;</p>
<p>Of his childre<i>n</i> was him nouth,</p>
<p>On hauelok was al hise þouth,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag839" id = "texttag839" href =
"#textnote839">839</a>
<p>And seyde, “hauelok, dere sone,</p>
<span class = "linenum">840</span>
<p>I wene that we deye mone</p>
<p>For hu<i>n</i>ger, þis dere is so strong,</p>
<p>And hure mete is uten long.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He advises him to go to Lincoln,</p>
<p>Betere is þat þu he<i>n</i>ne gonge,</p>
<span class = "linenum">844</span>
<p>Þan þu here dwelle longe;</p>
<p>Heþen þow mayt ga<i>n</i>ge<i>n</i> to late;</p>
<p>Thou canst ful wel þe ricthe gate</p>
<p>To lincolne, þe gode borw,</p>
<span class = "linenum">848</span>
<p>Þou hauest it gon ful ofte þoru;</p>
<p>Of me ne is me nouth a slo,</p>
<p>Bet<i>er</i>e is þat þu þider go,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and work there.</p>
<p>For þer is mani god ma<i>n</i> inne,</p>
<span class = "linenum">852</span>
<p>Þer þou mayt þi mete winne.</p>
<p>But wo is me! þou art so naked,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He makes him a coat of an old sail.</p>
<p>Of mi seyl y wolde þe were maked</p>
<p>A cloth, þou mithest i<i>n</i>ne gongen,</p>
<span class = "linenum">856</span>
<p>Sone, no cold þat þu ne fonge.”</p>

<span class = "pagenum">27</span>
<a name = "page27" id = "page27"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HE HELPS THE EARL OF CORNWALL’S COOK.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 208<i>b</i>. col. 2.]</p>
<p class = "section">
He tok þe sh[e]res<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag45" id = "poem_tag45"
href = "#poem_note45">45</a> of þe nayl,</p>
<p>And made him a couel of þe sayl,</p>
<p>And hauelok dide it sone on;</p>
<span class = "linenum">860</span>
<p>Hauede neyþer hosen ne shon,</p>
<p>Ne none kines oþe[r] wede;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok goes to Lincoln barefoot.</p>
<p>To lincolne barfot he yede.</p>
<p>Hwan he kam þe[r], he was ful wil,</p>
<span class = "linenum">864</span>
<p>Ne hauede he no frend to gange<i>n</i> til;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He fasts for two days.</p>
<p>Two dayes þer fastinde he yede,</p>
<p>Þat non for his werk wolde him fede;</p>
<p>Þe þridde day herde he calle:</p>
<span class = "linenum">868</span>
<p>“Bermen, bermen, hider forth alle!”</p>
<p>[Poure þat on fote yede]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag46" id =
"poem_tag46" href = "#poem_note46">46</a></p>
<p>Sprongen forth so sparke on glede.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok becomes the earl’s cook’s porter.</p>
<p>Hauelok shof dun nyne or ten,</p>
<span class = "linenum">872</span>
<p>Rith amidewarde þe fen,</p>
<p>And stirte forth to þe kok,</p>
<p>[Þer the herles mete he tok,]</p>
<p>Þat he bouthe at þe brigge:</p>
<span class = "linenum">876</span>
<p>Þe berme<i>n</i> let he alle ligge,</p>
<p>And bar þe mete to þe castel,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He gets a farthing cake.</p>
<p>And gat him þere a ferþing wastel.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note42" id = "poem_note42" href =
"#poem_tag42">42</a>
Cf. ll. 1711, 1972.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note43" id = "poem_note43" href =
"#poem_tag43">43</a>
See l. 759.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note44" id = "poem_note44" href =
"#poem_tag44">44</a>
<i>Qu.</i> her, <i>i.e.</i> their. MS. he.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note45" id = "poem_note45" href =
"#poem_tag45">45</a>
<i>Qu.</i> sheres. MS. shres.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note46" id = "poem_note46" href =
"#poem_tag46">46</a>
Cf. ll. 91, 101. Here and below an additional line seems requisite.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK IS HIRED BY THE EARL’S COOK.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Another day, he watches the earl’s cook,</p>
<p class = "section">
Þet oþer day kepte he ok</p>
<span class = "linenum">880</span>
<p>Swiþe yerne þe erles kok,</p>
<p>Til þat he say him on þe b[r]igge,</p>
<p>And bi him mani fishes ligge.</p>
<p>Þe herles mete hauede he bouth</p>
<span class = "linenum">884</span>
<p>Of cornwalie, and kalde oft:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
who calls for a porter.</p>
<p>“Berme<i>n</i>, bermen, hider swiþe!”</p>
<p>Hauelok it herde, and was ful bliþe,</p>
<p>Þat he herde “berme<i>n</i>” calle;</p>
<span class = "linenum">888</span>
<p>Alle made he hem dun falle<span class = "pagenum">28</span></p>
<a name = "page28" id = "page28"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok upsets 16 lads.</p>
<p>Þat in his gate yeden and stode,</p>
<p>Wel sixtene laddes gode.</p>
<p>Als he lep þe kok [vn-]til,</p>
<span class = "linenum">892</span>
<p>He shof hem alle upon an hyl;</p>
<p>Astirte til him with his rippe,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He catches up the cook’s fish,</p>
<p>And bigan þe fish to kippe.</p>
<p>He bar up wel a carte lode</p>
<span class = "linenum">896</span>
<p>Of segges, laxes, of playces brode,</p>
<p>Of grete laumprees, and of eles;</p>
<p>Sparede he neyþer tos ne heles,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and carries them to the castle.</p>
<p>Til þat he to þe castel cam,</p>
<span class = "linenum">900</span>
<p>Þat me<i>n</i> fro him his birþene nam.</p>
<p>Þan me<i>n</i> hauede<i>n</i> holpe<i>n</i> him doun</p>
<p>With þe birþene of his croun,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag903" id = "texttag903" href =
"#textnote903">903</a>
<p>Þe kok [bi] stod, and on him low,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 209, col. 1.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">904</span>
<p>And þoute him stalworþe ma<i>n</i> ynow,</p>
<p>And seyde, “wiltu ben wit me?</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The cook takes him into his service.</p>
<p>Gladlike wile ich feden þe;</p>
<p>Wel is set þe mete þu etes,</p>
<span class = "linenum">908</span>
<p>And þe hire þat þu getes.”</p>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HE CUTS WOOD, AND DRAWS WATER.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
“Goddot!”<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag47" id = "poem_tag47" href =
"#poem_note47">47</a> quoth he, “leue sire,</p>
<p>Bidde ich you non oþer hire;</p>
<p>But yeueþ me inow to ete,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok tells the cook what he can do.</p>
<span class = "linenum">912</span>
<p>Fir and wat<i>er</i> y wile yow fete,</p>
<p>Þe fir blowe, an ful wele make<i>n</i>;</p>
<p>Stickes kan ich breken and krake<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>And kindlen ful wel a fyr,</p>
<span class = "linenum">916</span>
<p>And make<i>n</i> it to brennen shir;</p>
<p>Ful wel kan ich cleue<i>n</i> shides,</p>
<p>Eles to-turnen<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag48" id = "poem_tag48"
href = "#poem_note48">48</a> of here hides;</p>
<p>Ful wel kan ich dishes swilen,</p>
<span class = "linenum">920</span>
<p>And don al þat ye eu<i>er</i>e wilen.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The cook is content to hire him.</p>
<p>Quoth þe kok, “wile i no more;</p>

<span class = "pagenum">29</span>
<a name = "page29" id = "page29"> </a>
<p>Go þu yunder, and sit þore,</p>
<p>And y shal yeue þe ful fair bred,</p>
<span class = "linenum">924</span>
<p>And make þe broys i<i>n</i> þe led.</p>
<p>Sit now doun and et ful yerne:</p>
<p>Daþeit hwo þe mete werne!”</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note47" id = "poem_note47" href =
"#poem_tag47">47</a>
Soddot, MS.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note48" id = "poem_note48" href =
"#poem_tag48">48</a>
MS. to turuen; <i>but the <b>u</b> and <b>n</b> are almost
indistinguishable.</i> Cf. l.&nbsp;603; and <i>William of Palerne</i>,
2590.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK GROWS VERY TALL AND STRONG.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok eats a good dinner.</p>
<p class = "section">
Hauelok sette him dun anon,</p>
<span class = "linenum">928</span>
<p>Also stille als a ston,</p>
<p>Til he hauede ful wel eten;</p>
<p>Þo hauede hauelok fayre gete<i>n</i>.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He fills a large tub with water for the kitchen.</p>
<p>Hwa<i>n</i> he hauede ete<i>n</i> inow,</p>
<span class = "linenum">932</span>
<p>He ka<i>m</i> to þe welle, wat<i>er</i> up-drow,</p>
<p>And filde þe[r] a michel so;</p>
<p>Bad he non ageyn him go,</p>
<p>But bi-twen his hondes he bar it in,</p>
<span class = "linenum">936</span>
<p>A[l] him one to þe kichin.</p>
<p>Bad he non him wat<i>er</i> to fete,</p>
<p>Ne fro b[r]igge to bere þe mete,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag939" id = "texttag939" href =
"#textnote939">939</a>
<p>He bar þe turues, he bar þe star,</p>
<span class = "linenum">940</span>
<p>Þe wode fro the brigge he bar;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He draws water, and cuts wood.</p>
<p>Al that euere shulde<i>n</i> he nytte,</p>
<p>Al he drow, and al he citte;</p>
<p>Wolde he neu<i>er</i>e haue<i>n</i> rest,</p>
<span class = "linenum">944</span>
<p>More þa<i>n</i> he were a best.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag945" id = "texttag945" href =
"#textnote945">945</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
He is always laughing and blithe.</p>
<p>Of alle me<i>n</i> was he mest meke,</p>
<p>Lauhwinde ay, and bliþe of speke;</p>
<p>Eu<i>er</i>e he was glad and bliþe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">948</span>
<p>His sorwe he couþe ful wel miþe.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 209, col. 2.]</p>
<p>It ne was non so litel knaue,</p>
<p>For to leyken, ne forto plawe,</p>
<p>Þat he ne wo[l]de with him pleye:</p>
<span class = "linenum">952</span>
<p>Þe children that y[e]de<i>n</i> in þe weie</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Children play with him.</p>
<p>Of him he deden al he[r] wille,</p>
<p>And with him leykeden here fille.</p>
<p>Him louede<i>n</i> alle, stille and bolde,</p>
<span class = "linenum">956</span>
<p>Knictes, childre<i>n</i>, yunge and holde;<span class =
"pagenum">30</span></p>
<a name = "page30" id = "page30"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
All like him.</p>
<p>Alle him louede<i>n</i> þat him sowen,</p>
<p>Boþen heyemen and lowe.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag959" id = "texttag959" href =
"#textnote959">959</a>
<p>Of him ful wide þe word sprong,</p>
<span class = "linenum">960</span>
<p>Hw he was mike, hw he was stro<i>n</i>g,</p>
<p>Hw fayr ma<i>n</i> god him hauede maked,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He has nothing to wear but the old sail.</p>
<p>But on þat he was almest naked:</p>
<p>For he ne hauede nouth to shride,</p>
<span class = "linenum">964</span>
<p>But a kouel ful unride,</p>
<p>Þat [was] ful, and swiþe wicke,</p>
<p>Was it nouth worth a fir sticke.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The cook buys him new clothes.</p>
<p>Þe cok biga<i>n</i> of him to rewe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">968</span>
<p>And bouthe him cloþes, al spa<i>n</i>newe;</p>
<p>He bouthe him boþe hose<i>n</i> and shon,</p>
<p>And sone dide him dones on.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He looks very well in his new suit.</p>
<p>Hwan he was cloþed, osed, and shod,</p>
<span class = "linenum">972</span>
<p>Was no<i>n</i> so fayr under god,</p>
<p>Þat euere yete in erþe were,</p>
<p>Non þat eu<i>er</i>e moder bere;</p>
<p>It was neu<i>er</i>e ma<i>n</i> þat yemede</p>
<span class = "linenum">976</span>
<p>In kinneriche, þat so wel semede</p>
<p>King or cayser forto be,</p>
<p>Þan he was shrid, so semede he;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok is the tallest man in Lincoln,</p>
<p>For þa<i>n</i>ne he weren alle same<i>n</i></p>
<span class = "linenum">980</span>
<p>At lincolne, at þe game<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>And þe erles men woren al þore,</p>
<p>Þan was hauelok bi þe shuldre<i>n</i> more</p>
<p>Þan þe meste þat þer kam:</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag984" id = "texttag984" href =
"#textnote984">984</a>
<p>In armes him noma<i>n</i> [ne] nam,</p>
<p>Þat he doune sone ne caste;</p>
<p>Hauelok stod ouer he<i>m</i> als a mast.</p>
<p>Als he was heie, al<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag49" id =
"poem_tag49" href = "#poem_note49">49</a> he was long,</p>
<span class = "linenum">988</span>
<p>He was boþe stark and strong;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and the strongest in England.</p>
<p>In engelond [was] non hise per</p>
<p>Of strengþe þat eu<i>er</i>e ka<i>m</i> him ner.</p>
<p>Als he was strong, so was he softe;</p>

<span class = "pagenum">31</span>
<a name = "page31" id = "page31"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HE SEES SOME MEN “PUTTING THE STONE.”</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">992</span>
<p>Þey a man him misdede ofte,</p>
<p>Neuere more he him misdede,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 209<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<p>Ne hond on him with yuele leyde.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He is good-natured and pure.</p>
<p>Of bodi was he mayden clene,</p>
<span class = "linenum">996</span>
<p>Neuere yete in game, ne in grene,</p>
<p>Þit<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag50" id = "poem_tag50" href =
"#poem_note50">50</a> hire ne wolde leyke ne lye,</p>
<p>No more þan it were a strie.</p>
<p>In þat time al hengelond</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich summons a parliament at Lincoln.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1000</span>
<p>Þerl Godrich hauede in his hond,</p>
<p>And he gart kome<i>n</i> i<i>n</i>to þe tun</p>
<p>Mani erl, and mani barun;</p>
<p>And alle [men] þat liues were</p>
<span class = "linenum">1004</span>
<p>In eng[e]lond, þa<i>n</i>ne wer þere,</p>
<p>Þat þey haueden after sent,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1006" id = "texttag1006" href =
"#textnote1006">1006</a>
<p>To ben þer at þe parleme<i>n</i>t.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Some champions begin to contend in games.</p>
<p>With hem com mani cha<i>n</i>bioun,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1008</span>
<p>Mani with ladde, blac and brown;</p>
<p>An fel it so, þat yunge men,</p>
<p>Wel aboute<i>n</i> nine or ten,</p>
<p>Bigu<i>n</i>ne<i>n</i> þe[r] for to layke:</p>
<span class = "linenum">1012</span>
<p>Þider kome<i>n</i> bothe stro<i>n</i>ge and wayke;</p>
<p>Þider kome<i>n</i> lesse and more,</p>
<p>Þat in þe borw þa<i>n</i>ne were<i>n</i> þore;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Strong lads and bondmen are there.</p>
<p>Chaunpiouns, and starke laddes,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1016</span>
<p>Bondeme<i>n</i> with here gaddes,</p>
<p>Als he comen fro þe plow;</p>
<p>Þere was sembling i-now!</p>
<p>For it ne was non horse-knaue,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1020</span>
<p>Þo þei sholden in honde haue,</p>
<p>Þat he ne kam þider, þe leyk to se:</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1022" id = "texttag1022" href =
"#textnote1022">1022</a>
<p>Biforn here fet þa<i>n</i>ne lay a tre,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They begin to “put the stone.”</p>
<p>And putte<i>n</i><a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag51" id =
"poem_tag51" href = "#poem_note51">51</a> with a mikel ston</p>
<span class = "linenum">1024</span>
<p>Þe starke laddes, ful god won.<span class = "pagenum">32</span></p>
<a name = "page32" id = "page32"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HE “PUTS THE STONE” FURTHER THAN ANY.</span></p>

<p>Þe ston was mikel, and ek greth,</p>
<p>And al so heui so a neth;</p>
<p>Grund stalwrthe ma<i>n</i> he sholde be,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1028</span>
<p>Þat mouthe lifte<i>n</i> it to his kne;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Few can lift it.</p>
<p>Was þer neyþer clerc, ne prest,</p>
<p>Þat mithe liften it to his brest:</p>
<p>Þerwit putte<i>n</i> the chaunpiouns,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1032</span>
<p>Þat þider come<i>n</i> with þe barouns.</p>
<p>Hwo so mithe putten þore</p>
<p>Biforn a-noþer, an inch or more,</p>
<p>Wore ye yung, [or] wore he hold,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1036</span>
<p>He was for a ke<i>m</i>pe told.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Whilst this is going on,</p>
<p>Al-so þe[i] stoden, an ofte starede<i>n</i>,<a class = "emend" name =
"poem_tag51a" id = "poem_tag51a" href = "#poem_note51a">*</a></p>
<p>Þe chaunpiouns, and ek the ladde<i>n</i>,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 209<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<p>And he maden mikel strout</p>
<span class = "linenum">1040</span>
<p>Abouten þe alþerbeste but,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok looks on at them.</p>
<p>Hauelok stod, and lokede þer-til;</p>
<p>And of putti<i>n</i>gge he was ful wil,</p>
<p>For neu<i>er</i>e yete ne saw he or</p>
<span class = "linenum">1044</span>
<p>Putte<i>n</i> the stone, or þa<i>n</i>ne þor.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
His master tells him to try.</p>
<p>Hise mayst<i>er</i> bad him gon þer-to,</p>
<p>Als he couþe þer-with do.</p>
<p>Þo hise mayst<i>er</i> it him bad,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1048</span>
<p>He was of him sore adrad;</p>
<p>Þerto he stirte sone anon,</p>
<p>And kipte up þat heui ston,</p>
<p>Þat he sholde puten wiþe;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He puts the stone 12 feet beyond the rest.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1052</span>
<p>He putte at þe firste siþe,</p>
<p>Ouer alle þat þer wore,</p>
<p>Twel fote, and su<i>m</i>del more.</p>
<p>Þe chaunpiouns þat [þat] put sowen,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1056</span>
<p>Shuldrede<i>n</i> he ilc oþer, and lowen;</p>
<p>Wolde<i>n</i> he no more to putti<i>n</i>g gange,</p>
<p>But seyde, “<i>w</i>e<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag52" id =
"poem_tag52" href = "#poem_note52">52</a> dwelle<i>n</i> her to
longe!”</p>

<span class = "pagenum">33</span>
<a name = "page33" id = "page33"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODRICH HEARS OF HAVELOK’S STRENGTH.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
This feat is everywhere talked about.</p>
<p>Þis selkouth mithe nouth be<i>n</i> hyd,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1060</span>
<p>Ful sone it was ful loude kid</p>
<p>Of hauelok, hw he warp þe ston</p>
<p>Ouer þe laddes euerilkon;</p>
<p>Hw he was fayr, hw he was long,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1064</span>
<p>Hw he was with, hw he was stro<i>n</i>g;</p>
<p>Þoruth england yede þe speke,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag53" id
= "poem_tag53" href = "#poem_note53">53</a></p>
<p>Hw he was strong, and ek meke;</p>
<p>In the castel, up in þe halle,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1068</span>
<p>Þe knithes speke<i>n</i> þer-of alle,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich hears the knights talking of it.</p>
<p>So that Godrich it herde wel</p>
<p>Þe[r] speke<i>n</i> of hauelok, eueri del,</p>
<p>Hw he was stro<i>n</i>g man and hey,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1072</span>
<p>Hw he was stro<i>n</i>g and ek fri,</p>
<p>And þouthte godrich, “þoru þis knaue</p>
<p>Shal ich engelond al haue,</p>
<p>And mi sone after me;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1076</span>
<p>For so i wile þat it be.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1077" id = "texttag1077" href =
"#textnote1077">1077</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
“Athelwold said I was to marry his daughter to the strongest man
alive.</p>
<p>The king aþelwald me dide swere</p>
<p>Vpon al þe messe-gere,</p>
<p>Þat y shu[l]de his douthe[r] yeue</p>
<span class = "linenum">1080</span>
<p>Þe hexte <ins class = "edcorr"
title = "word added by editor">[man]</ins> þat mithe liue,</p>
<p>Þe beste, þe fairest, þe stra<i>n</i>gest ok;</p>
<p>Þat gart he me swere<i>n</i> on þe bok.</p>
<p>Hwere mithe i finden ani so hey</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 210, col. 1.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">1084</span>
<p>So hauelok is, or so sley?</p>
<p>Þou y southe heþen in-to ynde,</p>
<p>So fayr, so strong, ne mithe y finde.</p>
<p>Hauelok is þat ilke knaue,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1088</span>
<p>Þat shal goldeborw haue.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
That is Havelok.”</p>
<p>Þis þouthe [he] with trechery,</p>
<p>With t<i>ra</i>ysoun, and wit felony;</p>
<p>For he wende, þat hauelok wore</p>
<span class = "linenum">1092</span>
<p>Sum cherles sone, and no more;</p>
<p>Ne shulde he haue<i>n</i> of engellond</p>

<span class = "pagenum">34</span>
<a name = "page34" id = "page34"> </a>
<p>Onlepi forw in his hond,</p>
<p>With hire, þat was þerof eyr,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1096</span>
<p>Þat boþe was god and swiþe fair.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He thought Havelok was only a thrall.</p>
<p>He wende, þat hauelok wer a þral,</p>
<p>Þer-þoru he we<i>n</i>de haue<i>n</i> al</p>
<p>In engelond, þat hire rith was;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1100</span>
<p>He was werse þan sathanas,</p>
<p>Þat ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st in erþe shop:<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag54" id = "poem_tag54" href = "#poem_note54">54</a></p>
<p>Hanged worþe he on an hok!</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note49" id = "poem_note49" href =
"#poem_tag49">49</a>
<i>Qu.</i> so; see l. 991.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note50" id = "poem_note50" href =
"#poem_tag50">50</a>
<i>Qu.</i> wit = with: miswritten owing to confusion of þ with ?
(<i>w</i>)?</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note51" id = "poem_note51" href =
"#poem_tag51">51</a>
MS. pulten. But see ll. 1031, 1033, 1044, 1051, &amp;c.</p>

<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note51a" id = "poem_note51a" href = "#poem_tag51a">*</a>
For <i>stareden</i> we should perhaps read <i>stradden</i>; see the
<a href = "#gloss_Stareden">Glossary</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note52" id = "poem_note52" href =
"#poem_tag52">52</a>
In the former edition&mdash; “ye”. But the <i>y</i> is not dotted, and
it may be “?e.”</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note53" id = "poem_note53" href =
"#poem_tag53">53</a>
MS. speche. Read “speke,” as in l. 946.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note54" id = "poem_note54" href =
"#poem_tag54">54</a>
<i>Qu.</i> shok <i>or</i> strok.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GOLDBOROUGH IS SENT FOR TO LINCOLN.</span></p>

<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1103" id = "texttag1103" href =
"#textnote1103">1103</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
He sends for Goldborough to Lincoln.</p>
<p class = "section">
After goldebo[r]w sone he sende,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1104</span>
<p>Þat was boþe fayr and hende,</p>
<p>And dide hire to lincolne bringe,</p>
<p>Belles dede he ageyn hire ringen,</p>
<p>And ioie he made hire swiþe mikel,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1108</span>
<p>But neþeles he was ful swikel.</p>
<p>He seyde, þat he sholde hire yeue</p>
<p>Þe fayrest ma<i>n</i> that mithe liue.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
She says she will marry none but a king.</p>
<p>She answerede, and seyde anon,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1112</span>
<p>Bi crist, and bi seint iohan,</p>
<p>Þat hire sholde noma<i>n</i> wedde,</p>
<p>Ne noma<i>n</i> bringen to hire<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag55"
id = "poem_tag55" href = "#poem_note55">55</a> bedde,</p>
<p>But he were king, or ki<i>n</i>ges eyr,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1116</span>
<p>Were he neuere ma<i>n</i> so fayr.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note55" id = "poem_note55" href = "#poem_tag55">55</a>
<i>Qu.</i> hise.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODRICH ASKS HAVELOK IF HE WILL MARRY.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich is wrath at this.</p>
<p class = "section">
Godrich þe erl was swiþe wroth,</p>
<p>Þat she swore swilk an oth,</p>
<p>And seyde, “hwor þou wilt be</p>
<span class = "linenum">1120</span>
<p>Quen and leuedi ouer me?</p>
<p>Þou shalt haue<i>n</i> a gadeling,</p>
<p>Ne shalt þou haue<i>n</i> non oþer ki<i>n</i>g;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He says she shall marry his cook’s servant.</p>
<p>Þe shal spusen mi cokes knaue,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1124</span>
<p>Ne shalt þou non oþer lou<i>er</i>d haue.</p>
<p>Daþeit þat þe oþer yeue</p>
<p>Eu<i>er</i>e more hwil i liue!</p>

<span class = "pagenum">35</span>
<a name = "page35" id = "page35"> </a>
<p>To-mo[r]we ye shole<i>n</i> ben weddeth,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1128</span>
<p>And, maugre þin, to-gidere beddeth.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 210, col. 2.]</p>
<p>Goldeborw gret, and <i>w</i>as<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag56" id
= "poem_tag56" href = "#poem_note56">56</a> hire ille,</p>
<p>She wolde ben ded bi hire wille.</p>
<p>On the morwen, hwa<i>n</i> day was spru<i>n</i>ge<i>n</i>,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1132</span>
<p>And day-belle at kirke rungen,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He sends next day for Havelok, and says,</p>
<p>After hauelok sente þat iudas,</p>
<p>Þat werse was þa<i>n</i>ne sathanas:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“Master, wilt wive?”</p>
<p>And seyde, “mayst<i>er</i>, wilte wif?”</p>
<span class = "linenum">1136</span>
<p>“Nay,” quoth, hauelok, “bi my lif!</p>
<p>Hwat sholde ich with wif do?</p>
<p>I ne may hire fede, ne cloþe, ne sho.</p>
<p>Wider sholde ich wimma<i>n</i> bringe?</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok refuses.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1140</span>
<p>I ne haue none kines þinge.</p>
<p>I ne haue hws, y ne haue cote,</p>
<p>Ne i ne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag57" id = "poem_tag57" href =
"#poem_note57">57</a> haue stikke, y ne haue sprote,</p>
<p>I ne haue neyþer bred ne sowel,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1144</span>
<p>Ne cloth, but of an hold with couel.</p>
<p>Þis cloþes, þat ich onne haue,</p>
<p>Aren þe kokes, and ich his knaue.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich beats him, and threatens to hang him.</p>
<p>Godrich stirt up, and on him dong</p>
<span class = "linenum">1148</span>
<p>[With dintes swiþe hard and strong,]</p>
<p>And seyde, “But þou hire take,</p>
<p>Þat y wole yeue<i>n</i> þe to make,</p>
<p>I shal hange<i>n</i> þe ful heye,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1152</span>
<p>Or y shal þristen vth þin heie.”</p>
<p>Hauelok was one, and was odrat,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok consents.</p>
<p>And grauntede hi<i>m</i> al þat he bad.</p>
<p>Þo sende he after hire sone,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1156</span>
<p>Þe fayrest wymman under mone;</p>
<p>And seyde til hire, [false]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag58" id =
"poem_tag58" href = "#poem_note58">58</a> and slike,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich next threatens Goldborough.</p>
<p>Þat wicke þral, þat foule swike:</p>
<p>“But þu þis ma<i>n</i> under-stonde,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">36</span>
<a name = "page36" id = "page36"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">1160</span>
<p>I shal fleme<i>n</i> þe of londe;</p>
<p>Or þou shal to þe galwes re<i>n</i>ne,</p>
<p>And þer þou shalt i<i>n</i> a fir bre<i>n</i>ne.”</p>
<p>Sho was adrad, for he so þrette,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1164</span>
<p>And durste nouth þe spusi<i>n</i>g lette,</p>
<p>But þey hire likede swiþe ille,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
She consents, thinking it is God’s will.</p>
<p>Þouthe it was godes wille:</p>
<p>God, þat makes to growe<i>n</i> þe korn,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1168</span>
<p>Formede hire wi<i>m</i>ma<i>n</i> to be born.</p>
<p>Hwan he hauede don him for drede,</p>
<p>Þat he sholde hire spuse<i>n</i>, and fede,</p>
<p>And þat she sholde til him holde,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
A dowry is given her.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1172</span>
<p>Þer were<i>n</i> penies þicke tolde,</p>
<p>Mikel plente upon þe bok:</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1174" id = "texttag1174" href =
"#textnote1174">1174</a>
<p>He ys hire yaf, and she as tok.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 210<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<p>He weren spused fayre and wel,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1176</span>
<p>Þe messe he deden eueridel,</p>
<p>Þat fel to spusing, and god cle[r]k,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The archbishop of York marries them.</p>
<p>Þe erchebishop uth of yerk,</p>
<p>Þat kam to þe p<i>ar</i>leme<i>n</i>t,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1180</span>
<p>Als god him hauede þider sent.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note56" id = "poem_note56" href =
"#poem_tag56">56</a>
The first letter of this word is either <i>þ</i> or a Saxon <i>w</i>
(?). I&nbsp;read it as the latter.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note57" id = "poem_note57" href =
"#poem_tag57">57</a>
MS. ine.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note58" id = "poem_note58" href =
"#poem_tag58">58</a>
Both sense and metre require this word.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK RESOLVES TO GO TO GRIMSBY.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Hwan he were<i>n</i> togydere i<i>n</i> godes lawe,</p>
<p>Þat þe folc ful wel it sawe,</p>
<p>He ne wiste<i>n</i> hwat he mouthe<i>n</i>,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok knows not what to do.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1184</span>
<p>Ne he ne wiste<i>n</i> wat hem douthe;</p>
<p>Þer to dwelle<i>n</i>, or þe<i>n</i>ne to gonge,</p>
<p>Þer ne wolde<i>n</i> he dwelle<i>n</i> lo<i>n</i>ge,</p>
<p>For he wiste<i>n</i>, and ful wel sawe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1188</span>
<p>Þat godrich he<i>m</i> hatede, þe deuel hi<i>m</i> hawe!</p>
<p>And yf he dwellede<i>n</i> þer outh&mdash;</p>
<p>Þat fel hauelok ful wel on þouth&mdash;</p>
<p>Men sholde don his leman shame,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1192</span>
<p>Or elles bringe<i>n</i> i<i>n</i> wicke blame.</p>
<p>Þat were him leuere to ben ded,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He determines to go to Grimsby.</p>
<p>For-þi he toke<i>n</i> anoþer red,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">37</span>
<a name = "page37" id = "page37"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GRIM’S CHILDREN WELCOME HAVELOK.</span></p>

<p>Þat þei sholden þenne fle</p>
<span class = "linenum">1196</span>
<p>Til grim, and til hise sones þre;</p>
<p>Þer we<i>n</i>den he alþer-best to spede,</p>
<p>Hem forto cloþe, and for to fede.</p>
<p>Þe lond he token under fote,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1200</span>
<p>Ne wisten he non oþer bote,</p>
<p>And helden ay the riþe [sti]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag59" id =
"poem_tag59" href = "#poem_note59">59</a></p>
<p>Til he kome<i>n</i> to grimesby.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1203" id = "texttag1203" href =
"#textnote1203">1203</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
He finds that Grim is dead, but his five children are alive.</p>
<p>Þanne he kome<i>n</i> þere, þanne was gri<i>m</i> ded,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1204</span>
<p>Of him ne hauede<i>n</i> he no red;</p>
<p>But hise childre<i>n</i> alle fyue</p>
<p>Alle weren yet on liue;</p>
<p>Þat ful fayre ayen he<i>m</i> neme,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1208</span>
<p>Hwan he wiste<i>n</i> þat he keme,</p>
<p>And made<i>n</i> ioie swiþe mikel,</p>
<p>Ne were<i>n</i> he neuere ayen he<i>m</i> fikel.</p>
<p>On knes ful fayre he hem setten,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1212</span>
<p>And hauelok swiþe fayre grette<i>n</i>,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They welcome Havelok very kindly.</p>
<p>And seyde<i>n</i>, “welkome, louerd dere!</p>
<p>And welkome be þi fayre fere!</p>
<p>Blessed be þat ilke þrawe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1216</span>
<p>Þat þou hire toke in godes lawe!</p>
<p>Wel is hus we sen þe on lyue,</p>
<p>Þou mithe us boþe selle and yeue;</p>
<p>Þou mayt us boþe yeue and selle,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 210<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">1220</span>
<p>With þat þou wilt here dwelle.</p>
<p>We haue<i>n</i>, louerd, alle gode,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They beg him to stay with them.</p>
<p>Hors, and neth, and ship on flode,</p>
<p>Gold, and siluer, and michel auchte,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1224</span>
<p>Þat grim ute fader us bitawchte.</p>
<p>Gold, and siluer, and oþer fe</p>
<p>Bad he us bi-taken þe.</p>
<p>We hauen shep, we hauen swin,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1228</span>
<p>Bi-leue her, louerd, and al be þin;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They will serve him and his wife.</p>
<p>Þo shalt ben louerd, þou shalt be<i>n</i> syre,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">38</span>
<a name = "page38" id = "page38"> </a>
<p>And we sholen s<i>er</i>ue<i>n</i> þe and hire;</p>
<p>And hure sistres shole<i>n</i> do</p>
<span class = "linenum">1232</span>
<p>Al that euere biddes sho;</p>
<p>He shole<i>n</i> hire cloþe<i>n</i>,<a class = "emend" name =
"poem_tag59a" id = "poem_tag59a" href = "#poem_note59a">*</a>
washe<i>n</i>, and wri<i>n</i>ge<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>And to hondes water bringe<i>n</i>;</p>
<p>He sholen bedde<i>n</i> hire and þe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1236</span>
<p>For leuedi wile we þat she be.”</p>
<p>Hwan he þis ioie hauede<i>n</i> maked,</p>
<p>Sithen stikes broke<i>n</i> and kraked,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They make a fire, and spare neither goose nor hen.</p>
<p>And þe fir brouth on bre<i>n</i>ne,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1240</span>
<p>Ne was þer spared gos ne he<i>n</i>ne,</p>
<p>Ne þe hende, ne þe drake,</p>
<p>Mete he deden plente make;</p>
<p>Ne wantede þere no god mete,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They fetch wine and ale.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1244</span>
<p>Wyn and ale dede<i>n</i> he fete,</p>
<p>And made[n] hem [ful] glade and bliþe,</p>
<p>Wesseyl ledde<i>n</i> he fele siþe.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note59" id = "poem_note59" href =
"#poem_tag59">59</a>
A word is here erased; but see l. 2618.</p>

<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note59a" id = "poem_note59a" href = "#poem_tag59a">*</a>
Mr Garnett suggested that <i>cloþen</i> may mean <i>clothes</i>. If so,
dele the comma after it.</p>
</div>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GOLDBOROUGH SEES THE WONDROUS LIGHT.</span></p>

<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1247" id = "texttag1247" href =
"#textnote1247">1247</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
At night Goldborough lies down sorrowful.</p>
<p class = "section">
On þe nith, als goldeborw lay,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1248</span>
<p>Sory and sorwful was she ay,</p>
<p>For she wende she were bi-swike,</p>
<p>Þat sh[e w]ere<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag60" id = "poem_tag60"
href = "#poem_note60">60</a> yeue<i>n</i> un-kyndelike.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
She sees a great light.</p>
<p>O nith saw she þer-inne a lith,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1252</span>
<p>A swiþe fayr, a swiþe bryth,</p>
<p>Al so brith, al so shir,</p>
<p>So it were a blase of fir.</p>
<p>She lokede no[r]þ,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag61" id =
"poem_tag61" href = "#poem_note61">61</a> and ek south,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
It comes out of Havelok’s mouth.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1256</span>
<p>And saw it come<i>n</i> ut of his mouth,</p>
<p>Þat lay bi hire in þe bed:</p>
<p>No ferlike þou she were adred.</p>
<p>Þouthe she, “wat may this bi-mene!</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag1260" id = "texttag1260" href =
"#textnote1260">1260</a>
<p>He beth heyma<i>n</i> yet, als y wene,</p>
<p>He beth heyma<i>n</i> er he be ded:”&mdash;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
She sees a red cross on his shoulder, and hears an angel, saying,</p>
<p>On hise shuldre, of gold red</p>
<p>She saw a swiþe noble croiz,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">39</span>
<a name = "page39" id = "page39"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">1264</span>
<p>Of an angel she herde a uoyz:</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note60" id = "poem_note60" href =
"#poem_tag60">60</a>
MS. shere, <i>evidently miswritten for</i> she were.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note61" id = "poem_note61" href =
"#poem_tag61">61</a>
MS. noþ.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK TELLS HER HIS STRANGE DREAM.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 211, col. 1.]<br />
“Goldborough, be not sad.</p>
<p class = "section">
“Goldeborw, lat þi sorwe be,</p>
<p>For hauelok, þat haueþ spuset þe,</p>
<p>He<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag62" id = "poem_tag62" href =
"#poem_note62">62</a> kinges sone, and ki<i>n</i>ges eyr,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1268</span>
<p>Þat bike<i>n</i>neth þat croiz so fayr.</p>
<p>It<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag63" id = "poem_tag63" href =
"#poem_note63">63</a> bikenneth more, þat he shal</p>
<p>Denemark haue<i>n</i>, and englond al;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok shall be a king,</p>
<p>He shal ben king strong and stark</p>
<span class = "linenum">1272</span>
<p>Of engelond and denemark;</p>
<p>Þat shal þu wit þin eyne sen,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and thou, queen.”</p>
<p>And þo shalt quen and leuedi ben!”</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note62" id = "poem_note62" href =
"#poem_tag62">62</a>
<i>Qu.</i> Is.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note63" id = "poem_note63" href =
"#poem_tag63">63</a>
MS. Iit.</p>
</div>

<p class = "section">
Þanne she hauede herd the steuene</p>
<span class = "linenum">1276</span>
<p>Of þe angel uth of heuene,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
She rejoices, and kisses Havelok.</p>
<p>She was so fele siþes blithe,</p>
<p>Þat she ne mithe hire ioie mythe;</p>
<p>But hauelok sone anon she kiste,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1280</span>
<p>And he slep, and nouth ne wiste.</p>
<p>Hwan þat aungel hauede seyd,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He awakes, and says he has had a dream.</p>
<p>Of his slep a-non he brayd,</p>
<p>And seide, “le<i>m</i>ma<i>n</i>, slepes þou?</p>
<span class = "linenum">1284</span>
<p>A selkuth drem dremede me nou.</p>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
SHE SAYS HAVELOK WILL BE A GREAT KING.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Herkne nou hwat me haueth met:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He dreamt he was on a high hill in Denmark,</p>
<p>Me þouthe y was i<i>n</i> denemark set,</p>
<p>But on on þe moste hil</p>
<span class = "linenum">1288</span>
<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e yete kam i til.</p>
<p>It was so hey, þat y wel mouthe</p>
<p>Al þe werd se, als me þouthe.</p>
<p>Als i sat up-on þat lowe,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and began to possess all that country.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1292</span>
<p>I bigan denemark for to awe,</p>
<p>Þe borwes, and þe castles stronge;</p>
<p>And mine armes were<i>n</i> so lo<i>n</i>ge,</p>
<p>That i fadmede, al at ones,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">40</span>
<a name = "page40" id = "page40"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">1296</span>
<p>denemark, with mine lo<i>n</i>ge bones;</p>
<p>And þa<i>n</i>ne y wolde mine armes drawe</p>
<p>Til me, and hom for to haue,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
All things in Denmark cleaved to his arms.</p>
<p>Al that euere in denemark liueden</p>
<span class = "linenum">1300</span>
<p>On mine armes faste clyueden;</p>
<p>And þe stronge castles alle</p>
<p>On knes bigunne<i>n</i> for to falle,</p>
<p>Þe keyes felle<i>n</i> at mine fet:&mdash;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He also dreamt that he went to England,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1304</span>
<p>Anoþer drem dremede me ek,</p>
<p>Þat ich fley ouer þe salte se</p>
<p>Til engeland, and al with me</p>
<p>Þat euere was in denemark lyues,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1308</span>
<p>But bo<i>n</i>deme<i>n</i>, and here wiues,</p>
<p>And þat ich kom til engelond,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 211, col. 2.]</p>
<p>Al closede it i<i>n</i>til min hond,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and that became his too.</p>
<p>And, goldeborw, y gaf [it] þe:&mdash;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1312</span>
<p>Deus! le<i>m</i>man, hwat may þis be?”</p>
<p>Sho answerede, and seyde sone:</p>
<p>“Ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st, þat made mone,</p>
<p>Þine dremes t<i>ur</i>ne to ioye;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1316</span>
<p>Þat wite þw that sittes i<i>n</i> trone!</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
She says, he will be king of England and Denmark.</p>
<p>Ne non stro<i>n</i>g ki<i>n</i>g, ne caysere,</p>
<p>So þou shalt be, fo[r] þou shalt bere</p>
<p>In engelond corune yet;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1320</span>
<p>Denemark shal knele to þi fet;</p>
<p>Alle þe castles þat aren þer-inne,</p>
<p>Shal-tow, le<i>m</i>man, ful wel winne.</p>
<p>I woth, so wel so ich it sowe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1324</span>
<p>To þe shole come<i>n</i> heye and lowe,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“All men in Denmark shall come to thee.</p>
<p>And alle þat in denemark wone,</p>
<p>Em and broþer, fader and sone,</p>
<p>Erl and baroun, dreng an kayn,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1328</span>
<p>Knithes, and burgeys, and sweyn;</p>
<p>And mad king heyelike and wel,</p>
<p>Denemark shal be þin euere-ilc del.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">41</span>
<a name = "page41" id = "page41"> </a>
<p>Haue þou nouth þer-offe douthe</p>
<span class = "linenum">1332</span>
<p>Nouth þe worth, of one nouthe;</p>
<p>Þer-offe with-i<i>n</i>ne þe firste yer</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Thou shalt be king within the year.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1334" id = "texttag1334" href =
"#textnote1334">1334</a>
<p>Shalt þou ben king, of euere-il del.</p>
<p>But do nou als y wile rathe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1336</span>
<p>Nim in with þe to denema[r]k baþe,</p>
<p>And do þou nouth onfrest þis fare,</p>
<p>Lith and selthe felawes are.</p>
<p>For shal ich neuere bliþe be</p>
<span class = "linenum">1340</span>
<p>Til i with eyen denemark se;</p>
<p>For ich woth, þat al þe lond</p>
<p>Shalt þou haue<i>n</i> in þin hon[d].</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Pray Grim’s sons to go with you to Denmark.</p>
<p>Prey grimes sones alle þre,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1344</span>
<p>That he wenden forþ with þe;</p>
<p>I wot, he wilen þe nouth werne,</p>
<p>With þe wende shule<i>n</i> he yerne,</p>
<p>For he loue<i>n</i> þe herte-like,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1348</span>
<p>Þou maght til he aren quike,</p>
<p>Hwore so he o worde aren;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Go at once.</p>
<p>Þere ship þou do he<i>m</i> swithe yare<i>n</i>,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Delays are dangerous.”</p>
<p>And loke þat þou dwelle<i>n</i> nouth:</p>
<span class = "linenum">1352</span>
<p>Dwelling haueth ofte scaþe wrouth.”</p>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK PRAYS FOR VENGEANCE ON GODARD.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Hwan Hauelok herde þat she radde,</p>
<p>Sone it was day, sone he him cladde,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 211<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<p>And sone to þe kirke yede,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1356</span>
<p>Or he dide ani oþer dede,</p>
<p>And bifor þe rode biga<i>n</i> falle,</p>
<p>Croiz and crist bi[gan] to kalle,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok prays for success,</p>
<p>And seyde, “louerd, þat al weldes,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1360</span>
<p>Wind and wat<i>er</i>, wodes and feldes,</p>
<p>For the holi milce of you,</p>
<p>Haue m<i>er</i>ci of me, louerd, nou!</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and for vengeance on his foe,</p>
<p>And wreke me yet on mi fo,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1364</span>
<p>Þat ich saw biforn min eyne slo</p>
<p>Mine sistres, with a knif,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">42</span>
<a name = "page42" id = "page42"> </a>
<p>And siþen wolde me mi lyf</p>
<p>Haue reft, for in the [depe] se</p>
<span class = "linenum">1368</span>
<p>Bad he grim haue drenched me.</p>
<p>He [hath] mi lond with mikel vn-Rith,</p>
<p>With michel wro<i>n</i>g, with mikel plith,</p>
<p>For i ne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag64" id = "poem_tag64" href =
"#poem_note64">64</a> misdede him neu<i>er</i>e nouth,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1372</span>
<p>And haued me to sorwe brouth.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
who had caused him to be a beggar.</p>
<p>He haueth me do mi mete to þigge,</p>
<p>And ofte in sorwe and pine ligge.</p>
<p>Louerd, haue m<i>er</i>ci of me,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1376</span>
<p>And late [me] wel passe þe se,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He prays for a fair passage across the sea.</p>
<p>Þat <ins class = "mycorr" title = "see Glossary">ihc</ins> haue
ther-offe douthe and kare,</p>
<p>With-uten stormes ouer-fare,</p>
<p>Þat y ne dre<i>n</i>ched [be] þer-ine,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1380</span>
<p>Ne forfaren for no sinne.</p>
<p>And bringge me wel to þe lond,</p>
<p>Þat godard haldes in his hond;</p>
<p>Þat is mi Rith, eueri del:</p>
<span class = "linenum">1384</span>
<p>Ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st, þou wost it wel!”</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note64" id = "poem_note64" href = "#poem_tag64">64</a>
MS. ine.</p>


<p class = "section">
Þa<i>n</i>ne he hauede his bede seyd,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He leaves his offering on the altar.</p>
<p>His offrende on þe auter leyd,</p>
<p>His leue at ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st he tok,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1388</span>
<p>And at his suete moder ok,</p>
<p>And at þe croiz, þat he biforn lay,</p>
<p>Siþe<i>n</i> yede sore grotinde awey.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK ADDRESSES GRIM’S THREE SONS.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
He finds Grim’s sons ready to fish.</p>
<p class = "section">
Hwa<i>n</i><a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag65" id = "poem_tag65" href =
"#poem_note65">65</a> he com hom, he wore yare,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1392</span>
<p>Grimes sones, forto fare</p>
<p>In-to þe se, fishes to gete,</p>
<p>Þat hauelok mithe wel of ete.</p>
<p>But auelok þouthe al anoþer,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok calls Grim’s three sons.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1396</span>
<p>First he ka[l]de þe heldeste broþer,</p>
<p>Roberd þe rede, bi his name,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">43</span>
<a name = "page43" id = "page43"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HE ASKS THEM TO GO WITH HIM TO DENMARK.</span></p>

<p>Wiliam wenduth, and h[uwe r]aue<i>n</i>,<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag66" id = "poem_tag66" href = "#poem_note66">66</a></p>
<p>Grimes sones alle þre,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 211<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">1400</span>
<p>And sey[d]e, “liþes nou alle to me,</p>
<p>Lou<i>er</i>dinges, ich wile you sheue,</p>
<p>A þing of me þat ye wel knewe.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He says, “My father was king of Denmark.</p>
<p>Mi fader was king of denshe lond,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1404</span>
<p>Denemark was al in his hond</p>
<p>Þe day þat he was quik and ded;</p>
<p>But þa<i>n</i>ne hauede he wicke red,</p>
<p>Þat he me, and denemark al,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He left me and my sisters in charge of a foul fiend,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1408</span>
<p>And mine sistres bi-tawte a þral:</p>
<p>A deueles lime [he] hus bitawte,</p>
<p>And al his lond, and al hise authe.</p>
<p>For y saw that fule fend</p>
<span class = "linenum">1412</span>
<p>Mine sistres slo with hise hend;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
who slew my sisters,</p>
<p>First he shar a-two here þrotes,</p>
<p>And siþen [karf] hem al to grotes,</p>
<p>And siþen bad [he] in þe se</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and bade Grim drown me.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1416</span>
<p>Grim, youre fader, dre<i>n</i>che<i>n</i> me.</p>
<p>Deplike dede he him swere</p>
<p>On bok, þat he sholde me bere</p>
<p>Vnto þe se, an dre<i>n</i>chen ine,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1420</span>
<p>And <ins class = "edcorr" title = "word added by editor">[he]</ins>
wolde take<i>n</i> on him þe sinne.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
But Grim was wise.</p>
<p>But grim was wis, and swiþe hende,</p>
<p>Wolde he nouth his soule shende;</p>
<p>Leuere was him to be for-sworen,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1424</span>
<p>Þan dre<i>n</i>chen me, and ben for-lorn;</p>
<p>But sone biga<i>n</i> he forto fle</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He fled from Denmark with me,</p>
<p>Fro denemark, forto ber<i>w</i>en<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag67"
id = "poem_tag67" href = "#poem_note67">67</a> me,</p>
<p>For yif<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag68" id = "poem_tag68" href =
"#poem_note68">68</a> ich hauede þer ben fu<i>n</i>den,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1428</span>
<p>Hauede ben slayn, or harde bunde<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>And heye ben henged on a tre,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">44</span>
<a name = "page44" id = "page44"> </a>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1430" id = "texttag1430" href =
"#textnote1430">1430</a>
<p>Hauede go for him gold ne fe.</p>
<p>For-þi fro denemark hider he fledde,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and took care of me.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1432</span>
<p>And me ful fayre and ful wel fedde,</p>
<p>So þat vn-to þis [ilke] day,</p>
<p>Haue ich ben fed and fostred ay.</p>
<p>But nou ich am up to þat helde</p>
<span class = "linenum">1436</span>
<p>Cume<i>n</i>, that ich may wepne welde,</p>
<p>And y may grete di<i>n</i>tes yeue,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
And now, I must go to Denmark.</p>
<p>Shal i neuere hwil ich lyue</p>
<p>Ben glad, til that ich denemark se;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Go with me, and I will make you rich men.”</p>
<span class = "linenum">1440</span>
<p>I preie you þat ye wende with me,</p>
<p>And ich may mak you riche men,</p>
<p>Ilk of you shal haue castles ten,</p>
<p>And þe lond þat þor-til longes,</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag1444" id = "texttag1444" href =
"#textnote1444">1444</a>
<p>Borwes, tunes, wodes and wo<i>n</i>ges.”<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag69" id = "poem_tag69" href = "#poem_note69">69</a></p>
<p><span class = "gap">&nbsp;*****</span></p>
<p><span class = "gap">&nbsp;*****</span></p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note65" id = "poem_note65" href =
"#poem_tag65">65</a>
In the MS. the Capital letter is prefixed to the next line.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note66" id = "poem_note66" href =
"#poem_tag66">66</a>
MS. haue<i>n</i>. Cf. ll. 1868, 2528. Only an assonance, not a rime,
seems intended.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note67" id = "poem_note67" href =
"#poem_tag67">67</a>
MS. ber?en, <i>the A.S. <b>w</b> being used here</i>. Cf.
l.&nbsp;697.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note68" id = "poem_note68" href =
"#poem_tag68">68</a>
MS. yif.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note69" id = "poem_note69" href =
"#poem_tag69">69</a>
A folio has here been cut out of the MS., containing 180 lines. The
missing portion must have been to this effect. “To this they gladly
assented; and Havelok, accompanied by his wife Goldeborw and the sons of
Grim, set sail for Denmark. Disembarking, they travel till they reach
the castle of a great Danish earl, named Ubbe, who had formerly been a
close friend to king Birkabeyn. Havelok begs that he will allow him to
live in that part of the country, and to gain a livelihood by
trading.”</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK GIVES UBBE A GOLD RING.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 212, col. 1.]</p>
<p>“With swilk als ich byen shal:</p>
<p>Þer-of bi-seche you nou leue;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok asks Ubbe to give him leave to buy and sell there.</p>
<p>Wile ich speke with non oþer reue,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1628</span>
<p>But with þe, þat iustise are,</p>
<p>Þat y mithe seke<i>n</i><a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag70" id =
"poem_tag70" href = "#poem_note70">70</a> mi ware</p>
<p>In gode borwes up and doun,</p>
<p>And faren ich wile fro tun to tun.”</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag1632" id = "texttag1632" href =
"#textnote1632">1632</a>
<p>A gold ring drow he forth anon,</p>
<p>An hundred pu<i>n</i>d was worth þe ston,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He gives Ubbe a gold ring.</p>
<p>And yaf it ubbe for to spede:&mdash;</p>
<p>He was ful wis þat first yaf mede,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1636</span>
<p>And so was hauelok ful wis here,<span class = "pagenum">45</span></p>
<a name = "page45" id = "page45"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
Dearly he sells it, all the same.</p>
<p>He solde his gold ring ful dere,</p>
<p>Was neuere non so dere sold,</p>
<p>For chapme<i>n</i>, neyþer yung ne old:</p>
<span class = "linenum">1640</span>
<p>Þat sholen<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag71" id = "poem_tag71" href
= "#poem_note71">71</a> ye forthward ful wel here<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>Yif þat ye wile þe storie heren.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note70" id = "poem_note70" href =
"#poem_tag70">70</a>
<i>Qu.</i> sellen.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note71" id = "poem_note71" href =
"#poem_tag71">71</a>
MS. shoren.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
UBBE INVITES HAVELOK TO A FEAST.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe takes the ring,</p>
<p class = "section">
Hwa<i>n</i> ubbe hauede þe gold ring,</p>
<p>Hauede he youenet for no þing,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1644</span>
<p>Nouth for þe borw euere-il del:&mdash;</p>
<p>Hauelok bi-hel he swiþe wel,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1646" id = "texttag1646" href =
"#textnote1646">1646</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
admires Havelok’s make and strength,</p>
<p>Hw he was wel of bones maked,</p>
<p>Brod in þe sholdres, ful wel schaped,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1648</span>
<p>Þicke in þe brest, of bodi long;</p>
<p>He semede wel to ben wel strong.</p>
<p>“Deus!” hwat ubbe, “qui ne were he knith?</p>
<p>I woth, þat he is swiþe with!</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and thinks he ought to be a knight, not a pedlar.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1652</span>
<p>Bet<i>er</i>e semede him to bere</p>
<p>Helm on heued, sheld and sp<i>er</i>e,</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne to beye and selle ware.</p>
<p>Allas! þat he shal þer-with fare.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1656</span>
<p>Goddot! wile he trowe me,</p>
<p>Chaffare shal he late be.”</p>
<p>Neþeles he seyde sone:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“Havelok, bring your wife, and come and eat with me.”</p>
<p>“Hauelok, haue [þou] þi bone,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1660</span>
<p>And y ful wel rede þ[e]</p>
<p>Þat þou come, and ete with me</p>
<p>To-day, þou, and þi fayre wif,</p>
<p>Þat þou louest also þi lif.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1664</span>
<p>And haue þou of hire no drede,</p>
<p>Shal hire no man shame bede.</p>
<p>Bi þe fey that y owe to þe,</p>
<p>Þerof shal i me serf-borw be.”</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
UBBE TAKES A GREAT FANCY TO HAVELOK.</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">1668</span>
<p class = "section">
Hauelok herde þat he bad,</p>
<p>And thow was he ful sore drad,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 212, col. 2.]</p>
<p>With him to ete, for hise wif;</p>

<span class = "pagenum">46</span>
<a name = "page46" id = "page46"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok fears ill may come of it.</p>
<p>For him wore leuere þat his lif</p>
<span class = "linenum">1672</span>
<p>Him wore reft, þan she i<i>n</i> blame</p>
<p>Felle, or lauthe ani shame.</p>
<p>Hwa<i>n</i>ne he hauede his wille <i>w</i>at,<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag72" id = "poem_tag72" href = "#poem_note72">72</a></p>
<p>Þe stede, þat he onne sat,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
But Ubbe rides away, saying,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1676</span>
<p>Smot ubbe with spures faste,</p>
<p>And forth awey, but at þe laste,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1678" id = "texttag1678" href =
"#textnote1678">1678</a>
<p>Or he fro him ferde,</p>
<p>Seyde he, þat his folk herde:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“Mind that you come.”</p>
<span class = "linenum">1680</span>
<p>“Loke þat ye come<i>n</i> beþe,</p>
<p>For ich it wile, and ich it rede.”</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note72" id = "poem_note72" href = "#poem_tag72">72</a>
MS. <i>either</i> þat <i>or</i> ?at.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
UBBE SENDS HAVELOK TO BERNARD.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok dares not refuse.</p>
<p class = "section">
Hauelok ne durste, þe he were adrad,</p>
<p>Nouth with-sitte<i>n</i> þat ubbe bad;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1684</span>
<p>His wif he dide with him lede,</p>
<p>Vn-to þe heye curt he y[e]de.<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag73" id
= "poem_tag73" href = "#poem_note73">73</a></p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Robert the Red leads Goldborough.</p>
<p>Roberd hire ledde, þat was red,</p>
<p>Þat hau[ed]e þarned<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag73a" id =
"poem_tag73a" href = "#poem_note73a">*</a> for hire þe ded</p>
<span class = "linenum">1688</span>
<p>Or ani hauede hire misseyd,</p>
<p>Or hand with iuele onne leyd.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
William Wendut is on the other side of her.</p>
<p>Willam wendut was þat oþer</p>
<p>Þat hire ledde, roberdes broþer,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1692</span>
<p>Þat was with at alle nedes:</p>
<p>Wel is him þat god ma<i>n</i> fedes!</p>
<p>Þan he were<i>n</i> come<i>n</i> to þe halle,</p>
<p>Biforen ubbe, and hise me<i>n</i> alle,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe starts up to welcome them.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1696</span>
<p>Vbbe stirte hem ageyn,</p>
<p>And mani a knith, and mani a sweyn,</p>
<p>Hem for to se, and forto shewe;</p>
<p>Þo stod hauelok als a lowe</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok is a head taller than any of them.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1700</span>
<p>Aboven [þo] þat þer-i<i>n</i>ne wore,</p>
<p>Rith al bi þe heued more</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne ani þat þer-inne stod:</p>
<p>Þo was ubbe bliþe of mod,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1704</span>
<p>Þat he saw him so fayr and he<i>n</i>de,<span class =
"pagenum">47</span></p>
<a name = "page47" id = "page47"> </a>
<p>Fro him ne mithe his herte we<i>n</i>de,</p>
<p>Ne fro him, ne fro his wif;</p>
<p>He louede hem sone so his lif.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe loves Havelok better than any one else.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1708</span>
<p>Were<i>n</i> non i<i>n</i> denemark, þat him þouthe,</p>
<p>Þat he so mikel loue mouthe;</p>
<p>More he louede hauelok one,</p>
<p>Þan al denemark, bi mine wone!</p>
<span class = "linenum">1712</span>
<p>Loke nou, hw god helpen kan</p>
<p>O mani wise wif and man.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note73" id = "poem_note73" href =
"#poem_tag73">73</a>
MS. yde.</p>

<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note73a" id = "poem_note73a" href = "#poem_tag73a">*</a>
<i>þarned</i> is an error of the scribe for <i>þoled</i>; see the
<a href = "#gloss_Tharne">Glossary</a>.</p>
</div>


<p class = "section">
Hwan it was come<i>n</i> time to ete,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 212<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<p>Hise wif dede ubbe sone in fete,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1716</span>
<p>And til hire seyde, al on game<i>n</i>:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe’s wife is to eat with Havelok, and Goldborough with Ubbe.</p>
<p>“Dame, þou and hauelok shule<i>n</i> ete same<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>And goldeboru shal ete wit me,</p>
<p>Þat is so fayr so flour on tre;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1720</span>
<p>In al denemark nis<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag74" id =
"poem_tag74" href = "#poem_note74">74</a>
<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag74a" id = "poem_tag74a" href =
"#poem_note74a">*</a> wimma<i>n</i></p>
<p>So fayr so sche, bi seint iohan!”</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1722" id = "texttag1722" href =
"#textnote1722">1722</a>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne [he] were set, and bord leyd,</p>
<p>And þe beneysun was seyd,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
There were cranes, swans, venison, fish, and wines.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1724</span>
<p>Biforn he<i>m</i> com þe beste mete</p>
<p>Þat king or cayser wolde ete;</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1726" id = "texttag1726" href =
"#textnote1726">1726</a>
<p>Kranes, swa<i>n</i>nes, ueneysun,</p>
<p>Lax, lampreys, and god sturgun,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1728</span>
<p>Pyme<i>n</i>t to drinke, and god clare,</p>
<p>Win hwit and red, ful god plente.</p>
<p>Was þer-inne no page so lite,</p>
<p>Þat euere wolde ale bite.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1732</span>
<p>Of þe mete forto tel,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
No need to tell it all.</p>
<p>Ne of þe metes<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag75" id = "poem_tag75"
href = "#poem_note75">75</a> bidde<a class = "emend" name =
"poem_tag75a" id = "poem_tag75a" href = "#poem_note75a">†</a> i nout
dwelle;</p>
<p>Þat is þe storie for to lenge,</p>
<p>It wolde anuye þis fayre genge.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
When the feast is over,</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag1736" id = "texttag1736" href =
"#textnote1736">1736</a>
<p>But hwan he haueden þe kiwing<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag76" id
= "poem_tag76" href = "#poem_note76">76</a> <ins class = "edcorr" title
= "changed by editor from ‘deled’">de[y]led</ins>,</p>
<p>And fele siþes hauede<i>n</i> wosseyled,</p>
<p>And with gode drinkes sete<i>n</i> longe,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">48</span>
<a name = "page48" id = "page48"> </a>

<p>And it was time for to gonge,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1740</span>
<p>Il man to þer he cam fro,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe thinks he must let them have an escort.</p>
<p>Þouthe ubbe, “yf I late hem go,</p>
<p>Þus one foure, with-uten mo,</p>
<p>So mote ich brouke finger or to,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1744</span>
<p>For þis wi<i>m</i>ma<i>n</i> bes mike wo!</p>
<p>For hire shal me<i>n</i> hire louerd slo.”</p>
<p>He tok sone knithes ten,</p>
<p>And wel sixti oþer men,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1748</span>
<p>Wit gode bowes, and with gleiues,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1749" id = "texttag1749" href =
"#textnote1749">1749</a>
<p>And sende him unto þe greyues,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He sends them to Bernard Brown, and bids him take care of them till next
day.</p>
<p>Þe beste ma<i>n</i> of al þe toun,</p>
<p>Þat was named b<i>er</i>nard brun;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1752</span>
<p>And bad him, als he louede his lif,</p>
<p>Hauelok wel y[e]men,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag77" id =
"poem_tag77" href = "#poem_note77">77</a> and his wif,</p>
<p>And wel do wayten al þe nith,</p>
<p>Til þe oþer day, þat it were lith.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1756</span>
<p>Bernard was trewe, and swiþe with,</p>
<p>In al þe borw ne was no knith</p>
<p>Þat betere couþe on stede riden,</p>
<p>Helm on heued, ne swerd bi side.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 212<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Bernard provides a rich supper for Havelok.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1760</span>
<p>Hauelok he gladlike under-stod,</p>
<p>With mike loue, and herte god,</p>
<p>And dide greyþe a super riche,</p>
<p>Also he was no with chinche,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1764</span>
<p>To his bihoue euer-il del,</p>
<p>Þat he mithe supe swiþe wel.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note74" id = "poem_note74" href =
"#poem_tag74">74</a>
MS. is.</p>

<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note74a" id = "poem_note74a" href = "#poem_tag74a">*</a>
Perhaps we should rather read&mdash;<i>is womman</i> [<i>non</i>].</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note75" id = "poem_note75" href =
"#poem_tag75">75</a>
<i>Qu.</i> win.</p>

<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note75a" id = "poem_note75a" href = "#poem_tag75a">†</a>
<i>Bidde</i> must mean <i>offer</i>, rather than <i>bid</i> (as in the
<a href = "#gloss_Bidd">Glossary</a>); unless it be miswritten for
<i>bide</i> = tarry.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note76" id = "poem_note76" href =
"#poem_tag76">76</a>
Uncertain in MS. See <a href = "#textnote1736">note</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note77" id = "poem_note77" href =
"#poem_tag77">77</a>
MS. ymen.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
A GANG OF THIEVES BESET BERNARD’S HOUSE.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
At suppertime sixty-one thieves come to the house,</p>
<p class = "section">
Also he seten, and sholde soupe,</p>
<p>So comes a ladde in a ioupe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1768</span>
<p>And with him sixti oþer stronge,</p>
<p>With swerdes drawen, and kniues lo<i>n</i>ge,</p>
<p>Ilkan i<i>n</i> hande a ful god gleiue,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and bid Bernard open the door.</p>
<p>And seyde, “undo, b<i>er</i>nard þe greyue!</p>
<span class = "linenum">1772</span>
<p>Vndo swiþe, and latus<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag78" id =
"poem_tag78" href = "#poem_note78">78</a> in,<span class =
"pagenum">49</span></p>
<a name = "page49" id = "page49"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
THREE OF THE THIEVES ATTACK HAVELOK.</span></p>

<p>Or þu art ded, bi seint austin!”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Bernard starts up, arms himself,</p>
<p>Bernard stirt up, þat was ful big,</p>
<p>And caste a brinie up-on his rig,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1776</span>
<p>And grop an ax,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag79" id = "poem_tag79"
href = "#poem_note79">79</a> þat was ful god,</p>
<p>Lep to þe dore, so he wore wod,</p>
<p>And seyde, “hwat are ye, þat are þer-oute,</p>
<p>Þat þus bigi<i>n</i>ne<i>n</i> forto stroute?</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and tells them to go away.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1780</span>
<p>Goth he<i>n</i>ne swiþe, fule þeues,</p>
<p>For, bi þe louerd, þat ma<i>n</i> on leues,</p>
<p>Shol ich casten þe dore open,</p>
<p>Su<i>m</i>me of you shal ich drepen!</p>
<span class = "linenum">1784</span>
<p>And þe oþre shal ich kesten</p>
<p>In fet<i>er</i>es, and ful faste festen!”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They defy him.</p>
<p>“Hwat haue ye seid,” quoth a ladde,</p>
<p>“Wenestu þat we ben adradde?</p>
<span class = "linenum">1788</span>
<p>We shole at þis dore gonge</p>
<p>Maugre þin, carl, or outh longe.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They break the door open with a boulder.</p>
<p>He gripe<i>n</i> sone a bulder ston,</p>
<p>And let it fleye, ful god won,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1792</span>
<p>Agen þe dore, þat it to-rof:</p>
<p>Auelok it saw, and þider drof,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok seizes the bar of the door, and says,</p>
<p>And þe barre sone vt-drow,</p>
<p>Þat was unride, and gret ynow,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1796</span>
<p>And caste þe dore open wide,</p>
<p>And seide, “her shal y now abide:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“Come here to me.”</p>
<p>Comes swiþe vn-to me!<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag80" id =
"poem_tag80" href = "#poem_note80">80</a></p>
<p>Datheyt hwo you he<i>n</i>ne fle!”</p>
<span class = "linenum">1800</span>
<p>“No,” quodh on, “þat shaltou coupe,”</p>
<p>And bigan til him to loupe,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Three men attack Havelok.</p>
<p>In his hond is swerd ut-drawe,</p>
<p>Hauelok he wende þore haue slawe;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1804</span>
<p>And with [him] comen oþer two,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 213, col. 1.]</p>
<p>Þat him wolde of liue haue do.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">50</span>
<a name = "page50" id = "page50"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK SLAYS SEVEN OF THE THIEVES.</span></p>

<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1806" id = "texttag1806" href =
"#textnote1806">1806</a>
<p>Hauelok lifte up þe dore-tre,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He kills them all.</p>
<p>And at a dint he slow he<i>m</i> þre;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1808</span>
<p>Was non of hem þat his h<i>er</i>nes</p>
<p>Ne lay þer-ute ageyn þe sternes.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
A fourth he knocks down with a blow on the head.</p>
<p>Þe ferþe þat he siþen mette,</p>
<p>Wit þe barre so he him grette,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1812</span>
<p>Bifor þe heued, þat þe rith eye</p>
<p>Vt of þe hole made he fleye,</p>
<p>And siþe clapte him on þe crune,</p>
<p>So þat he stan-ded fel þor dune.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
A fifth he hits between the shoulders.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1816</span>
<p>Þe fifte þat he ouer-tok,</p>
<p>Gaf he a ful sor dint[e] ok,</p>
<p>Bitwen þe sholdres, þer he stod,</p>
<p>Þat he spen his herte blod.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
A sixth he smites on the neck.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1820</span>
<p>Þe sixte wende for to fle,</p>
<p>And he clapte him with þe tre</p>
<p>Rith in þe fule necke so,</p>
<p>Þat he smot hise necke on to.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1824</span>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne þe sixe weren doun feld,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
A seventh aims at Havelok’s eye.</p>
<p>Þe seuenþe brayd ut his swerd,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1826" id = "texttag1826" href =
"#textnote1826">1826</a>
<p>And wolde hauelok Riht i<i>n</i> the eye;</p>
<p>And haue<i>lok</i> le[t þe]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag81" id =
"poem_tag81" href = "#poem_note81">81</a> barre fleye,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok kills him.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1828</span>
<p>And smot him sone ageyn þe brest,</p>
<p>Þat hauede he neu<i>er</i>e sch[r]ifte of p<i>re</i>st;</p>
<p>For he was ded on lesse hwile,</p>
<p>Þan me<i>n</i> mouthe re<i>n</i>ne a mile.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The rest divide into two parties,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1832</span>
<p>Alle þe oþere were<i>n</i> ful kene,</p>
<p>A red þei taken hem bi-twene,</p>
<p>þat he sholde him bi-halue,</p>
<p>And brise<i>n</i> so, þat wit no salue</p>
<span class = "linenum">1836</span>
<p>Ne sholde him helen leche non:</p>
<p>Þey drowen ut swerdes, ful god won,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1838" id = "texttag1838" href =
"#textnote1838">1838</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
and rush at him like dogs at a bear.</p>
<p>And shoten on him, so don on bere</p>
<p>Dogges, þat wolden him to-tere,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">51</span>
<a name = "page51" id = "page51"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">1840</span>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne men doth þe bere beyte:</p>
<p>Þe laddes were kaske and teyte,</p>
<p>And vn-bi-yeden him ilkon,</p>
<p>Su<i>m</i> smot with tre, and su<i>m</i> wit ston;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1844</span>
<p>Su<i>m</i>me putte<i>n</i> with gleyue, i<i>n</i> bac and side,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They wound Havelok in twenty places.</p>
<p>And yeue<i>n</i> wundes longe and wide;</p>
<p>In twenti stedes, and wel mo,</p>
<p>Fro þe croune til the to.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1848</span>
<p>Hwan he saw þat, he was wod,</p>
<p>And was it ferlik hw he stod,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 213, col. 2.]</p>
<p>For the blod ran of his sides</p>
<p>So water þat fro þe welle glides;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1852</span>
<p>But þa<i>n</i>ne bigan he for to mowe</p>
<p>With the barre, and let hem shewe,</p>
<p>Hw he cowþe sore smite,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He at last succeeds in killing twenty of them.</p>
<p>For was þer non, long ne lite,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1856</span>
<p>Þat he Mouthe ouer-take,</p>
<p>Þat he ne garte his croune krake;</p>
<p>So þat on a litel stund,</p>
<p>Felde he twenti to þe grund.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note78" id = "poem_note78" href =
"#poem_tag78">78</a>
<i>Sic</i> in MS.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note79" id = "poem_note79" href =
"#poem_tag79">79</a>
MS. ar; <i>but see</i> l. 1894.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note80" id = "poem_note80" href =
"#poem_tag80">80</a>
MS. vnto me datheit,&mdash;evidently the repetition of the first word in
the succeeding line.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note81" id = "poem_note81" href =
"#poem_tag81">81</a>
<i>Qu.</i> Hauelok let the. MS. “haue le.”</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
THE THIEVES SHOOT AT HIM FROM A DISTANCE.</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">1860</span>
<p class = "section">
Þo bigan gret dine to rise,</p>
<p>For þe laddes on ilke wise</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They throw stones at him.</p>
<p>Him asaylede<i>n</i> wit grete dintes,</p>
<p>Fro fer he stoden, him with flintes</p>
<span class = "linenum">1864</span>
<p>And gleyues schote<i>n</i> him fro ferne,</p>
<p>For drepen him he wolden yerne;</p>
<p>But durste<i>n</i> he newhe<i>n</i> him no more,</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne he bor or leu<i>n</i> wore.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HUGH AND THE REST COME TO THE RESCUE.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Hugh Raven hears the noise,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1868</span>
<p class = "section">
Huwe raue<i>n</i> þat dine herde,</p>
<p>And þowthe wel, þat me<i>n</i> mis-ferde</p>
<p>With his louerd, for his wif,</p>
<p>And grop an ore, and a long knif,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1872</span>
<p>And þider drof al so an hert,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and comes to help.</p>
<p>And cham þer on a litel stert,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">52</span>
<a name = "page52" id = "page52"> </a>
<p>And saw how þe laddes wode</p>
<p>Hauelok his louerd umbistode,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1876</span>
<p>And bete<i>n</i> on him so doth þe smith</p>
<p>With þe hamer on þe stith.</p>


<p class = "section">
“Allas!” hwat hwe, “þat y was bore<i>n</i>!</p>
<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e et ich bred of koren!</p>
<span class = "linenum">1880</span>
<p>Þat ich here þis sorwe se!</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Hugh calls out to Robert and William.</p>
<p>Roberd! willam! hware ar ye?</p>
<p>Gripeth eþer unker a god tre,</p>
<p>And late we nouth þise doges fle,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1884</span>
<p>Til ure louerd wreke [we];</p>
<p>Cometh swiþe, and folwes me!</p>
<p>Ich haue in honde a ful god ore:</p>
<p>Datheit wo ne smite sore!”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Robert comes to the rescue,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1888</span>
<p>“Ya! leue, ya!” quod roberd sone,</p>
<p>“We haue<i>n</i> ful god lith of þe mone.”</p>
<p>Roberd grop a staf, strong and gret,</p>
<p>Þat mouthe ful wel bere a net,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and William too, and Bernard.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1892</span>
<p>And willam wendut grop a tre</p>
<p>Mikel grettere þan his þe,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag82" id =
"poem_tag82" href = "#poem_note82">82</a></p>
<p>And b<i>er</i>nard held his ax ful faste;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 213<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<p>I seye, was he nouth þe laste;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1896</span>
<p>And lopen forth so he weren wode</p>
<p>To þe laddes, þer he stode,</p>
<p>And yaf hem wundes swiþe grete;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They fight with the thieves.</p>
<p>Þer mithe men wel se boyes bete,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1900</span>
<p>And ribbes in here sides breke,</p>
<p>And hauelok on hem wel wreke.</p>
<p>He broken armes, he broken knes,</p>
<p>He broken shankes, he broke<i>n</i> thes.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1904</span>
<p>He dide þe blode þere re<i>n</i>ne dune</p>
<p>To þe fet rith fro the crune,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
No head was spared.</p>
<p>For was þer spared heued non:</p>
<p>He leyden on heuedes, ful god won,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">53</span>
<a name = "page53" id = "page53"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">1908</span>
<p>And made croune[s] breke and crake,</p>
<p>Of þe broune, and of þe blake;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He made their backs as soft as their bellies.</p>
<p>He made<i>n</i> here backes al so bloute</p>
<p>Als h[<i>er</i>]e<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag83" id =
"poem_tag83" href = "#poem_note83">83</a> wombes, and made he<i>m</i>
rowte</p>
<span class = "linenum">1912</span>
<p>Als he weren kradelbarnes:</p>
<p>So dos þe child þat moder þarnes.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note82" id = "poem_note82" href =
"#poem_tag82">82</a>
MS. þre, <i>the <b>r</b> being caught from the word above.</i> Cf.
l.&nbsp;1903.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note83" id = "poem_note83" href =
"#poem_tag83">83</a>
<i>Qu.</i> here. MS. he.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
ALL THE SIXTY THIEVES ARE SLAIN.</span></p>

<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1914" id = "texttag1914" href =
"#textnote1914">1914</a>
<p class = "section">
Daþeit <i>w</i>o<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag84" id = "poem_tag84"
href = "#poem_note84">84</a> recke! for he it s<i>er</i>uede,</p>
<p>Hwat dide he þore were<i>n</i> he werewed;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1916</span>
<p>So longe hauede<i>n</i> he but and bet</p>
<p>With neues under hernes set,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
All sixty assailants are slain.</p>
<p>Þat of þo sixti men and on</p>
<p>Ne wente þer awey liues non.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note84" id = "poem_note84" href = "#poem_tag84">84</a>
MS. “?e,” clearly miswritten for “?o” or “wo.” See ll. 2047, 296, 300,
&amp;c.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
UBBE ASKS BERNARD WHAT HAS HAPPENED.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
At morn, there they lay like dogs.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1920</span>
<p class = "section">
ON þe morwe<i>n</i>, h<i>w</i>an<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag85" id
= "poem_tag85" href = "#poem_note85">85</a> it was day,</p>
<p>Ilc on other wirwed lay,</p>
<p>Als it were dogges þat were<i>n</i> he<i>n</i>ged,</p>
<p>And su<i>m</i>me leye i<i>n</i> dikes slenget,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1924</span>
<p>And su<i>m</i>me in gripes bi þe her</p>
<p>Drawen ware, and lat<i>en</i> ther.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1926" id = "texttag1926" href =
"#textnote1926">1926</a>
<p>Sket cam tiding intil ubbe,</p>
<p>Þat hauelok hauede with a clubbe</p>
<span class = "linenum">1928</span>
<p>Of hise slawen sixti and on</p>
<p>Sergaunz, þe beste þat mithe<i>n</i> gon.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe comes to see what is the matter.</p>
<p>“Deus!” quoth ubbe, “hwat may þis be!</p>
<p>Bet<i>er</i>e his i nime<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag86" id =
"poem_tag86" href = "#poem_note86">86</a> miself and se,</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag1932" id = "texttag1932" href =
"#textnote1932">1932</a>
<p>Þat þis baret on hwat is wold,</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne i sende yunge or old.</p>
<p>For yif i sende him un-to,</p>
<p>I wene me<i>n</i> sholde him shame do,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1936</span>
<p>And þat ne wolde ich for no þing:<span class =
"pagenum">54</span></p>
<a name = "page54" id = "page54"> </a>
<p>I loue him wel, bi heuene king!</p>
<p>Me wore leuere i wore lame,</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne men dide him ani shame,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 213<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">1940</span>
<p>Or tok, or onne handes leyde,</p>
<p>Vn-ornelike,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag87" id = "poem_tag87"
href = "#poem_note87">87</a> or same seyde.”</p>
<p>He lep up on a stede lith,</p>
<p>And with him mani a noble knith,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1944</span>
<p>And ferde forth un-to þe tun,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He calls for Bernard Brown.</p>
<p>And dide calle b<i>er</i>nard brun</p>
<p>Vt of his hus, wan he þer cam;</p>
<p>And b<i>er</i>nard sone ageyn [him] nam,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1948</span>
<p>Al to-tused and al to-torn,</p>
<p>Ner also naked so he was born,</p>
<p>And al to-brised, bac and þe:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe asks who has beaten him about so?</p>
<p>Quoth ubbe, “b<i>er</i>nard, hwat is þe?</p>
<span class = "linenum">1952</span>
<p>Hwo haues þe þus ille maked,</p>
<p>Þus to-riue<i>n</i>, and al mad naked?”</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note85" id = "poem_note85" href =
"#poem_tag85">85</a>
MS. “hhan,” miswritten for “h?an,” from which it differs very
slightly.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note86" id = "poem_note86" href =
"#poem_tag86">86</a>
MS. inime.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note87" id = "poem_note87" href =
"#poem_tag87">87</a>
MS. Vn ornel?ke; <i>but <b>?</b> should certainly be</i> i.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
BERNARD RELATES HAVELOK’S PROWESS.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
“Louerd,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag88" id = "poem_tag88" href =
"#poem_note88">88</a> m<i>er</i>ci,” quot he sone,</p>
<p>“To-nicht also ros þe mone</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“Sixty thieves attacked me last night.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1956</span>
<p>Come<i>n</i> her mo þan sixti þeues,</p>
<p>With lokene copes, and wide sleues,</p>
<p>Me forto robben, and to pine,</p>
<p>And for to drepe me and mine.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1960</span>
<p>Mi dore he broken up ful sket,</p>
<p>And wolde me binden hond and fet.</p>
<p>Wan þe godeme<i>n</i> þat sawe,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok and his friends drove them off.</p>
<p>Hauelok, and he þat bi þe wowe</p>
<span class = "linenum">1964</span>
<p>Leye, he stirte<i>n</i> up sone on-on,</p>
<p>And su<i>m</i>me grop tre, and su<i>m</i> grop ston,</p>
<p>And driue he<i>m</i> ut, þei he were<i>n</i> crus,</p>
<p>So dogges ut of milne-hous.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1968</span>
<p>Hauelok grop þe dore-tre,</p>
<p>And [at] a dint he slow he<i>m</i> thre.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">55</span>
<a name = "page55" id = "page55"> </a>
<p>He is þe beste ma<i>n</i> at nede,</p>
<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e mar shal ride stede!</p>
<span class = "linenum">1972</span>
<p>Als helpe god, bi mine wone,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He is worth a thousand men.</p>
<p>A þhousend of me<i>n</i> his he worth one!</p>
<p>Yif he ne were, ich were nou ded,</p>
<p>So haue ich don Mi soule red;</p>
<span class = "linenum">1976</span>
<p>But it is hof him mikel sinne;</p>
<p>He made<i>n</i> him swilke woundes þri<i>n</i>ne,</p>
<p>Þat of þe alþer-leste wounde</p>
<p>Were a stede brouht to grunde.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He has some bad wounds, more than twenty.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1980</span>
<p>He haues a wunde i<i>n</i> the side,</p>
<p>With a gleyue, ful un-ride,</p>
<p>And he haues on þoru his arum,</p>
<p>Þer-of is ful mikel haru<i>m</i>,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 214, col. 1.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">1984</span>
<p>And he haues on þoru his þhe,</p>
<p>Þe vn-rideste þat men may se,</p>
<p>And oþe[r] wundes haues he stro<i>n</i>ge,</p>
<p>Mo than twenti swiþe longe.</p>
<span class = "linenum">1988</span>
<p>But siþen he hauede lauth þe sor</p>
<p>Of þe wundes, was neuere bor</p>
<p>Þat so fauth so he fauth þa<i>n</i>ne;</p>
<p>Was non þat hauede þe hern-panne</p>
<span class = "linenum">1992</span>
<p>So hard, þat he ne dede alto-cruhsse,</p>
<p>And alto-shiuere, and alto-frusshe.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He followed them like a dog does a hare.</p>
<p>He folwede he<i>m</i> so hund dos hare,</p>
<p>Daþeyt on he wolde spare,</p>
<span class = "linenum">1996</span>
<p>Þat [he] ne made he<i>m</i> euerilk on</p>
<p>Ligge stille so doth þe ston:</p>
<p>And þer nis he nouth to frie,</p>
<p>For oþer sholde he make hem lye</p>
<span class = "linenum">2000</span>
<p>Ded, or þei him hauede slawen,</p>
<p>Or alto-hewen, or al-to-drawen.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note88" id = "poem_note88" href = "#poem_tag88">88</a>
MS. Iouerd.</p>


<p class = "section">
Louerd, haui no more plith</p>
<p>Of þat ich was þus greþed to-nith.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2004</span>
<p>Þus wolde þe theues me haue reft,<span class =
"pagenum">56</span></p>
<a name = "page56" id = "page56"> </a>
<p>But god-þank, he hauenet sure keft.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
But I fear Havelok is all but dead.”</p>
<p>But it is of him mikel scaþe:</p>
<p>I woth þat he bes ded ful raþe.”</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
THE OTHERS CONFIRM BERNARD’S STORY.</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">2008</span>
<p class = "section">
Quoth ubbe, “b<i>er</i>nard, seyst þou soth?”</p>
<p>“Ya, sire, that i ne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag89" id =
"poem_tag89" href = "#poem_note89">89</a> lepe oth.</p>
<p>Yif y, louerd, a word leye,</p>
<p>To-morwen do me hengen heye.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The rest confirm Bernard’s story.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2012</span>
<p>Þe burgeys þat þer-bi stode þore,</p>
<p>Grundlike and grete oþes swore,</p>
<p>Litle and mikle, yunge and holde,</p>
<p>Þat was soth, þat b<i>er</i>nard tolde.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2016</span>
<p>Soth was, þat he wolde<i>n</i> him bynde,</p>
<p>And trusse al þat he mithen fynde</p>
<p>Of hise, in arke or in kiste,</p>
<p>Þat he mouthe i<i>n</i> seckes þriste.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“The thieves wanted to steal all he had.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2020</span>
<p>“Louerd, he hauede<i>n</i> al awey born</p>
<p>His þing, and him-self alto-torn,</p>
<p>But als god self barw him wel,</p>
<p>Þat he ne tinte no catel.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2024</span>
<p>Hwo mithe so mani sto<i>n</i>de ageyn,</p>
<p>Bi nither-tale, knith or swein?</p>
<p>He were<i>n</i> bi tale sixti and ten,</p>
<p>Starke laddes, stalworþi men,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They were led on by one G[r]iffin Gall.”</p>
<span class = "linenum">2028</span>
<p>And on, þe mayster of he<i>m</i> alle,</p>
<p>Þat was þe name giffin<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag90" id =
"poem_tag90" href = "#poem_note90">90</a> galle.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 214, col. 2.]</p>
<p>Hwo mouthe agey[<i>n</i>]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag91" id =
"poem_tag91" href = "#poem_note91">91</a> so mani sto<i>n</i>de,</p>
<p>But als þis ma<i>n</i> of f<i>er</i>ne londe</p>
<span class = "linenum">2032</span>
<p>Haueth he<i>m</i> slawe<i>n</i> with a tre?</p>
<p>Mikel ioie haue he!</p>
<p>God yeue him mikel god to welde,</p>
<p>Boþe in tun, and ek in felde!</p>
<span class = "linenum">2036</span>
<p>We[l]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag92" id = "poem_tag92" href =
"#poem_note92">92</a> is set he etes mete.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe sends for Havelok,</p>
<p>Quoth ubbe, “doth him swiþe fete,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">57</span>
<a name = "page57" id = "page57"> </a>
<p>Þat y mouthe his woundes se,</p>
<p>Yf that he mouthe<i>n</i> heled<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag93"
id = "poem_tag93" href = "#poem_note93">93</a> be.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2040</span>
<p>For yf he mouthe couere yet,</p>
<p>And gange<i>n</i> wel up-on hise fet,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
to dub him knight.</p>
<p>Mi-self shal dubbe him to knith,</p>
<p>For-þi þat he is so with.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2044</span>
<p>And yif he liuede, þo foule theues,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2045" id = "texttag2045" href =
"#textnote2045">2045</a>
<p>Þat were<i>n</i> of kaym kin and eues,</p>
<p>He sholden hange bi þe necke;</p>
<p>Of here ded daþeit wo recke,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2048</span>
<p>Hwan he yeden þus on nithes</p>
<p>To binde boþe burgme<i>n</i> and knithes.</p>
<p>For bynderes loue ich neuere mo,</p>
<p>Of hem ne yeue ich nouht a slo.”</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note89" id = "poem_note89" href =
"#poem_tag89">89</a>
MS. ine.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note90" id = "poem_note90" href =
"#poem_tag90">90</a>
<i>Qu.</i> griffin.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note91" id = "poem_note91" href =
"#poem_tag91">91</a>
MS. agey.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note92" id = "poem_note92" href =
"#poem_tag92">92</a>
Cf. ll. 772, 907.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note93" id = "poem_note93" href =
"#poem_tag93">93</a>
MS. holed. See l. 2058.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
UBBE SENDS FOR HAVELOK AND TAKES HIM TO HIS CASTLE.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok is brought before Ubbe.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2052</span>
<p class = "section">
Hauelok was bifore ubbe browth,</p>
<p>Þat hauede for him ful mikel þouth,</p>
<p>And mikel sorwe in his herte</p>
<p>For hise wundes, þat we[r] so smerte.</p>


<span class = "linenum">2056</span>
<p class = "section">
But hwa<i>n</i> his wundes were<i>n</i> shewed,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
A leech says he can be healed.</p>
<p>And a leche hauede knawed,</p>
<p>Þat he hem mouthe ful wel hele,</p>
<p>Wel make him gange, and ful wel mele,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2060</span>
<p>And wel a palefrey bistride,</p>
<p>And wel up-on a stede ride,</p>
<p>Þo let ubbe al his care</p>
<p>And al his sorwe ouer-fare;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe invites him and Goldborough to his own castle.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2064</span>
<p>And seyde, “cu<i>m</i> now forth with me,</p>
<p>And goldeboru, þi wif, with þe,</p>
<p>And þine seriaunz al þre,</p>
<p>For nou wile y youre warant be;</p>
<span class = "linenum">2068</span>
<p>Wile y non of here frend</p>
<p>Þat þu slowe with þin hend</p>
<p>Moucte wayte þe [to] slo,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">58</span>
<a name = "page58" id = "page58"> </a>
<p>Also þou gange to and fro.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2072</span>
<p>I shal lene þe a bowr,</p>
<p>Þat is up in þe heye tour,</p>
<p>Til þou mowe ful wel go,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 214<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<p>And wel ben hol of al þi wo.</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2076" id = "texttag2076" href =
"#textnote2076">2076</a>
<p>It ne shal no þing be<i>n</i> bitwene</p>
<p>Þi bour and min, also y wene,</p>
<p>But a fayr firrene wowe;&mdash;</p>
<p>Speke y loude, or spek y lowe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2080</span>
<p>Þou shalt<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag94" id = "poem_tag94" href
= "#poem_note94">94</a> ful wel heren me,</p>
<p>And þan þu wilt, þou shalt me se.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He promises to protect Goldborough.</p>
<p>A rof shal hile us boþe o-nith,</p>
<p>Þat none of mine, clerk ne knith,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2084</span>
<p>Ne sholen þi wif no shame bede,</p>
<p>No more þan min, so god me rede!”</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note94" id = "poem_note94" href = "#poem_tag94">94</a>
MS. sahalt; <i>and the second a is expuncted by mistake, instead of the
first</i>.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
UBBE SEES THE MIRACULOUS LIGHT &emsp; WHICH ISSUES FROM HAVELOK’S
MOUTH.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
HE dide un-to þe borw bringe</p>
<p>Sone anon, al with ioynge,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2088</span>
<p>His wif, and his serganz þre,</p>
<p>Þe beste men þat mouthe be.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The first night, about midnight,</p>
<p>Þe firste nith he lay þer-inne,</p>
<p>Hise wif, and his serganz þrinne,</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2092" id = "texttag2092" href =
"#textnote2092">2092</a>
<p>Aboute þe middel of þe nith</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe wakes and sees a great light.</p>
<p>Wok ubbe, and saw a mikel lith</p>
<p>In þe bour þat hauelok lay,</p>
<p>Also brith so it were day.</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe says he must go and see what it means.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2096</span>
<p class = "section">
“Deus!” quoth ubbe, “hwat may þis be?</p>
<p>Bet<i>er</i>e is i go miself, and se:</p>
<p>Hweþer he sitte<i>n</i> nou, and wesseyle<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>Or of ani shotshipe to-deyle,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2100</span>
<p>Þis tid nithes, also foles;</p>
<p>Þan birþe men caste<i>n</i> hem i<i>n</i> poles,</p>
<p>Or in a grip, or in þe fen:</p>

<span class = "pagenum">59</span>
<a name = "page59" id = "page59"> </a>
<p>Nou ne sitten none but wicke men,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2104</span>
<p>Glotuns, reu[e]res, or wicke þeues,</p>
<p>Bi c<i>ri</i>st, þat alle folk onne leues!”</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
He peeps in, and sees them all asleep.</p>
<p class = "section">
He stod, and totede i<i>n</i> at a bord,</p>
<p>Her he spak anilepi word,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2108</span>
<p>And saw hem slepen faste ilkon,</p>
<p>And lye stille so þe ston;</p>
<p>And saw al þat mikel lith</p>
<p>Fro hauelok cam, þat was so brith.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The light issues from Havelok’s mouth.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2112</span>
<p>Of his mouth it com il del,</p>
<p>Þat was he war ful swiþe wel.</p>
<p>“Deus!” quoth he, “hwat may þis mene!”</p>
<p>He calde boþe arwe me<i>n</i> and kene,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2116</span>
<p>Knithes, and serganz swiþe sleie,</p>
<p>Mo þan an hundred, with-ute<i>n</i> leye,</p>
<p>And bad hem alle come<i>n</i> and se,</p>
<p>Hwat þat selcuth mithe be.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
THE LIGHT SHOWS THAT HAVELOK IS THE HEIR.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 214<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">2120</span>
<p class = "section">
Als þe knithes were come<i>n</i> alle,</p>
<p>Þer hauelok lay, ut of þe halle,</p>
<p>So stod ut of his mouth a glem,</p>
<p>Rith al swilk so þe sunne-bem;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The light is like that of 107 candles.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2124</span>
<p>Þat al so lith wa[s] þare, bi heuene!</p>
<p>So þer brenden serges seuene,</p>
<p>And an hundred serges ok:</p>
<p>Þat durste hi sweren on a bok.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2128</span>
<p>He slepen faste alle fiue,</p>
<p>So he weren brouth of liue;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok and Goldborough are fast asleep.</p>
<p>And hauelok lay on his lift side,</p>
<p>In his armes his brithe bride.</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2132" id = "texttag2132" href =
"#textnote2132">2132</a>
<p>Bi þe pappes he leyen naked:</p>
<p>So faire two weren neuere maked</p>
<p>In a bed to lyen samen:&mdash;</p>
<p>Þe knithes þouth of hem god game<i>n</i>,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2136</span>
<p>Hem forto shewe, and loken to.<span class = "pagenum">60</span></p>
<a name = "page60" id = "page60"> </a>
<p>Rith also he stode<i>n</i> alle so,</p>
<p>And his bac was toward he<i>m</i> we<i>n</i>d,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They see a bright cross on his back, denoting kingship.</p>
<p>So were<i>n</i> he war of a croiz ful gent,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2140</span>
<p>On his rith shuldre sw[iþ]e<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag95" id =
"poem_tag95" href = "#poem_note95">95</a> brith,</p>
<p>Brithter þan gold ageyn þe lith.</p>
<p>So þat he wiste heye and lowe,</p>
<p>Þat it was kunrik þat he sawe.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2144</span>
<p>It sparkede, and ful brith shon,</p>
<p>So doth þe gode charbucle ston,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
It was light enough to choose a penny by.</p>
<p>Þat men Mouthe se by þe lith,</p>
<p>A peni chesen, so was it brith.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2148</span>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne bihelden he him faste,</p>
<p>So þat he knewe<i>n</i> at þe laste,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They know he is Birkabeyn’s son and heir.</p>
<p>Þat he was birkabeynes sone,</p>
<p>Þat was here king, þat was he<i>m</i> wone</p>
<span class = "linenum">2152</span>
<p>Wel to yeme, and wel were</p>
<p>Ageynes uten-laddes here.</p>
<p>“For it was neuere yet a broþer</p>
<p>In al denemark so lich anoþer,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2156</span>
<p>So þis man þat is so fayr</p>
<p>Als birkabeyn, he is hise eyr.”</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note95" id = "poem_note95" href = "#poem_tag95">95</a>
MS. swe, <i>for</i> swiþe. Cf. l. 1252.</p>


<p class = "section">
He fellen sone at hise fet,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They weep for joy.</p>
<p>Was non of hem þat he ne gret,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2160</span>
<p>Of ioie he weren alle so fawen,</p>
<p>So he him haueden of erþe drawe<i>n</i>.</p>
<p>Hise fet he kisten an hundred syþes,</p>
<p>Þe tos, þe nayles, and þe lithes,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2164</span>
<p>So þat he bigan to wakne,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag96" id =
"poem_tag96" href = "#poem_note96">96</a></p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 215, col. 1.]</p>
<p>And wit he<i>m</i> ful sore to blakne,</p>
<p>For he wende he wolde<i>n</i> him slo,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok wakes.</p>
<p>Or elles binde him, and do wo.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note96" id = "poem_note96" href = "#poem_tag96">96</a>
Here follows the catchword&mdash; “And wit hem.”</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
UBBE SAYS HAVELOK SHALL BE KING.</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">2168</span>
<p class = "section">
Quoth ubbe, “louerd, ne dred þe nowth,</p>
<p>Me þinkes that I se þi þouth.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">61</span>
<a name = "page61" id = "page61"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe offers homage to him,</p>
<p>Dere sone, wel is me,</p>
<p>Þat y þe with eyn[e]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag97" id =
"poem_tag97" href = "#poem_note97">97</a> se.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2172</span>
<p>Man-red, louerd, bede y þe,</p>
<p>Þi man auht i ful wel to be,</p>
<p>For þu art come<i>n</i> of birkabeyn,</p>
<p>Þat hauede mani knith and sweyn;</p>
<span class = "linenum">2176</span>
<p>And so shalt þou, louerd, haue,</p>
<p>Þou þu be yet a ful yung knaue.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and says he shall be king of Denmark.</p>
<p>Þou shalt be king of al denemark,</p>
<p>Was þer-inne neu<i>er</i>e non so stark.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2180</span>
<p>To-morwen shaltu manrede take</p>
<p>Of þe brune and of þe blake;</p>
<p>Of alle þat aren in þis tun,</p>
<p>Boþe of erl, and of barun,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2184</span>
<p>And of dreng, and of thayn,</p>
<p>And of knith, and of sweyn.</p>
<p>And so shaltu ben mad knith</p>
<p>Wit blisse, for þou art so with.”</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note97" id = "poem_note97" href = "#poem_tag97">97</a>
We find <i>eyne</i> in ll. 680, 1273, &amp;c.</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok is blithe, and thanks God.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2188</span>
<p class = "section">
Þo was hauelok swiþe bliþe,</p>
<p>And þankede God ful fele siþe.</p>
<p>On þe morwen, wan it was lith,</p>
<p>And gon was þist<i>er</i>nesse of þe nith,</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2192" id = "texttag2192" href =
"#textnote2192">2192</a>
<p>Vbbe dide up-on a stede</p>
<p>A ladde lepe, and þider bede</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe summons all his lords.</p>
<p>Erles, barouns, drenges, theynes,</p>
<p>Klerkes, knithes, bu[r]geys,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag98" id =
"poem_tag98" href = "#poem_note98">98</a> sweynes,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2196</span>
<p>Þat he sholden comen a-non,</p>
<p>Biforen him sone euerilkon,</p>
<p>Also he loue<i>n</i> here liues,</p>
<p>And here children, and here wiues.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note98" id = "poem_note98" href = "#poem_tag98">98</a>
MS. bugey?.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
UBBE RELATES HAVELOK’S HISTORY.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
All come to receive his orders.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2200</span>
<p class = "section">
Hise bode ne durste he non at-sitte,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2201" id = "texttag2201" href =
"#textnote2201">2201</a>
<p>Þat he ne neme<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag99" id = "poem_tag99"
href = "#poem_note99">99</a> for to wite</p>

<span class = "pagenum">62</span>
<a name = "page62" id = "page62"> </a>
<p>Sone, hwat wolde þe iustise:</p>
<p>And [he] bigan anon to rise,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2204</span>
<p>And seyde sone, “liþes me,</p>
<p>Alle samen, þeu and fre.</p>
<p>A þing ich wile you here shauwe,</p>
<p>Þat ye<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag100" id = "poem_tag100" href =
"#poem_note100">100</a> alle ful wel knawe.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe tells them about Birkabeyn,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2208</span>
<p>Ye wite<i>n</i> wel, þat al þis lond</p>
<p>Was i<i>n</i> birkabeynes hond,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 215, col. 2.]</p>
<p>Þe day þat he was quic and ded;</p>
<p>And how þat he, bi youre red,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
who commended his children to Godard;</p>
<span class = "linenum">2212</span>
<p>Bitauhte hise children þre</p>
<p>Godard to yeme, and al his fe.</p>
<p>Hauelok his sone he him tauhte,</p>
<p>And hise two douhtres, and al his auhte,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2216</span>
<p>Alle herden ye him swere</p>
<p>On bok, and on messe-gere,</p>
<p>Þat he shulde yeme hem wel,</p>
<p>With-uten lac, with-uten tel.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note99" id = "poem_note99" href =
"#poem_tag99">99</a>
MS. meme; <i>miswritten for</i> neme; <i>see</i> ll. 1207, 1931.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note100" id = "poem_note100" href =
"#poem_tag100">100</a>
MS. he.</p>
</div>

<p class = "sidenote">
and how Godard slew the two girls,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2220</span>
<p class = "section">
He let his oth al ouer-go,</p>
<p>Euere wurþe him yuel and wo!</p>
<p>For<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag101" id = "poem_tag101" href =
"#poem_note101">101</a> þe maydnes here lif</p>
<p>Refte he boþen, with a knif,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2224</span>
<p>And him shulde ok haue slawe<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>Þe knif was at his herte drawe<i>n</i>,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
but had pity on the boy;</p>
<p>But god him wolde wel haue saue,</p>
<p>He hauede reunesse of þe knaue,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2228</span>
<p>So þat he with his hend</p>
<p>Ne drop him nouth, þat sor[i] fend,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
but afterwards ordered Grim to drown him.</p>
<p>But sone dide he a fishere</p>
<p>Swiþe grete oþes swere,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2232</span>
<p>Þat he sholde drenchen him</p>
<p>In þe se, þat was ful brim.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note101" id = "poem_note101" href =
"#poem_tag101">101</a>
<i>Qu.</i> Fro.</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
But Grim fled with him to England.</p>
<p class = "section">
Hwan grim saw þat he was so fayr,</p>
<p>And wiste he was þe Rith eir,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">63</span>
<a name = "page63" id = "page63"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">2236</span>
<p>Fro denemark ful sone he fledde</p>
<p>In-til englond, and þer him fedde</p>
<p>Mani winter, þat til þis day</p>
<p>Haues he ben fed and fostred ay.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Then Ubbe shows Havelok to them all,</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2240" id = "texttag2240" href =
"#textnote2240">2240</a>
<p>Lokes, hware he sto<i>n</i>des her:</p>
<p>In al þis werd ne haues he per;</p>
<p>Non so fayr, ne non so long,</p>
<p>Ne non so mikel, ne non so stro<i>n</i>g.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2244</span>
<p>In þis middelerd nis no knith</p>
<p>Half so strong, ne half so with.</p>
<p>Bes of him ful glad and bliþe,</p>
<p>And cometh alle hider swiþe,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and bids them swear fealty to him.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2248</span>
<p>Manrede youre louerd forto make,</p>
<p>Boþe brune and þe blake.</p>
<p>I shal mi-self do first þe gamen,</p>
<p>And ye siþen alle samen.”</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
UBBE DOES HOMAGE TO HAVELOK.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe swears fealty first.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2252</span>
<p class = "section">
Oknes ful fayre he him sette,</p>
<p>Mouthe noþing him þer-fro lette,</p>
<p>And bi-cam is man Rith þare,</p>
<p>Þat alle sawe<i>n</i> þat þere ware.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 215<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
All the rest do the same.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2256</span>
<p class = "section">
After him stirt up laddes ten,</p>
<p>And bi-come<i>n</i> hise men;<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag102" id
= "poem_tag102" href = "#poem_note102">102</a></p>
<p>And siþen euerilk a baroun,</p>
<p>Þat euere weren i<i>n</i> al that toun;</p>
<span class = "linenum">2260</span>
<p>And siþen drenges, and siþe<i>n</i> thaynes,</p>
<p>And siþen knithes, and siþe<i>n</i> sweynes;</p>
<p>So þat, or þat day was gon,</p>
<p>In al þe tun ne was nouth on</p>
<span class = "linenum">2264</span>
<p>Þat it ne was his man bicomen:</p>
<p>Manrede of alle hauede he nomen.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note102" id = "poem_note102" href =
"#poem_tag102">102</a>
A word is added in the MS. after <i>men</i>, apparently <i>beye</i>.
Perhaps we should read: <i>hise heye men</i>.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
ALL SWEAR TO BE FAITHFUL TO HAVELOK.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok makes them swear to be faithful to him always.</p>
<p class = "section">
Hwan he hauede of he<i>m</i> alle</p>
<p>Manrede taken, i<i>n</i> the halle,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">64</span>
<a name = "page64" id = "page64"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">2268</span>
<p>Grundlike dide he hem swere,</p>
<p>Þat he sholden him god feyth bere</p>
<p>Ageynes alle þat woren on liue;</p>
<p>Þer-yen ne wolde neuer on striue,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2272</span>
<p>Þat he ne made<i>n</i> sone þat oth,</p>
<p>Riche and poure, lef and loth.</p>
<p>Hwan þat was maked, sone he se<i>n</i>de,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe sends for all the sheriffs and constables.</p>
<p>Vbbe, writes fer and hende,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2276</span>
<p>After alle þat castel yemede,</p>
<p>Burwes, tunes, sibbe an fremde,</p>
<p>Þat þider sholde<i>n</i> come<i>n</i> swiþe</p>
<p>Til him, and heren tiþandes bliþe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2280</span>
<p>Þat he hem alle shulde telle:</p>
<p>Of hem ne wolde neu<i>er</i>e on dwelle,</p>
<p>Þat he ne come sone plattinde,</p>
<p>Hwo hors ne hauede, com ga<i>n</i>ga<i>n</i>de.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2284</span>
<p>So þat with-i<i>n</i>ne a fourtenith,</p>
<p>In al denemark ne was no knith,</p>
<p>Ne conestable, ne shireue,</p>
<p>Þat com of adam and of eue,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They all come.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2288</span>
<p>Þat he ne com biforn sire ubbe:</p>
<p>He dredde<i>n</i> him so þhes<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag103" id
= "poem_tag103" href = "#poem_note103">103</a> doth clubbe.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note103" id = "poem_note103" href =
"#poem_tag103">103</a>
<i>Qu.</i> þes, <i>i.e.</i> thighs; or the spelling <i>þhes</i> may be
intentional; see l.&nbsp;1984. But Sir F. Madden suggests
<i>þeues</i>.</p>


<p class = "section">
Hwan he hauede<i>n</i> alle þe ki<i>n</i>g gret,</p>
<p>And he weren alle dun set,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe shows Havelok to them all.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2292</span>
<p>Þo seyde ubbe, “lokes here,</p>
<p>Vre louerd swiþe dere,</p>
<p>Þat shal ben king of al þe lond,</p>
<p>And haue us alle under hond.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2296</span>
<p>For he is birkabeynes sone,</p>
<p>Þe king þat was vmbe stonde wone</p>
<p>For to yeme, and wel were,</p>
<p>Wit sharp[e]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag104" id = "poem_tag104"
href = "#poem_note104">104</a> swerd, and lo<i>n</i>ge spere.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">65</span>
<a name = "page65" id = "page65"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 215<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">2300</span>
<p>Lokes nou, hw he is fayr;</p>
<p>Sikerlike he is hise eyr.</p>
<p>Falles alle to hise fet,</p>
<p>Bicomes hise men ful sket.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
All swear to obey Havelok.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2304</span>
<p>He weren for ubbe swiþe adrad,</p>
<p>And dide sone al þat he bad,</p>
<p>And yet dede<i>n</i> he sumdel more,</p>
<p>O bok ful grundlike he swore,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2308</span>
<p>Þat he sholde with him halde</p>
<p>Boþe ageynes stille and bolde,</p>
<p>Þat euere wo[l]de his bodi dere:</p>
<p>Þat dide [he] hem o boke swere.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note104" id = "poem_note104" href =
"#poem_tag104">104</a>
See l. 2645 for the final <i>e</i>.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
UBBE DUBS HAVELOK A KNIGHT.</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">2312</span>
<p class = "section">
Hwan he hauede ma<i>n</i>rede and oth</p>
<p>Taken of lef and of loth,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2314" id = "texttag2314" href =
"#textnote2314">2314</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe dubs Havelok a knight,</p>
<p>Vbbe dubbede him to knith,</p>
<p>With a swerd ful swiþe brith,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2316</span>
<p>And þe folk of al þe lond</p>
<p>Bitauhte him al in his hond,</p>
<p>Þe cunnriche eu<i>er</i>il del,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and makes him king.</p>
<p>And made him king heylike and wel.</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2320" id = "texttag2320" href =
"#textnote2320">2320</a>
<p>Hwan he was king, þer mouthe me<i>n</i> se</p>
<p>Þe moste ioie þat mouhte be:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Great joy and many sports.</p>
<p>Buttinge with sharpe sp<i>er</i>es,</p>
<p>Skirming with taleuaces, þat me<i>n</i> beres,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2324</span>
<p>Wrastling with laddes, putti<i>n</i>g of ston,</p>
<p>Harping and piping, ful god won,</p>
<p>Leyk of mine, of hasard ok,</p>
<p>Romanz reding on þe bok;</p>
<span class = "linenum">2328</span>
<p>Þer mouthe men here þe gestes singe,</p>
<p>Þe gleymen on þe tabour dinge;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
There is baiting of bulls and boars,</p>
<p>Þer mouhte men se þe boles beyte,</p>
<p>And þe bores, with hundes teyte;</p>
<span class = "linenum">2332</span>
<p>Þo mouthe men se eueril gleu,</p>
<p>Þer mouthe me<i>n</i> se hw grim greu;</p>
<p>Was neu<i>er</i>e yete ioie more</p>

<span class = "pagenum">66</span>
<a name = "page66" id = "page66"> </a>
<p>In al þis werd, þan þo was þore.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2336</span>
<p>Þer was so mike<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag105" id =
"poem_tag105" href = "#poem_note105">105</a> yeft of cloþes,</p>
<p>Þat þou i swore you grete othes,</p>
<p>I ne wore nouth þer-offe croud:</p>
<p>Þat may i ful wel swere, bi god!</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and plenty of meat and wine.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2340</span>
<p>Þere was swiþe gode metes,</p>
<p>And of wyn, þat men fer fetes,</p>
<p>Rith al so mik and gret plente,</p>
<p>So it were water of þe se.</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2344" id = "texttag2344" href =
"#textnote2344">2344</a>
<p>Þe feste fourti dawes sat,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 216, col. 1.]</p>
<p>So riche was neu<i>er</i>e non so þat.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The king makes Robert, William, and Hugh all barons.</p>
<p>Þe king made Roberd þere knith,</p>
<p>Þat was ful strong, and ful with,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2348</span>
<p>And willa<i>m</i>, wendut het, his broþer,</p>
<p>And huwe raue<i>n</i>, þat was þat oþer,</p>
<p>And made hem barouns alle þre,</p>
<p>And yaf hem lond, and oþer fe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2352</span>
<p>So mikel, þat ilker twent[i] knihtes</p>
<p>Hauede of genge, dayes and nithes.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note105" id = "poem_note105" href =
"#poem_tag105">105</a>
See l. 2342.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK IS MADE KING OF DENMARK.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Hwan þat feste was al don,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
A thousand knights accompany the king.</p>
<p>A thusand knihtes ful wel o bon</p>
<span class = "linenum">2356</span>
<p>With-held þe king, with hi<i>m</i> to lede;</p>
<p>Þat ilkan hauede ful god stede,</p>
<p>Helm, and sheld, and brinie brith,</p>
<p>And al þe wepne þat fel to knith.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and five thousand sergeants.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2360</span>
<p>With he<i>m</i> fiue thusand gode</p>
<p>Sergaunz, þat were<i>n</i> to fyht wode,</p>
<p>With-held he al of his genge:</p>
<p>Wile I na more þe storie lenge.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2364</span>
<p>Yet hwan he hauede of al þe lond</p>
<p>Þe casteles alle i<i>n</i> his hond,</p>
<p>And conestables don þer-inne,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He swears to be avenged of Godard,</p>
<p>He swor, he ne sholde neuer bli<i>n</i>ne,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">67</span>
<a name = "page67" id = "page67"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">2368</span>
<p>Til þat he were of godard wreke<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>Þat ich haue of ofte speken.</p>
<p>Hal hundred knithes dede he calle,</p>
<p>And hise fif thusand sergaunz alle,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2372</span>
<p>And dide swere<i>n</i> on the bok</p>
<p>Sone, and on þe auter ok,</p>
<p>Þat he ne sholde neuere blinne,</p>
<p>Ne for loue, ne for sinne,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and to find and bind him.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2376</span>
<p>Til þat he haueden godard funde,</p>
<p>And brouth biforn hi<i>m</i> faste bunde.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK GOES TO SEEK OUT GODARD.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Þanne he hauede<i>n</i> swor þis oth,</p>
<p>Ne leten he nouth for lef ne loth,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2380</span>
<p>Þat he ne foren swiþe rathe,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He goes to meet Godard.</p>
<p>Þer he was unto þe paþe,</p>
<p>Þer he yet on hunti<i>n</i>g for,</p>
<p>With mikel genge, and swiþe stor.</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2384" id = "texttag2384" href =
"#textnote2384">2384</a>
<p>Robert, þat was of al þe ferd</p>
<p>Mayster, was girt wit a swerd,</p>
<p>And sat up-on a ful god stede,</p>
<p>Þat vnder him Rith wolde wede;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Robert accosts Godard,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2388</span>
<p>He was þe firste þat with godard</p>
<p>Spak, and seyde, “hede<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag106" id =
"poem_tag106" href = "#poem_note106">106</a> cauenard!</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 216, col. 2.]</p>
<p>Wat dos þu here at þis paþe?</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and tells him to come to the king,</p>
<p>Cu<i>m</i> to þe king, swiþe and raþe.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2392</span>
<p>Þat sendes he þe word, and bedes,</p>
<p>Þat þu þenke hwat þu him dedes,</p>
<p>Hwan þu reftes with a knif</p>
<p>Hise sistres here lif,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2396</span>
<p>An siþen bede þu in þe se</p>
<p>Drenchen him, þat herde he.</p>
<p>He is to þe swiþe grim:</p>
<p>Cu<i>m</i> nu swiþe un-to him,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2400</span>
<p>Þat king is of þis kuneriche.</p>
<p>Þu fule man! þu wicke swike!</p>

<span class = "pagenum">68</span>
<a name = "page68" id = "page68"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
who will repay him.</p>
<p>And he shal yelde þe þi mede,</p>
<p>Bi c<i>ri</i>st þat wolde on rode blede!”</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note106" id = "poem_note106" href =
"#poem_tag106">106</a>
<i>Qu.</i> helde, <i>i.e.</i> old. Unless it means “heed!”</p>


<span class = "linenum">2404</span>
<p class = "section">
Hwan godard herde þat þer þrette,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godard and Robert strike each other.</p>
<p>With þe neue he robert sette</p>
<p>Biforn þe teth a dint ful strong.</p>
<p>And robert kipt ut a knif long,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2408</span>
<p>And smot him þoru þe rith arum:</p>
<p>Þer-of was ful litel harum.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODARD’S MEN ARE BEATEN.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Hwan his folk þat sau and herde,</p>
<p>Hwou robert with here louerd ferde,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2412</span>
<p>He haueden him wel ner browt of liue,</p>
<p>Ne were<i>n</i> his two breþren and oþre fiue</p>
<p>Slowen of here laddes ten,</p>
<p>Of godardes alþer-beste men.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godard’s men flee,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2416</span>
<p>Hwan þe oþre sawe<i>n</i> þat, he fledde<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>And godard swiþe loude gredde:</p>
<p>“Mine knithes, hwat do ye?</p>
<p>Sule ye þus-gate fro me fle?</p>
<span class = "linenum">2420</span>
<p>Ich haue you fed, and yet shal fede,</p>
<p>Helpe me nu in þis nede,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
but Godard rallies them.</p>
<p>And late ye nouth mi bodi spille,</p>
<p>Ne hauelok don of me hise wille.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2424</span>
<p>Yif ye id<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag107" id = "poem_tag107"
href = "#poem_note107">107</a> do, ye do you shame,</p>
<p>And bringeth you-self in mikel blame.”</p>
<p>Hwan he þat herden, he wenten ageyn,</p>
<p>And slowen a knit and<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag108" id =
"poem_tag108" href = "#poem_note108">108</a> a sweyn</p>
<span class = "linenum">2428</span>
<p>Of þe kinges oune men,</p>
<p>And woundede<i>n</i> abute<i>n</i> ten.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note107" id = "poem_note107" href =
"#poem_tag107">107</a>
<i>Qu.</i> it.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note108" id = "poem_note108" href =
"#poem_tag108">108</a>
MS. and and.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODARD IS BOUND AND LED TO HAVELOK.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
The king’s men kill all Godard’s men.</p>
<p class = "section">
The kinges men hwan he þat sawe,</p>
<p>Scute<i>n</i> on hem, heye and lowe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2432</span>
<p>And euerilk fot of hem slowe,</p>
<p>But godard one, þat he flowe,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">69</span>
<a name = "page69" id = "page69"> </a>
<p>So þe þef men dos henge,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 216<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<p>Or hund men shole i<i>n</i> dike slenge.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2436</span>
<p>He bunde<i>n</i> him ful swiþe faste,</p>
<p>Hwil þe bondes wolden laste,</p>
<p>Þat he rorede als a bole,</p>
<p>Þat he wore parred in an hole,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2440</span>
<p>With dogges forto bite and beite:</p>
<p>Were þe bondes nouth to leite.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They bind Godard,</p>
<p>He bounde<i>n</i> hi<i>m</i> so<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag109"
id = "poem_tag109" href = "#poem_note109">109</a> fele sore,</p>
<p>Þat he gan crien godes ore,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2444</span>
<p>Þat he sholde of his hend plette,</p>
<p>Wolde<i>n</i> he nouht þer-fore lette,</p>
<p>Þat he ne bounde<i>n</i> hond and fet:</p>
<p>Daþeit þat on þat þer-fore let!</p>
<span class = "linenum">2448</span>
<p>But dunte<i>n</i> him so man doth bere,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and cast him on an old mare, to take him to Havelok.</p>
<p>And keste him on a scabbed mere,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2450" id = "texttag2450" href =
"#textnote2450">2450</a>
<p>Hise nese went un-to þe crice:</p>
<p>So ledde<i>n</i> he þat fule swike,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2452</span>
<p>Til he was biforn hauelok brouth,</p>
<p>Þat he haue[de] ful wo wrowht,</p>
<p>Boþe with hungre<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag110" id =
"poem_tag110" href = "#poem_note110">110</a> and with cold,</p>
<p>Or he were twel winter old,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2456</span>
<p>And with mani heui swink,</p>
<p>With poure mete, and feble drink,</p>
<p>And [with] swiþe wikke cloþes,</p>
<p>For al hise manie grete othes.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2460</span>
<p>Nu beyes he his holde blame:</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2461" id = "texttag2461" href =
"#textnote2461">2461</a>
<p class = "sidenote">
“<i>Old sin makes new shame.</i>”</p>
<p>‘Old sinne makes newe shame:’</p>
<p>Wan he was [brouht] so shamelike</p>
<p>Biforn<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag111" id = "poem_tag111" href =
"#poem_note111">111</a> þe king, þe fule swike,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The king summons Ubbe and the rest.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2464</span>
<p>Þe king dede ubbe swiþe calle</p>
<p>Hise erles, and hise barouns alle,</p>
<p>Dreng and thein, burgeis and knith,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">70</span>
<a name = "page70" id = "page70"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HE IS CONDEMNED TO BE HUNG.</span></p>

<p>And bad he sholde<i>n</i> demen him rith:</p>
<span class = "linenum">2468</span>
<p>For he kneu, þe swike dam,</p>
<p>Euerildel god was him gram.</p>
<p>He sette<i>n</i> hem dun bi þe wawe,</p>
<p>Riche and pouere, heye and lowe,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They sit in judgment.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2472</span>
<p>Þe helde men, and ek þe grom,</p>
<p>And made þer þe rithe dom,</p>
<p>And seyde<i>n</i> unto þe king anon,</p>
<p>Þat stille sat [al] so þe ston:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
“He is to be flayed, drawn, and hung.”</p>
<span class = "linenum">2476</span>
<p>“We deme, þat he be al quic slawen,<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag112" id = "poem_tag112" href = "#poem_note112">112</a></p>
<p>And siþen to þe galwes drawe[<i>n</i>],</p>
<p>At þis foule mere tayl;</p>
<p>Þoru is fet a ful stro<i>n</i>g nayl;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 216<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">2480</span>
<p>And þore ben henged wit two feteres,</p>
<p>And þare be writen þise leteres:</p>
<p>‘Þis is þe swike þat wende wel,</p>
<p>Þe king haue reft þe lond il del,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2484</span>
<p>And hise sistres with a knif</p>
<p>Boþe refte here lif.’</p>
<p>Þis writ shal henge bi him þare;</p>
<p>Þe dom is demd, seye we na more.”</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note109" id = "poem_note109" href =
"#poem_tag109">109</a>
MS. fo.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note110" id = "poem_note110" href =
"#poem_tag110">110</a>
MS. hungred.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note111" id = "poem_note111" href =
"#poem_tag111">111</a>
MS. Brouht biforn; <i>but the word <b>brouht</b> clearly belongs to the
preceding line, in which, however, it is omitted</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note112" id = "poem_note112" href =
"#poem_tag112">112</a>
We should perhaps read <i>flawen</i>, as required by the sense.
<i>See</i> ll. 2495, 2502.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODARD IS FLAYED ALIVE AND HUNG.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Godard is shriven.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2488</span>
<p class = "section">
Hwan þe dom was demd and giue,</p>
<p>And he was wit þe p<i>re</i>stes shriue,</p>
<p>And it ne mouhte ben non oþer,</p>
<p>Ne for fader, ne for broþer,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2492</span>
<p>Þat he sholde þarne lif;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
A lad flays him.</p>
<p>Sket cam a ladde with a knif,</p>
<p>And bigan Rith at þe to</p>
<p>For to ritte, and for to flo,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2496</span>
<p>And he bigan for to rore,</p>
<p>So it were grim or gore,</p>
<p>Þat men mithe þeþen a mile</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He roars.</p>
<p>Here him rore, þat fule file.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2500</span>
<p>Þe ladde ne let no with for-þi,<span class = "pagenum">71</span></p>
<a name = "page71" id = "page71"> </a>
<p>Þey he criede ‘m<i>er</i>ci! m<i>er</i>ci!’</p>
<p>Þat [he] ne flow [him] eueril del</p>
<p>With knif mad of grunde<i>n</i> stel.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He is bound on an old mare,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2504</span>
<p>Þei garte bringe þe mere sone,</p>
<p>Skabbed<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag113" id = "poem_tag113" href
= "#poem_note113">113</a> and ful iuele o bone,</p>
<p>And bunde<i>n</i> him rith at hire tayl</p>
<p>With a rop of an old seyl,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
drawn over rough ground,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2508</span>
<p>And drowe<i>n</i> him un-to þe galwes,</p>
<p>Nouth bi þe gate, But ouer þe falwes;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and hung.</p>
<p>And henge [him] þore Bi þe hals:</p>
<p>Daþeit hwo recke! he was fals.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note113" id = "poem_note113" href =
"#poem_tag113">113</a>
MS. Skabbeb.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODRICH RAISES AN ARMY AGAINST HAVELOK.</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">2512</span>
<p class = "section">
Þa<i>n</i>ne he was ded, þat sathanas,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2513" id = "texttag2513" href =
"#textnote2513">2513</a>
<p>Sket was seysed al þat his was</p>
<p>In þe kinges hand il del,</p>
<p>Lond and lith, and oþer catel,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok makes Ubbe his steward.</p>
<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2516" id = "texttag2516" href =
"#textnote2516">2516</a>
<p>And þe king ful sone it yaf</p>
<p>Vbbe i<i>n</i> þe hond, wit a fayr staf,</p>
<p>And seyde, “her ich sayse þe</p>
<p>In al þe lo<i>n</i>d, in al þe fe.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He founds a priory of black monks for Grim’s soul,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2520</span>
<p>Þo swor hauelok he sholde make,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2521" id = "texttag2521" href =
"#textnote2521">2521</a>
<p>Al for grim, of monekes blake</p>
<p>A p<i>ri</i>orie to s<i>er</i>uen inne ay</p>
<p>Ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st, til domesday,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2524</span>
<p>For þe god he haueden him don,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 217, col. 1.]</p>
<p>Hwil he was pou<i>er</i>e and iuel<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag114" id = "poem_tag114" href = "#poem_note114">114</a> o
bon.</p>
<p>And þer-of held he wel his oth,</p>
<p>For he it made, god it woth!</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
in the town of Grimsby.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2528</span>
<p>In þe tun þer grim was graue<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>Þat of grim yet haues þe name.</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2530" id = "texttag2530" href =
"#textnote2530">2530</a>
<p>Of grim bidde ich na more spelle.<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag115" id = "poem_tag115" href =
"#poem_note115">115</a>&mdash;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich, earl of Cornwall,</p>
<p>But wan godrich herde telle,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">72</span>
<a name = "page72" id = "page72"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">2532</span>
<p>Of cornwayle þat was erl,</p>
<p>(Þat fule traytour, that mixed cherl!)</p>
<p>Þat hauelok was king of denemark,</p>
<p>And ferde with him strong and stark,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
hears that Havelok has invaded England.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2536</span>
<p>Comen engelond with-inne,</p>
<p>Engelond al for to winne,</p>
<p>And þat she, þat was so fayr,</p>
<p>Þat was of engelond rith eir,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2540</span>
<p>Þat was comen up at grimesbi,</p>
<p>He was ful sorful and sori,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He says he will slay Havelok and his wife.</p>
<p>And seyde, “Hwat shal me to raþe?</p>
<p>Goddoth! i shal do slou hem baþe.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2544</span>
<p>I shal don hengen hem ful heye,</p>
<p>So mote ich brouke mi Rith eie!</p>
<p>But yif he of mi lond[e]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag116" id =
"poem_tag116" href = "#poem_note116">116</a> fle;</p>
<p>Hwat? wende<i>n</i> he to desherite me?”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He raises a great army.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2548</span>
<p>He dide sone ferd ut bidde,</p>
<p>Þat al þat euere mouhte o stede</p>
<p>Ride, or helm on heued bere,</p>
<p>Brini on bac, and sheld, and sp<i>er</i>e,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2552</span>
<p>Or ani oþer wepne bere,</p>
<p>Hand-ax, syþe, gisarm, or sp<i>er</i>e,</p>
<p>Or aunlaz,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag117" id = "poem_tag117"
href = "#poem_note117">117</a> and god long knif,</p>
<p>Þat als he louede leme or lif,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2556</span>
<p>Þat þey sholde<i>n</i> comen him to,</p>
<p>With ful god wepne ye ber so,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The army is to meet at Lincoln on the 17th of March.</p>
<p>To lincolne, þer he lay,</p>
<p>Of marz þe seue<i>n</i>tenþe day,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2560</span>
<p>So þat he couþe he<i>m</i> god þank;</p>
<p>And yif þat ani were so rang,</p>
<p>That he þa<i>n</i>ne ne come anon,</p>
<p>He swor bi crist, and [bi]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag118" id =
"poem_tag118" href = "#poem_note118">118</a> seint Iohan,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">73</span>
<a name = "page73" id = "page73"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">2564</span>
<p>That he sholde maken him þral,</p>
<p>And al his of-spring forth with-al.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note114" id = "poem_note114" href =
"#poem_tag114">114</a>
The MS. has “we,” which the scribe several times writes instead of
“wel.” But “wel” is a manifest blunder, since “iuel” is meant. Cf.
l.&nbsp;2505.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note115" id = "poem_note115" href =
"#poem_tag115">115</a>
The author has here omitted to tell us that Havelok, at the desire of
his wife, invades England. See the note.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note116" id = "poem_note116" href =
"#poem_tag116">116</a>
Cf. l. 2599.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note117" id = "poem_note117" href =
"#poem_tag117">117</a>
Printed “alinlaz” in the former edition. The first stroke of the
<i>u</i> is longer than the second, and the tail of the <i>x</i> in the
line above converts the second downstroke of the <i>u</i> into an
apparent <i>i</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note118" id = "poem_note118" href =
"#poem_tag118">118</a>
Cf. l. 1112.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODRICH EXCITES THE ENGLISH AGAINST HAVELOK.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Þe englishe þat herde þat,</p>
<p>Was non þat euere his bode sat,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2568</span>
<p>For he him dredde swiþe sore,</p>
<p>So Runci spore, and mikle more.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 217, col. 2.]</p>
<p>At þe day he come sone</p>
<p>Þat he hem sette, ful wel o bone,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
All come to Lincoln on that day.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2572</span>
<p>To lincolne, with gode stedes,</p>
<p>And al þe wepne þat knith ledes.</p>
<p>Hwa<i>n</i> he wore come, sket was þe erl yare,<a class = "tag" name
= "poem_tag119" id = "poem_tag119" href = "#poem_note119">119</a></p>
<p>Ageynes denshe men to fare,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2576</span>
<p>And seyde, “lyþes me<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag120" id =
"poem_tag120" href = "#poem_note120">120</a> alle samen,</p>
<p>Haue ich gadred you for no game<i>n</i>,</p>
<p>But ich wile seyen you forþi;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich tells them what Havelok is doing at Grimsby.</p>
<p>Lokes hware here at g<i>ri</i>mesbi,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2580</span>
<p>Hise uten-laddes here comen,</p>
<p>And haues nu þe p<i>ri</i>orie numen;</p>
<p>Al þat euere mithen he finde,</p>
<p>He bre<i>n</i>ne kirkes, and p<i>re</i>stes binde;</p>
<span class = "linenum">2584</span>
<p>He strangleth mo<i>n</i>kes, and nu<i>n</i>nes boþe:</p>
<p>Wat wile ye, frend, her-offe Rede?</p>
<p>Yif he regne þus-gate longe,</p>
<p>He Moun us alle ouer-gange,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2588</span>
<p>He moun vs alle quic henge or slo,</p>
<p>Or þral maken, and do ful wo,</p>
<p>Or elles reue us ure liues,</p>
<p>And ure children, and ure wiues.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He excites them to attack Havelok.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2592</span>
<p>But dos nu als ich wile you lere,</p>
<p>Als ye wile be with me dere;</p>
<p>Nimes nu swiþe forth and raþe,</p>
<p>And helpes me and yu-self baþe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2596</span>
<p>And slos up-o[n] þe dogges swiþe:</p>
<p>For shal [i] neuere more be bliþe,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">74</span>
<a name = "page74" id = "page74"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
THE ENGLISH MARCH TO GRIMSBY.</span></p>

<p>Ne hoseled ben, ne of p<i>re</i>st shriuen,</p>
<p>Til þat he ben of londe driuen.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2600</span>
<p>Nime we swiþe, and do hem fle,</p>
<p>And folwes alle faste me,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He will lead them himself.</p>
<p>For ich am he, of al þe ferd,</p>
<p>Þat first shal slo with drawe<i>n</i> swerd.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2604</span>
<p>Daþeyt hwo ne stonde faste</p>
<p>Bi me, hwil hise armes laste!”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Earl Gunter and Earl Reyner of Chester support him.</p>
<p>“Ye! lef, ye!”<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag121" id =
"poem_tag121" href = "#poem_note121">121</a> couth þe erl gunter;</p>
<p>“Ya!” quoth þe erl of cestre, reyner.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2608</span>
<p>And so dide alle þat þer stode,</p>
<p>And stirte forth so he were wode.</p>
<p>Þo mouthe me<i>n</i> se þe brinies brihte</p>
<p>On backes keste, and late rithe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2612</span>
<p>Þe helmes heye on heued sette;</p>
<p>To armes al so swiþe plette,</p>
<p>Þat þei wore on a litel stunde</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 217<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<p>Grethet, als me<i>n</i> mithe telle a pund,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2616</span>
<p>And lopen on stedes sone anon,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They approach Grimsby.</p>
<p>And toward g<i>ri</i>mesbi, ful god won,</p>
<p>He foren softe bi þe sti,</p>
<p>Til he come ney at grimesbi.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note119" id = "poem_note119" href =
"#poem_tag119">119</a>
<i>Or</i> þare; but see l. 2954.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note120" id = "poem_note120" href =
"#poem_tag120">120</a>
MS. mi. Cf. l. 2204.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note121" id = "poem_note121" href =
"#poem_tag121">121</a>
MS. <i>has <b>þe, ?e</b>, or <b>ye</b> in both places.</i> But see
l.&nbsp;1888.</p>
</div>

<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok meets them boldly,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2620</span>
<p class = "section">
Hauelok, þat hauede spired wel</p>
<p>Of here fare, eueril del,</p>
<p>With al his ferd cam hem a-geyn,</p>
<p>For-bar he noþer knith ne sweyn.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and kills the foremost knight.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2624</span>
<p>Þe firste knith þat he þer mette,</p>
<p>With þe swerd so he him grette,</p>
<p>For his heued of he plette,</p>
<p>Wolde he nouth for sinne lette.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Robert kills a second.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2628</span>
<p>Roberd saw þat dint so hende,</p>
<p>Wolde he neuere þeþe[<i>n</i>] wende,</p>
<p>Til þat he hauede anoþer slawen,</p>
<p>With þe swerd he held ut-drawen.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">75</span>
<a name = "page75" id = "page75"> </a>
<p class = "sidenote">
William disables a third.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2632</span>
<p>Willa<i>m</i> wendut his swerd vt-drow,</p>
<p>And þe þredde so sore he slow,</p>
<p>Þat he made up-on the feld</p>
<p>His lift arm fleye, with the swerd.<a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag122" id = "poem_tag122" href = "#poem_note122">122</a></p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note122" id = "poem_note122" href =
"#poem_tag122">122</a>
Cf. l. 1825. We should otherwise be tempted to read <i>sheld</i>;
especially as the <i>shield</i> is more appropriate to the <i>left</i>
arm.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
COMBAT BETWEEN UBBE AND GODRICH.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
Hugh Raven seizes his sword,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2636</span>
<p class = "section">
Huwe raue<i>n</i> ne forgat nouth</p>
<p>Þe swerd he hauede þider brouth,</p>
<p>He kipte it up, and smot ful sore</p>
<p>An erl, þat he saw priken þore,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2640</span>
<p>Ful noblelike upon a stede,</p>
<p>Þat with him wolde al quic wede.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and cleaves an earl’s head in two.</p>
<p>He smot him on þe heued so,</p>
<p>Þat he þe heued clef a-two,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2644</span>
<p>And þat bi þe shu[l]dre-blade</p>
<p>Þe sharpe swerd let [he] wade,</p>
<p>Þorw the brest unto þe herte;</p>
<p>Þe dint bigan ful sore to smerte,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2648</span>
<p>Þat þe erl fel dun a-non,</p>
<p>Al so ded so ani ston.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe attacks Godrich.</p>
<p>Quoth ubbe, “nu dwelle ich to lo<i>n</i>ge,”</p>
<p>And leth his stede sone gonge</p>
<span class = "linenum">2652</span>
<p>To godrich, with a god spere,</p>
<p>Þat he saw a-noþer bere,</p>
<p>And smoth godrich, and G<i>odrich</i> him,</p>
<p>Hetelike with h<i>er</i>te grim,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Both fall.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2656</span>
<p>So þat he boþe felle dune,</p>
<p>To þe erþe first þe croune.</p>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne he wore<i>n</i> falle<i>n</i> dun boþen,</p>
<p>Grundlike here swerdes ut-drowe<i>n</i>,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 217<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">2660</span>
<p>Þat were<i>n</i> swiþe sharp and gode,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They fight on foot.</p>
<p>And fouhten so þei wore<i>n</i> wode,</p>
<p>Þat þe swot ran fro þe crune</p>
<p>[To the fet rith þere adune.]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag123" id
= "poem_tag123" href = "#poem_note123">123</a></p>

<span class = "pagenum">76</span>
<a name = "page76" id = "page76"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODRICH DISPLAYS GREAT PROWESS.</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">2664</span>
<p>Þer mouthe men se to knithes bete</p>
<p>Ayþer on oþer dintes grete,</p>
<p>So þat with alþer-lest[e] dint</p>
<p>Were al to-shiuered a flint,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The fight lasts from morn to night.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2668</span>
<p>So was bi-twene<i>n</i> he<i>m</i> a fiht,</p>
<p>Fro þe morwen ner to þe niht,</p>
<p>So þat þei nouth ne <ins class = "edcorr"
title = "changed by editor from ’blinne’: see footnote">bl[u]nne</ins>,<a class = "tag"
name = "poem_tag123a" id = "poem_tag123a" href = "#poem_note123a">*</a></p>
<p>Til þat to sette bigan þe su<i>n</i>ne.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich wounds Ubbe sorely.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2672</span>
<p>Þo yaf godrich þorw þe side</p>
<p>Vbbe a wunde ful un-ride,</p>
<p>So þat þorw þat ilke wounde</p>
<p>Hauede ben brouth to þe grunde,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2676</span>
<p>And his heued al of-slawen,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Hugh Raven rescues him.</p>
<p>Yif god ne were, and huwe rauen,</p>
<p>Þat drow him fro godrich awey,</p>
<p>And barw him so þat ilke day.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2680</span>
<p>But er he were fro godrich drawe<i>n</i>,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
A thousand knights slain.</p>
<p>Þer were a þousind knihtes slawe<i>n</i></p>
<p>Bi boþe halue, and mo y-nowe,</p>
<p>Þer þe ferdes to-gidere slowe.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2684</span>
<p>Þer was swilk dreping of þe folk,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The pools are full of blood.</p>
<p>Þat on þe feld was neu<i>er</i>e a polk</p>
<p>Þat it ne stod of blod so ful,</p>
<p>Þat þe strem ran i<i>n</i>til þe hul.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich attacks the Danes like lightning.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2688</span>
<p>Þo tarst<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag124" id = "poem_tag124" href
= "#poem_note124">124</a> bigan godrich to go</p>
<p>Vp-on þe danshe, and faste to slo,</p>
<p>And forth rith also leuin fares,</p>
<p>Þat neu<i>er</i>e kines best ne spares,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2692</span>
<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne his [he] gon, for he garte alle</p>
<p>Þe denshe men biforn him falle.</p>
<p>He felde browne, he felde blake,</p>
<p>Þat he mouthe ouer-take.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2696</span>
<p>Was neuere non þat mouhte þaue</p>
<p>Hise dintes, noyþer knith ne knaue,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He mows them down like grass.</p>
<p>Þat he felden so dos þe gres</p>

<span class = "pagenum">77</span>
<a name = "page77" id = "page77"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
COMBAT BETWEEN GODRICH AND HAVELOK.</span></p>

<p>Bi-forn þe syþe þat ful sharp is.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2700</span>
<p>Hwan hauelok saw his folk so brittene,</p>
<p>And his ferd so swiþe littene,</p>
<p>He cam driuende up-on a stede,</p>
<p>And bigan til him to grede,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2704</span>
<p>And seyde, “godrich, wat is þe</p>
<p>Þat þou fare þus with me?</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 218, col. 1.]</p>
<p>And mine gode knihtes slos,</p>
<p>Siker-like þou mis-gos.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok reproves Godrich,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2708</span>
<p>Þou wost ful wel, yif þu wilt wite,</p>
<p>Þat aþelwold þe dide site</p>
<p>On knes, and sweren on messe-bok,</p>
<p>On caliz, and on [pateyn]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag125" id =
"poem_tag125" href = "#poem_note125">125</a> hok</p>
<span class = "linenum">2712</span>
<p>Þat þou hise douhter sholdest yelde,</p>
<p>Þan she were wi<i>n</i>na<i>n</i><a class = "tag" name =
"poem_tag126" id = "poem_tag126" href = "#poem_note126">126</a> of
elde,</p>
<p>Engelond eueril del:</p>
<p>Godrich þe erl, þou wost it wel.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and bids him perform his oaths.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2716</span>
<p>Do nu wel with-uten fiht,</p>
<p>Yeld hire þe lond, for þat is rith.</p>
<p>Wile ich forgiue þe þe lathe,</p>
<p>Al mi dede and al mi wrathe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2720</span>
<p>For y se þu art so with,</p>
<p>And of þi bodi so god knith.”</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich refuses.</p>
<p>“Þat ne wile ich neu<i>er</i>e mo,”</p>
<p>Quoth erl godrich, “for ich shal slo</p>
<span class = "linenum">2724</span>
<p>Þe, and hire for-henge heye.</p>
<p>I shal þrist ut þi rith eye</p>
<p>Þat þou lokes with on me,</p>
<p>But þu swiþe heþen fle.”</p>
<span class = "linenum">2728</span>
<p>He grop þe swerd ut sone anon,</p>
<p>And hew on hauelok, ful god won,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He cleaves Havelok’s shield in two.</p>
<p>So þat he clef his sheld on two:</p>
<p>Hwan hauelok saw þat shame do</p>

<span class = "pagenum">78</span>
<a name = "page78" id = "page78"> </a>

<span class = "linenum">2732</span>
<p>His bodi þer bi-forn his ferd,</p>
<p>He drow ut sone his gode swerd,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok smites him down.</p>
<p>And smot him so up-on þe crune,</p>
<p>Þat godrich fel to þe erþe adune.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2736</span>
<p>But godrich stirt up swiþe sket,</p>
<p>Lay he nowth longe at hise fet,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Godrich rises, and wounds Havelok in the shoulder.</p>
<p>And smot him on þe sholdre so,</p>
<p>Þat he dide þare undo</p>
<span class = "linenum">2740</span>
<p>Of his brinie ri<i>n</i>ges mo,</p>
<p>Þan þat ich kan tellen fro;</p>
<p>And woundede hi<i>m</i> rith i<i>n</i> þe flesh,</p>
<p>Þat tendre was, and swiþe nesh,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2744</span>
<p>So þat þe blod ran til his to:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok is enraged,</p>
<p>Þo was hauelok swiþe wo,</p>
<p>Þat he hauede of him drawen</p>
<p>Blod, and so sore him slawen.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2748</span>
<p>Hertelike til him he wente,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and cuts off his foe’s hand.</p>
<p>And godrich þer fulike shente;</p>
<p>For his swerd he hof up heye,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 218, col. 2.]</p>
<p>And þe hand he dide of fleye,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2752</span>
<p>Þat he smot him with so sore:</p>
<p>Hw mithe he don him shame more?</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note123" id = "poem_note123" href =
"#poem_tag123">123</a>
Cf. l. 1904.</p>

<p class = "addition">
<a name = "poem_note123a" id = "poem_note123a" href =
"#poem_tag123a">*</a>
The MS. reading <i>blinne</i> should clearly be <i>blunne</i>. A few
other suggestions of emendations will be found in the <a href =
"#glossary">Glossarial Index</a>. See the words <i>Arwe</i>,
<i>Birþe</i>, <i>Felde</i>, <i>Sor</i>, <i>Tauhte</i>, <i>Þenne</i>,
<i>Thit</i>, <i>Werewed</i>, <i>Wreken</i>, &amp;c. See also the
suggestions in the preface, pp.&nbsp;xxxix, xli, xlvi, xlvii.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note124" id = "poem_note124" href =
"#poem_tag124">124</a>
So in MS. <i>Qu.</i> faste, as in next line.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note125" id = "poem_note125" href =
"#poem_tag125">125</a>
MS. <i>here repeats</i> messe, <i>by mistake. Read</i> pateyn. Cf.
l.&nbsp;187.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note126" id = "poem_note126" href =
"#poem_tag126">126</a>
MS. wiman, <i>i.e.</i> wi<i>n</i>man <i>or</i> wi<i>m</i>man; <i>but we
are sure, from</i> l.&nbsp;174, <i>that</i> wi<i>n</i>nan <i>is
meant</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODRICH IS BOUND AND FETTERED.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Hwan he hauede him so shamed,</p>
<p>His hand of plat, and yuele lamed,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2756</span>
<p>He tok him sone bi þe necke</p>
<p>Als a t<i>ra</i>ytour, daþeyt wo recke!</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He has him bound and fettered,</p>
<p>And dide him binde and fet<i>er</i>e wel</p>
<p>With gode feteres al of stel,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and sends him to the queen.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2760</span>
<p>And to þe quen he sende him,</p>
<p>Þat birde wel to him ben grim;</p>
<p>And Bad she sholde don him gete,</p>
<p>And þat non ne sholde him bete,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2764</span>
<p>Ne shame do, for he was knith,</p>
<p>Til knithes hauede<i>n</i> demd him Rith.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
When the English find out that Goldborough is the heiress,</p>
<p>Þan þe englishe men þat sawe,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">79</span>
<a name = "page79" id = "page79"> </a>
<p>Þat þei wisten, heye and lawe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2768</span>
<p>Þat Goldeboru, þat was so fayr,</p>
<p>Was of engeland rith eyr,</p>
<p>And þat þe king hire hauede wedded,</p>
<p>And haueden ben samen bedded,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
they submit to Havelok.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2772</span>
<p>He comen alle to crie m<i>er</i>ci,</p>
<p>Vnto þe king, at one cri,</p>
<p>And beden him sone manrede and oth,</p>
<p>Þat he ne sholde<i>n</i>, for lef ne loth,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2776</span>
<p>Neuere more ageyn him go,</p>
<p>Ne ride, for wel ne for wo.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
THE ENGLISH SUBMIT TO GOLDBOROUGH.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Þe king ne wolde nouth for-sake,</p>
<p>Þat he ne shulde of hem take</p>
<span class = "linenum">2780</span>
<p>Manrede þat he beden, and ok</p>
<p>Hold oþes swere<i>n</i> on þe bok;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok wishes to show Goldborough to the English.</p>
<p>But or bad he, þat þider were brouth</p>
<p>Þe quen, for hem, swilk was his þouth,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2784</span>
<p>For to se, and forto shawe,</p>
<p>Yif þat he hire wolde knawe.</p>
<p>Þoruth hem wite<i>n</i> wolde he,</p>
<p>Yif þat she aucte quen to be.</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
Six earls fetch her in.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2788</span>
<p class = "section">
Sixe erles weren sone yare,</p>
<p>After hire for to fare.</p>
<p>He nomen on-on, and come<i>n</i> sone,</p>
<p>And brouthe<i>n</i> hire, þat under mone</p>
<span class = "linenum">2792</span>
<p>In al þe werd ne hauede per,</p>
<p>Of hende-leik, fer ne ner.</p>
<p>Hwan she was come þider, alle</p>
<p>Þe englishe men bi-gu<i>n</i>ne to falle</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 218<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<span class = "linenum">2796</span>
<p>O knes, and grete<i>n</i> swiþe sore,</p>
<p>And seyden, “leuedi, k[r]istes ore,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The English ask her pardon.</p>
<p>And youres! we haue<i>n</i> misdo mikel,</p>
<p>Þat we ayen you haue be fikel,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2800</span>
<p>For englond auhte forto ben youres,<span class =
"pagenum">80</span></p>
<a name = "page80" id = "page80"> </a>
<p>And we youre me<i>n</i> and youres.</p>
<p>Is non of us, yung ne old,</p>
<p>Þat we ne wot, þat aþelwold</p>
<span class = "linenum">2804</span>
<p>Was king of þis kunerike,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They admit she is heiress.</p>
<p>And ye his eyr, and þat þe swike</p>
<p>Haues it halden with mikel wro<i>n</i>ge:</p>
<p>God leue him sone to honge!”</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
GODRICH IS CONDEMNED TO BE BURNT.</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">2808</span>
<p class = "section">
Quot<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag127" id = "poem_tag127" href =
"#poem_note127">127</a> hauelok, “hwan þat ye it wite.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok says they must pass judgment on Godrich.</p>
<p>Nu wile ich þat ye doun site,</p>
<p>And after godrich haues wrouht,</p>
<p>Þat haues in sorwe him-self brouth,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2812</span>
<p>Lokes þat ye deme<i>n</i> him rith,</p>
<p>For dom ne spared<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag128" id =
"poem_tag128" href = "#poem_note128">128</a> clerk ne knith,</p>
<p>And siþen shal ich under-stonde</p>
<p>Of you, after lawe of londe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2816</span>
<p>Manrede, and holde oþes boþe,</p>
<p>Yif ye it wilen, and ek rothe.”</p>
<p>Anon þer dune he hem sette,</p>
<p>For non þe dom ne durste lette,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They say he is to be bound on an ass’s back,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2820</span>
<p>And demden him to binde<i>n</i> faste</p>
<p>Vp-on an asse swiþe un-wraste,</p>
<p>Andelong, nouht ouer-þwert,</p>
<p>His nose went unto þe stert;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
taken to Lincoln,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2824</span>
<p>And so to lincolne lede,</p>
<p>Shamelike in wicke wede,</p>
<p>And hwan he cam un-to þe borw,</p>
<p>Shamelike ben led þer-þoru,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2828</span>
<p>Bisouþe þe borw, un-to a grene,</p>
<p>Þat þare is yet, als[o] y wene,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
bound to a stake, and burnt.</p>
<p>And þere be bunde<i>n</i> til a stake,</p>
<p>Aboute<i>n</i> him ful gret fir make,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2832</span>
<p>And al to dust be brend Rith þere;</p>
<p>And yet demde<i>n</i> he þer more,</p>
<p>Oþer swikes for to warne,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">81</span>
<a name = "page81" id = "page81"> </a>
<p>Þat hise childre<i>n</i> sulde þarne</p>
<span class = "linenum">2836</span>
<p>Euere more þat eritage,</p>
<p>Þat his was, for hise utrage.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note127" id = "poem_note127" href =
"#poem_tag127">127</a>
MS. Guot. Cf. l. 1954.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note128" id = "poem_note128" href =
"#poem_tag128">128</a>
<i>Qu.</i> spares.</p>
</div>

<p class = "section">
Hwan þe dom was demd and seyd,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
So he is laid on the ass, and burnt.</p>
<p>Sket was þe swike on þe asse leyd,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2840</span>
<p>And [led vn-]til<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag129" id =
"poem_tag129" href = "#poem_note129">129</a> þat ilke grene,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 218<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p>
<p>And brend til asken al bidene.</p>
<p>Þo was Goldeboru ful bliþe,</p>
<p>She þa<i>n</i>ked god fele syþe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2844</span>
<p>Þat þe fule swike was brend,</p>
<p>Þat wende wel hire bodi haue shend,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Goldborough rejoices.</p>
<p>And seyde, “nu is time to take</p>
<p>Manrede of brune and of blake,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2848</span>
<p>Þat ich se ride[<i>n</i>] and go:</p>
<p>Nu ich am wreke[<i>n</i>]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag130" id =
"poem_tag130" href = "#poem_note130">130</a> of mi fo.”</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note129" id = "poem_note129" href =
"#poem_tag129">129</a>
MS. “And him til,” which is nonsense. See l. 2827.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note130" id = "poem_note130" href =
"#poem_tag130">130</a>
See l. 2992.</p>
</div>

<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok makes the English swear fealty.</p>
<p class = "section">
Hauelok anon ma<i>n</i>rede tok</p>
<p>Of alle englishe, on þe bok,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2852</span>
<p>And dide hem grete oþes swere,</p>
<p>Þat he sholde<i>n</i> him god feyth bere</p>
<p>Ageyn alle þat wore<i>n</i> liues,</p>
<p>And þat sholde ben born of wiues.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
THE EARL OF CHESTER MARRIES GUNILD.</span></p>

<span class = "linenum">2856</span>
<p class = "section">
Þa<i>n</i>ne he hauede<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag131" id =
"poem_tag131" href = "#poem_note131">131</a> sikernesse</p>
<p>Taken of more and of lesse,</p>
<p>Al at hise wille, so dide he calle</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He proposes that Earl Reyner of Chester</p>
<p>Þe erl of cestre, and hise men alle,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2860</span>
<p>Þat was yung knith wit-ute<i>n</i> wif,</p>
<p>And seyde, “sire erl, bi mi lif,</p>
<p>And þou wile mi <i>con</i>seyl tro,</p>
<p>Ful wel shal ich with þe do,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2864</span>
<p>For ich shal yeue þe to wiue</p>
<p>Þe fairest þing that is oliue.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">82</span>
<a name = "page82" id = "page82"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK REMEMBERS BERTRAM’S KINDNESS.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
shall marry Gunild, Grim’s daughter;</p>
<p>Þat is gu<i>n</i>nild of grimesby,</p>
<p>Grimes douther, bi seint dauy!</p>
<span class = "linenum">2868</span>
<p>Þat me forth broute, and wel fedde,</p>
<p>And ut of denemark with me fledde,</p>
<p>Me for to burwe fro mi ded:</p>
<p>Sikerlike, þoru his red</p>
<span class = "linenum">2872</span>
<p>Haue ich liued in-to þis day,</p>
<p>Blissed worþe his soule ay!</p>
<p>I rede þat þu hire take,</p>
<p>And spuse, and curteyse make,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2876</span>
<p>For she is fayr, and she is fre,</p>
<p>And al so hende so she may be.</p>
<p>Þertekene she is wel with me,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and he will then always be his friend.</p>
<p>Þat shal ich ful wel shewe þe,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2880</span>
<p>For ich giue þe a giue,</p>
<p>Þat euere more hwil ich liue,</p>
<p>For hire shal-tu be with me dere,</p>
<p>Þat wile ich þat þis folc al here.”</p>
<span class = "linenum">2884</span>
<p>Þe erl ne wolde nouth ageyn</p>
<p>Þe king[e] be, for knith ne sweyn,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 219, col. 1.]</p>
<p>Ne of þe spusing seyen nay,</p>
<p>But spusede [hire] þat ilke day.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2888</span>
<p>Þat spusinge was god time maked,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They are married,</p>
<p>For it ne were neuere clad ne naked,</p>
<p>In a þede samened two</p>
<p>Þat cam to-gidere, liuede so,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2892</span>
<p>So þey dide[<i>n</i>] al here liue:</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and have five sons.</p>
<p>He geten same<i>n</i> sones fiue,</p>
<p>Þat were þe beste me<i>n</i> at nede,</p>
<p>Þat mouthe ride<i>n</i> on ani stede.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2896</span>
<p>Hwan gu<i>n</i>nild was to cestre brouth,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok remembers Bertram, the earl’s cook<ins class = "mycorr" title =
"comma missing">,&nbsp;</ins></p>
<p>Hauelok þe gode ne for-gat nouth</p>
<p>Bertra<i>m</i>, þat was the erles kok,</p>
<p>Þat he ne dide calle<i>n</i> ok,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2900</span>
<p>And seyde, “frend, so god me rede!</p>
<p>Nu shaltu haue riche mede,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">83</span>
<a name = "page83" id = "page83"> </a>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
BERTRAM MARRIES GRIM’S SECOND DAUGHTER.</span></p>

<p>For wissing, and þi gode dede,</p>
<p>Þat tu me dides in ful gret nede.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2904</span>
<p>For þa<i>n</i>ne y yede in mi cuuel,</p>
<p>And ich ne haue[de] bred, ne sowel,</p>
<p>Ne y ne hauede no catel,</p>
<p>Þou feddes and claddes me ful wel.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
and makes him Earl of Cornwall.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2908</span>
<p>Haue nu for-þi of cornwayle</p>
<p>Þe erldom ildel, with-uten fayle,</p>
<p>And al þe lond þat godrich held,</p>
<p>Boþe in towne, and ek in feld;</p>
<span class = "linenum">2912</span>
<p>And þerto wile ich, þat þu spuse,</p>
<p>And fayre bring hire un-til huse,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He is to marry Levive, Grim’s daughter,</p>
<p>Grimes douther, leuiue þe hende,</p>
<p>For þider shal she with þe wende.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2916</span>
<p>Hire semes curteys forto be,</p>
<p>For she is fayr so flour on tre;</p>
<p>Þe heu is swilk in hire ler</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
who is as fair as a rose.</p>
<p>So [is] þe rose in roser,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2920</span>
<p>Hwan it is fayr sprad ut newe</p>
<p>Ageyn þe su<i>n</i>ne, brith and lewe.”</p>
<p>And girde him sone with þe swerd</p>
<p>Of þe erldom, bi-forn his ferd,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2924</span>
<p>And with his hond he made hi<i>m</i> knith,</p>
<p>And yaf him armes, for þat was rith,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
They are married.</p>
<p>And dide him þere sone wedde</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2927" id = "texttag2927" href =
"#textnote2927">2927</a>
<p>Hire þat was ful swete in bedde.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note131" id = "poem_note131" href =
"#poem_tag131">131</a>
MS. hauede<i>n</i>.</p>


<span class = "linenum">2928</span>
<p class = "section">
After þat he spused wore,</p>
<p>Wolde þe erl nouth dwelle þore,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok and Goldborough lived 100 years, and had many children.</p>
<p>But sone na<i>m</i> until his lond,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 219, col. 2.]</p>
<p>And seysed it al in his hond,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2932</span>
<p>And liuede þer-i<i>n</i>ne, he and his wif,</p>
<p>An hundred winter in god lif,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag132" id
= "poem_tag132" href = "#poem_note132">132</a></p>

<span class = "pagenum">84</span>
<a name = "page84" id = "page84"> </a>
<p>And gaten mani childre<i>n</i> samen,</p>
<p>And liueden ay in blisse and game<i>n</i>.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2936</span>
<p>Hwa<i>n</i> þe maydens were spused boþe,</p>
<p>Hauelok anon bigan ful rathe</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The Danes are enriched.</p>
<p>His denshe men to feste wel</p>
<p>Wit riche landes and catel,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2940</span>
<p>So þat he weren alle riche:</p>
<p>For he was large and nouth chinche.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note132" id = "poem_note132" href =
"#poem_tag132">132</a>
Between this line and the next are inserted in the MS. the words: <i>For
he saw þat he</i>, which have been subsequently struck out by the same
hand, and the word <i>vacat</i> affixed.</p>


<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
HAVELOK IS CROWNED KING OF ENGLAND.</span></p>

<p class = "section">
Þer-after sone, with his here,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok is crowned at London.</p>
<p>For he to lundone, forto bere</p>
<span class = "linenum">2944</span>
<p>Corune, so þat [alle] it sawe,</p>
<p>Henglishe ant denshe, heye and lowe,</p>
<p>Hwou he it bar with mikel pride,</p>
<p>For his barnage þat was un-ride.</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
The feast lasts 40 days.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2948</span>
<p class = "section">
Þe feste of his coruni[<i>n</i>]g<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag133"
id = "poem_tag133" href = "#poem_note133">133</a></p>
<p>Laste[de] with gret ioying</p>
<p>Fourti dawes, and sumdel mo;</p>
<p>Þo bigu<i>n</i>nen þe denshe to go</p>
<span class = "linenum">2952</span>
<p>Vn-to þe king, to aske leue,</p>
<p>And he ne wolde hem nouth g<i>re</i>ue,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
The Danes return home.</p>
<p>For he saw þat he woren yare</p>
<p>In-to denemark for to fare,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2956</span>
<p>But gaf hem leue sone anon,</p>
<p>And bitauhte hem seint Johan;</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Ubbe is to rule Denmark.</p>
<p>And bad ubbe, his iustise,</p>
<p>Þat he sholde on ilke wise</p>
<span class = "linenum">2960</span>
<p>Denemark yeme and gete so,</p>
<p>Þat no pleynte come him to.</p>

<p class = "footnote">
<a name = "poem_note133" id = "poem_note133" href =
"#poem_tag133">133</a>
MS. corunig.</p>


<p class = "sidenote">
Havelok remained in England for sixty years.</p>
<p class = "section">
Hwan he wore parted alle samen,</p>
<p>Hauelok bi-lefte wit ioie and game<i>n</i></p>

<span class = "pagenum">85</span>
<a name = "page85" id = "page85"> </a>
<span class = "linenum">2964</span>
<p>In engelond, and was þer-i<i>n</i>ne</p>
<p>Sixti winter king with winne,</p>
<p>And Goldeboru quen, þat I wene:</p>
<p>So mikel loue was hem bitwene,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2968</span>
<p>Þat al þe werd spak of hem two:</p>
<p>He louede hire, and she him so,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
He and Goldborough were never apart.</p>
<p>Þat neyþer oþe[r] mithe be</p>
<p>For<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag134" id = "poem_tag134" href =
"#poem_note134">134</a> oþer, ne no ioie se,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2972</span>
<p>But yf he were to-gidere<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag135" id =
"poem_tag135" href = "#poem_note135">135</a> boþe;</p>
<p>Neuere yete ne were<i>n</i> he wroþe,</p>
<p>For here loue was ay newe,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
[Fol. 219<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p>
<p>Neuere yete wordes ne grewe</p>
<span class = "linenum">2976</span>
<p>Bitwene hem, hwar-of ne lathe</p>
<p>Mithe rise, ne no wrathe.</p>

<div class = "footnote">
<p><a name = "poem_note134" id = "poem_note134" href =
"#poem_tag134">134</a>
<i>Qu.</i> Fro.</p>

<p><a name = "poem_note135" id = "poem_note135" href =
"#poem_tag135">135</a>
MS. togidede.</p>
</div>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
SUCH IS THE “GESTE” OF HAVELOK.</span></p>

<p class = "sidenote">
They had 15 children, all kings and queens.</p>
<p class = "section">
He geten childre<i>n</i> hem bi-twene</p>
<p>Sones and douthres rith fiuetene,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2980</span>
<p>Hwar-of þe sones were kinges alle,</p>
<p>So wolde god it sholde bifalle;</p>
<p>And þe douhtres alle q<i>ue</i>nes:</p>
<p>Him sto<i>n</i>des wel þat god child strenes.</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Such is the <i>geste</i> of Havelok and Goldborough.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2984</span>
<p>Nu haue ye herd þe gest al þoru</p>
<p>Of hauelok and of goldeborw.</p>
<p>Hw he were<i>n</i> born, and hw fedde,</p>
<p>And hwou he wore<i>n</i> with wro<i>n</i>ge ledde</p>
<span class = "linenum">2988</span>
<p>In here youþe, with trecherie,</p>
<p>With tresoun, and with felounye,</p>
<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2990" id = "texttag2990" href =
"#textnote2990">2990</a>
<p>And hwou þe swikes hauede<i>n</i> thit</p>
<p>Reuen hem þat was here rith,</p>
<span class = "linenum">2992</span>
<p>And hwou he were<i>n</i> wreken wel,</p>
<p>Haue ich sey you eu<i>er</i>ildel;</p>

<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote">
SAY A PATERNOSTER FOR THE AUTHOR.</span></p>

<p>And forþi ich wolde biseken you,</p>
<p>Þat haue<i>n</i> herd þe rim[e] nu,</p>
<p class = "sidenote">
Each of you say a <i>pater-noster</i> for the author.</p>
<span class = "linenum">2996</span>
<p>Þat ilke of you, with gode wille,<span class =
"pagenum">86</span></p>
<a name = "page86" id = "page86"> </a>
<p>Seye a pat<i>er</i>-nost<i>er</i> stille,</p>
<p>For him þat haueth þe rym[e] maked,</p>
<p>And þer-fore fele nihtes waked;</p>
<span class = "linenum">3000</span>
<p>Þat ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st his soule bringe</p>
<p>Bi-forn his fader at his endinge.</p>

<p class = "center"><b>Amen.</b></p>

</div>

<div class = "notes">

<span class = "pagenum">87</span>
<a name = "page87" id = "page87"> </a>
<h2><a name = "notes" id = "notes">NOTES.</a></h2>


<p class = "editor">
[The following notes are abridged from the notes in Sir F. Madden’s
excellent edition, the abridgement being effected almost entirely by
occasional omissions, and with but very slight unimportant changes of a
few words, chiefly in the case of references to later editions of
various works than were existing in 1828. I&nbsp;have added one or two
short notes upon difficult constructions, but these are distinguished by
being enclosed within square brackets. &mdash;W.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;S.]</p>

<p class = "spacer">&nbsp;</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote9" id = "textnote9" href =
"#texttag9">9.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>He was the wicteste man at nede</i></p>
<p><i>That thurte riden on ani stede.</i></p>
</div>

<p>This appears to have been a favourite expression of the poet, and to
have comprehended, in his idea, the perfection of those qualifications
required in a knight and hero. He repeats it, with some slight
variation, no less than five times, viz. in ll. 25, 87, 345, 1757, and
1970. The lines, however, are by no means original, but the common
property of all our early poetical writers. We find them in La?amon:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>þis wes þe feiruste mon</p>
<p>þe æuere æhte ær þusne kinedom,</p>
<p>þa he mihte beren wepnen,</p>
<p>&amp; his hors wel awilden.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?amon</i>, vol. i. p. 174.</p>

<p>So also in the Romance of <i>Guy of Warwick</i>:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He was the best knight at neede</p>
<p>That euer bestrode any stede.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
Coll. Garrick, K. 9. sign. Ll. ii.</p>

<p>Again, in the <i>Continuation of Sir Gy</i>, in the Auchinleck MS.,
(ed. for the Abbotsford Club, 1840, 4to; p.&nbsp;266),</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>The best bodi he was at nede</p>
<p>That ever might bistriden stede,</p>
<p class = "indent">And freest founde in fight.</p>
</div>

<p>And again, in the <i>Chronicle of England</i>, published by Ritson
from a copy in the British Museum, MS. Reg. 12. C. <span class =
"smallroman">XII</span>.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">88</span>
<a name = "page88" id = "page88"> </a>
<div class = "verse">
<p>After him his sone Arthur</p>
<p>Hevede this lond thourh and thourh.</p>
<p>He was the beste kyng at nede</p>
<p>That ever mihte ride on stede,</p>
<p>Other wepne welde, other folk out-lede,</p>
<p>Of mon he hede he never drede.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;l. 261.</p>

<p>The very close resemblance of these lines to those in Havelok, ll.
87-90, would induce a belief that the writer of the <i>Chronicle</i> had
certainly read, and perhaps copied from, the Romance. The MS. followed
by Ritson was undoubtedly written soon after the death of Piers
Gaveston, in 1313, with the mention of which event it concludes; but in
the Auchinleck copy it is continued, by a later hand, to the minority of
Edward III. It only remains to be observed, that the poem in MS. Reg.
12. C. <span class = "smallroman">XII.</span> is written by the same
identical hand as the MS. Harl. 2253 (containing <i>Kyng Horn</i>,
&amp;c.), whence some additional light is thrown on the real age of the
latter, respecting which our antiquaries so long differed.</p>

<p>[<a name = "textnote15" id = "textnote15" href = "#texttag15">15.</a>
“And I will drink ere I tell my tale.” <i>Her</i> = ere.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote19" id = "textnote19" href = "#texttag19">19.</a>
<i>And wite, &amp;c.</i>, i.e. And ordain that it may be so; cf. ll.
517, 1316. Both metre and grammar require the final <i>e</i>.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote31" id = "textnote31" href = "#texttag31">31.</a>
<i>Erl and barun, <b>dreng</b> and kayn.</i> The appellation of
<i>Dreng</i>, and, in the plural, <i>Drenges</i>, which repeatedly
occurs in the course of this poem, is uniformly bestowed on a class of
men who hold a situation between the rank of <i>Baron</i> and
<i>Thayn</i>. We meet with the term more than once in Doomsday Book, as,
for instance, in Tit. Cestresc: “Hujus manerii [Neuton] aliam terram xv.
hom. quos <i>Drenches</i> vocabant, pro xv. maneriis tenebant.” And in a
Charter of that period we read: “Alger Prior, et totus Conventus
Ecclesiæ S. Cuthberti, Edwino, et omnibus Teignis et <i>Drengis</i>,
&amp;c.” Hence Spelman infers, that the Drengs were military vassals,
and held land by knight’s service, which was called <i>Drengagium</i>.
This is confirmed by a document from the Chartulary of Welbeck, printed
in Dugdale, <i>Mon. Angl.</i> V.&nbsp;<span class =
"smallroman">II.</span> p.&nbsp;598, and in Blount, <i>Jocular
Tenures</i>, p.&nbsp;177, where it is stated, “In eadem villa [Cukeney,
co. Nottingh.] manebat quidam homo qui vocabatur Gamelbere, et fuit
vetus <i>Dreyinghe</i> ante Conquestum.” It appears from the same
document, that this person held two carucates of land of the King <i>in
capite</i>, and was bound to perform military service for the same,
whenever the army went into Wales. In the Epistle also from the Monks of
Canterbury to Henry II. printed by Somner, in his Treatise on Gavelkind,
p.&nbsp;123, we find: “Quia vero non erant adhuc tempore Regis Willelmi
Milites in Anglia, sed <i>Threnges</i>, præcepit Rex, ut de eis Milites
fierent, ad terram defendendam.” In La?amon’s translation of Wace the
term is frequently used in the acceptation of thayn, and spelt either
<i>dringches</i>, <i>drenches</i>, <i>dranches</i>, or <i>dringes</i>.
[Cf. Sw. <i>dräng</i>, a man, servant; Dan. <i>dreng</i>, a boy.] In the
Isl. and Su. Goth. <i>Dreng</i> originally signified <i>vir fortis</i>,
<i>miles strenuus</i>, and hence Olaf, King of Norway, received the
epithet of <i>Goddreng</i>. See Wormii Lex. Run. p.&nbsp;26. Ihre, Vet.
Cat. Reg.
<span class = "pagenum">89</span>
<a name = "page89" id = "page89"> </a>
p. 109. Langebek, Script. Rer. Danic. V. <span class =
"smallroman">I.</span> p.&nbsp;156. The term subsequently was applied to
persons in a servile condition, and is so instanced by Spelman, as used
in Denmark. In this latter sense it may be found in Hickes, Diction.
Isl., and in Sir David Lyndsay’s Poems,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Quhilk is not ordanit for <i>dringis</i></p>
<p>But for Duikis, Empriouris, and Kingis.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
V. Pinkerton’s <ins class = "mycorr"
title = "not an error">Scotish</ins> Poems Reprinted, ii. 97.</p>

<p>V. Jamieson, Dict. <i>in voce</i>.</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote45" id = "textnote45" href =
"#texttag45">45.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>In that time a man that bore</i></p>
<p>(<i>Wel fyfty pund, y woth, or more.</i>)</p>
</div>

<p>This insertion receives additional authority from a similar passage
in the Romance of <i>Guy of Warwick</i>, where it is mentioned as a
proof of the rigorous system of justice pursued by Earl Sigard,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Though a man bore an hundred pound,</p>
<p>Upon him of gold so round,</p>
<p>There n’as man in all this land</p>
<p>That durst him do shame no schonde.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
Ellis, <i>Metr. Rom.</i> V. <span class = "smallroman">II.</span> p. 9.
Ed. 1811.</p>

<p>Many of the traits here attributed to Athelwold appear to be borrowed
from the praises so universally bestowed by our ancient historians on
the character of King Alfred, in whose time, as Otterbourne writes,
p.&nbsp;52, “armillas aureas in bivio stratas vel suspensas, nemo
abripere est ausus.” Cf. <i>Annal. Eccl. Roffens.</i> MS. Cott. Nero, D.
<span class = "smallroman">II.</span> The same anecdote is related of
Rollo, Duke of Normandy, by Guillaume de Jumieges, and Dudon de Saint
Quentin.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote91" id = "textnote91" href = "#texttag91">91.</a>
<i>Sprong forth so sparke of glede.</i> Cf. l. 870. It is a very common
metaphor in early English poetry.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He sprong forð an stede,</p>
<p class = "indent">swa sparc ded of fure,</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?amon</i> v. ii. p. 565.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He sprange als any sparke one glede.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Isumbras</i>, st. 39 (Camd. Soc. 1844)</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He spronge as sparkle doth of glede,</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. of Tars</i>, l. 194.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>And lepte out of the arsoun,</p>
<p class = "indent">As sperk thogh out of glede.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Ly Beaus Desconus</i>, l. 623.</p>

<p>Cf. Chaucer, Cant. Tales, l. 13833, and Tyrwhitt’s note.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote110" id = "textnote110" href =
"#texttag110">110.</a> <i>Of his bodi</i>, &amp;c. Compare the French
text, l. 208.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Mes entre eus n’eurent enfant</p>
<p>Mes qe vne fille bele;</p>
<p>Argentille out non la pucele.</p>
<p>Rois Ekenbright fut enfermez,</p>
<p>Et de grant mal forment greuez;</p>
<p>Bien siet n’en poet garrir.</p>
</div>

<span class = "pagenum">90</span>
<a name = "page90" id = "page90"> </a>
<p>[Here <i>Argentille</i> is <i>Goldborough</i>, and <i>Ekenbright</i>
answers to <i>Athelwold</i>. This quotation, and others below, shewing
the passages of the French text which most nearly resemble the English
poem, are from a MS. in the Herald’s College, marked E. D. N. No. 14.
See the Preface.]</p>

<p>[<a name = "textnote118" id = "textnote118" href =
"#texttag118">118.</a> <i>Wat shal me to rede</i>, lit. what shall be
for a counsel to me. See <i>Rede</i> in the Glossary to <i>William of
Palerne</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote130" id = "textnote130" href =
"#texttag130">130.</a> <i>And don hem of þar hire were queme</i>, lit.
and do them off where it should be agreeable to her; i.e. and keep men
at a distance as she pleased. Such seems to me the meaning of this
hitherto unexplained line.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote132" id = "textnote132" href =
"#texttag132">132.</a> For <i>me</i> we ought probably to read
<i>hit</i>.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote136" id = "textnote136" href =
"#texttag136">136.</a> <i>He sende <b>writes</b> sone onon.</i> We must
here, and in l.&nbsp;2275, simply understand <i>letters</i>, without any
reference to the official summonses of parliament, which subsequently
were so termed, <span class = "greek" title = "kat’ exochên">?at’
e?????</span>. The word <i>briefs</i> is used in the same sense by the
old French writers, and in La?amon we meet with some lines nearly
corresponding with the present; see ll. 6669-6678.</p>

<p>[<a name = "textnote175" id = "textnote175" href =
"#texttag175">175.</a> <i>þa</i>. Frequently written for <i>þat</i>. See
<i>William of Palerne</i>.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote189" id = "textnote189" href =
"#texttag189">189-203.</a> <i>Ther-on he garte</i>, &amp;c. Compare the
French Romance, ll. 215-228.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Sa fille li ad comandée,</p>
<p>Et sa terre tote liuerée.</p>
<p>Primerement li fet iurer,</p>
<p>Veiant sa gent &amp; affier,</p>
<p>Qe leaument la nurrireit,</p>
<p>Et sa terre lui gardereit,</p>
<p>Tant q’ele fust de tiel age</p>
<p>Qe suffrir porroit mariage.</p>
<p>Quant la pucele seit granz,</p>
<p>Par le consail de ses tenanz,</p>
<p>Au plus fort home la dorroit</p>
<p>Qe el reaume troueroit;</p>
<p>Qu’il li baillast ses citez,</p>
<p>Ses chasteus &amp; ses fermetez.</p>
</div>

<p class = "spacer">&nbsp;</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote263" id = "textnote263" href =
"#texttag263">263.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>Justises dede he maken newe,</i></p>
<p><i>Al Engelond to faren thorw.</i></p>
</div>

<p>The earliest instance produced by Dugdale of the Justices Itinerant,
is in 23 Hen. II. 1176, when by the advice of the Council held at
Northampton, the realm was divided into six parts, and into each were
sent three Justices. <i>Orig. Judic.</i> p.&nbsp;51. This is stated on
the authority of Hoveden. Dugdale admits however the custom to have been
older, and in Gervasius Dorobernensis, we find, in 1170, certain
persons, called <i>inquisitores</i>, appointed to perambulate England.
Gervase of Tilbury, or whoever was the author of the <i>Dialogus de
Scaccario</i>, calls them <i>deambulantes, vel perlustrantes
judices</i>. See Spelman, <i>in voc</i>. The office continued to the
time of Edward III., when it was superseded by that of the Justices of
Assize.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">91</span>
<a name = "page91" id = "page91"> </a>
<p><a name = "textnote280" id = "textnote280" href =
"#texttag280">280.</a> <i>The kinges douther</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the Fr.
l. 283.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p class = "indent3">Argentille,</p>
<p>La meschine qu’ert sa fille,</p>
<p>Que ia estoit creue &amp; grant,</p>
<p>Et bien poeit auoir enfant.</p>
</div>

<p>[<a name = "textnote338" id = "textnote338" href =
"#texttag338">338.</a> <i>Sawe</i>, put for “Say we.” Cf. <i>biddi</i>
for “bidde i,” l.&nbsp;484; <i>hauedet</i> for “hauede it,” 714;
&amp;c.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote365" id = "textnote365" href =
"#texttag365">365.</a> <i>His quiste</i>, &amp;c. “His bequest made, and
(things) distributed for him.”]</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote433" id = "textnote433" href =
"#texttag433">433.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>Crist warie him with his mouth!</i></p>
<p><i>Waried wrthe he of north and suth!</i></p>
</div>

<p>So, in the Romance of Merlin, Bishop Brice curses the enemies of
Arthur,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ac, for he is king, and king’s son,</p>
<p>Y curse alle, and y dom</p>
<p>His enemies with Christes mouth,</p>
<p>By East, by West, by North, and South!</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
Ellis, <i>Metr. Rom.</i> V. <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p.
260.</p>

<p>[<a name = "textnote506" id = "textnote506" href =
"#texttag506">506.</a> For <i>nouth</i> we must read <i>mouth</i> or
<i>wolde</i>. The sense is&mdash; “He thought that he would he were
dead, except that he might not (<i>or</i> would not) slay him with his
(own) hand.”</p>

<p><a name = "textnote550" id = "textnote550" href =
"#texttag550">550.</a> The sense is&mdash; “When he had done that deed
(i.e. gagged the child), <i>then</i> the deceiver had commanded him,”
&amp;c.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote560" id = "textnote560" href =
"#texttag560">560.</a> <i>with</i> may mean <i>knowest</i>, but this
hardly gives sense. Perhaps we should read <i>wilt</i>, i.e. “As thou
wilt have (preserve) my life.”</p>

<p><a name = "textnote567" id = "textnote567" href =
"#texttag567">567.</a> Mr Morris suggests that the riming words are
<i>adoun</i> and <i>croune</i>. We might then read&mdash;</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>“And caste þe knaue so harde adoun,</p>
<p>þat he crakede þer hise croune.”]</p>
</div>

<p><a name = "textnote591" id = "textnote591" href =
"#texttag591">591.</a> <i>Of hise mouth</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the Fr. l.
71. sq.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Totes les houres q’il dormoit,</p>
<p>Vne flambe de lui issoit.</p>
<p>Par la bouche li venoit fors,</p>
<p>Si grant chalur auoit el cors.</p>
<p>La flambe rendoit tiel odour,</p>
<p>Onc ne sentit nul home meillour.</p>
</div>

<p><a name = "textnote676" id = "textnote676" href =
"#texttag676">676.</a> <i>And with thi chartre make (me) fre.</i>
Instances of the manumission of villains or slaves by charter may be
found in Hickes, <i>Diss. Epistol.</i> p.&nbsp;12, Lye’s Dict. <i>ad
calc.</i>, and Madox’s <i>Formulare Anglicanum</i>, p.&nbsp;750. The
practice was common in the Saxon times, and existed so late as the reign
of Henry VIII.</p>

<p>[<a name = "textnote694" id = "textnote694" href =
"#texttag694">694.</a> <i>Wite he him onliue</i>, if he knows him (to
be) alive.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote701" id = "textnote701" href =
"#texttag701">701.</a> It is evident that the words <i>and gate</i> =
and goats, must be supplied. For the spelling <i>gate</i>, cf. <i>Pricke
of Conscience</i>, ed. Morris, l.&nbsp;6134, where <i>gayte</i> is used
collectively as a plural.]</p>

<span class = "pagenum">92</span>
<a name = "page92" id = "page92"> </a>
<p><a name = "textnote706" id = "textnote706" href =
"#texttag706">706.</a> <i>Hise ship</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the Fr. l.
89.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Grim fet niefs apparailler,</p>
<p>Et de viande bien charger.</p>
</div>

<p><a name = "textnote715" id = "textnote715" href =
"#texttag715">715-720.</a> <i>Hauelok the yunge</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the
Fr. ll. 97-105.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Quant sa nief fut apparaillée,</p>
<p>Dedenz fist entrer sa meisnée,</p>
<p>Ses cheualers &amp; ses serganz,</p>
<p>Sa femme demeine &amp; ses enfanz:</p>
<p>La reyne mist el batel,</p>
<p>Haueloc tint souz son mantel.</p>
<p>Il meismes apres entra,</p>
<p>A Dieu del ciel se comanda,</p>
<p>Del hauene sont desancré,</p>
<p>Car il eurent bon orré.</p>
</div>

<p>Instead of the storm, in the French text Grim’s ship is attacked by
pirates, who kill the whole of the crew, with the exception of himself
and family, whom they spare on the score of his being an old
acquaintance.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote733" id = "textnote733" href =
"#texttag733">733-749.</a> <i>In Humber</i>, &amp;c. So in the Fr.
<i>Ceo fut el north</i>, &amp;c. Cf. ll. 122-135.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Tant out nagé &amp; tant siglé,</p>
<p>Q’en vne hauene out parvenu,</p>
<p>Et de la nief a terre issu.</p>
<p>Ceo fut el North, a Grimesbi;</p>
<p>A icel tens qe ieo vus di,</p>
<p>Ni out onques home habité,</p>
<p>Ne cele hauene n’ert pas haunté.</p>
<p>Il i adresca primes maison,</p>
<p>De lui ad Grimesbi a non.</p>
<p>Quant Grim primes i ariua,</p>
<p>En .ii. moitez sa nief trencha,</p>
<p>Les chiefs en ad amont drescé,</p>
<p>Iloec dedenz s’est herbergé.</p>
<p>Pescher aloit sicome il soloit,</p>
<p>Siel vendoit &amp; achatoit.</p>
</div>

<p class = "spacer">&nbsp;</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote753" id = "textnote753" href =
"#texttag753">753.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>He took the sturgiun and the qual,</i></p>
<p><i>And the turbut, and lax withal,</i></p>
<p><i>He tok the sele, and the hwel</i>, &amp;c.</p>
</div>

<p>The list of fish here enumerated may be increased from l. 896, and
presents us with a sufficiently accurate notion of the different species
eaten in the 13th century. Each of the names will be considered
separately in the Glossary, and it is only intended here to make a few
remarks on those, which in the present day appear rather strangely to
have found a place on the tables of our ancestors. The sturgeon is well
known to have been esteemed a dainty, both in England and France, and
specially appropriated to the King’s service, but that the whale, the
seal, and the porpoise
<span class = "pagenum">93</span>
<a name = "page93" id = "page93"> </a>
should have been rendered palatable, excites our astonishment. Yet that
the whale was caught for that purpose, appears not only from the present
passage, but also from the Fabliau intitled <i>Bataille de Charnage et
de Caresme</i>, written probably about the same period, and printed by
Barbazan. It is confirmed, as we learn from Le Grand, by the French
writers; and even Rabelais, near three centuries later, enumerates the
whale among the dishes eaten by the Gastrolatres. In the list of fish
also published by Le Grand from a MS. of the 13th century, and which
corresponds remarkably with the names in the Romance, we meet with the
<i>Baleigne</i>. See <i>Vie Privée des François</i>, T.&nbsp;<span class
= "smallroman">II.</span> sect.&nbsp;8.</p>

<p>Among the articles at Archbishop Nevil’s Feast, 6 Edw. IV., we find,
<i>Porposes and Seales <span class = "smallroman">XII.</span></i> and at
that of Archbishop Warham, held in 1504, is an item: <i>De Seales &amp;
Porposs. prec. in gross <span class = "smallroman">XXVI.</span> s. <span
class = "smallroman">VIII.</span> d.</i> Champier asserts that the Seal
was eaten at the Court of Francis&nbsp;I., so that the taste of the two
nations seems at this period to have been nearly the same. For the
courses of fish in England during the 14th and 15th centuries, see
Pegge’s <i>Form of Cury</i>, and Warner’s <i>Antiquitates Culinariæ</i>,
to which we may add MS. Sloane, 1986. [<i>Cf.</i> <i>Babees Book,
&amp;c.</i>, ed. Furnivall, 1868, p.&nbsp;153.]</p>

<p>[<a name = "textnote784" id = "textnote784" href =
"#texttag784">784.</a> For <i>setes</i> we should probably read
<i>seten</i> or <i>sette</i>, which would be as good a rime as many
others. The scribe has probably made the rime more perfect than the
sense. It must mean, “In the sea were they oft set.” We cannot here
suppose <i>setes</i> = <i>set es</i> = set them.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote839" id = "textnote839" href =
"#texttag839">839.</a> <i>And seyde, Hauelok, dere sone.</i> In the
French, Grim sends Havelok away for quite a different reason, viz.
because he does not understand fishing.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote903" id = "textnote903" href =
"#texttag903">903.</a> <i>The kok stod</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the Fr. l.
242.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Et vn keu le roi le retint,</p>
<p>Purceo qe fort le vist &amp; grant,</p>
<p>Et mult le vist de bon semblant.</p>
<p>Merueillous fes poeit leuer,</p>
<p>Busche tailler, ewe porter.</p>
</div>

<p>The last line answers to l. 942 of the English version.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote939" id = "textnote939" href =
"#texttag939">939.</a> <i>He bar the turues, he bar the star.</i> The
meaning of the latter term will be best illustrated by a passage in
Moor’s <i>Suffolk Words</i>, where, under the word <i>Bent</i>, he
writes, “<i>Bent</i> or <i>Starr</i>, on the N.W. coast of England, and
especially in Lancashire, is a coarse reedy shrub&mdash;like <ins class
= "mycorr" title = "i.e. the kind we have in Suffolk (quoting Moor)">ours</ins>
perhaps&mdash;of some importance formerly, if not now,
on the sandy blowing lands of those counties. Its fibrous roots give
some cohesion to the silicious soil. By the 15 and 16 G.&nbsp;II.
c.&nbsp;33, plucking up and carrying away <i>Starr</i> or Bent, or
having it in possession within five miles of the sand hills, was
punishable by fine, imprisonment, and whipping.” The use stated in the
Act to which the <i>Starr</i> was applied, is, “making of Mats, Brushes,
and Brooms or Besoms,” therefore it might very well be adapted to the
purposes of a kitchen, and from its being coupled with turves in the
poem, was perhaps sometimes burnt for fuel. The origin of the word is
Danish, and still exists in the Dan. <i>Stær</i>, Swed. <i>Starr</i>,
Isl.
<span class = "pagenum">94</span>
<a name = "page94" id = "page94"> </a>
<ins class = "mycorr" title = "error for ‘stær’?"><i>staer</i></ins>,
a&nbsp;species of sedge, or broom, called by Lightfoot, p.&nbsp;560,
<i>carex cespitosa</i>. Perhaps it is this shrub alluded to in the
Romance of <i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>, and this circumstance will induce us
to assign its author to the district in which the Starr is found.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>The speris craketh swithe thikke,</p>
<p>So doth on hegge <i>sterre-stike</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;l. 4438.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote945" id = "textnote945" href =
"#texttag945">945.</a> <i>of alle men</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the Fr. l.
254.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Tant estoit franc &amp; deboneire,</p>
<p>Que tuz voloit lur pleisir fere,</p>
<p>Pur la franchise q’il out.</p>
</div>

<p><a name = "textnote959" id = "textnote959" href =
"#texttag959">959.</a> <i>Of him ful wide the word sprong.</i> A phrase
which from the Saxon times occurs repeatedly in all our old writers. A
few examples may suffice.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Beowulf wæs breme,</p>
<p>Blæd wíde sprang.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Beowulf</i>, ed. Thorpe, p. 2.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Welle wide sprong þas eorles word.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?amon</i>, l. 26242.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Of a knight is that y mene,</p>
<p>His name is sprong wel wide.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Tristrem</i>, st. 2, p. 12.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>The word of Horn wide sprong,</p>
<p>How he was bothe michel and long.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Horn Childe</i>, ap. Rits. <i>Metr. Rom.</i> V. iii. p.&nbsp;291.</p>

<p>See also the <i>Kyng of Tars</i>, ll. 19, 1007, <i>Emare</i>,
l.&nbsp;256, <i>Roland and Ferragus</i>, as quoted by Ellis, <i>Ly beaus
Desconus</i>, l.&nbsp;172, and <i>Chronicle of England</i>,
l.&nbsp;71.</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote984" id = "textnote984" href =
"#texttag984">984.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>In armes him noman (ne) nam,</i></p>
<p><i>þat he doune sone ne caste.</i></p>
</div>

<p>The same praise is bestowed on Havelok in the French text,
l.&nbsp;265,&mdash;</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Deuant eus liuter le fesoient</p>
<p>As plus forz homes q’il sauoient,</p>
<p>Et il trestouz les abatit&mdash;</p>
</div>

<p>and it was doubtless in imitation or ridicule of the qualities
attributed to similar heroes, that Chaucer writes of Sir Thopas, “Of
wrastling was ther non his per.” Cant. Tales, l.&nbsp;13670.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote1006" id = "textnote1006" href =
"#texttag1006">1006.</a> <i>To ben þer at þe parlement.</i> Cf. l. 1178.
If we examine our historical records, we shall find that the only
parliament held at Lincoln was in the year 1300, 28 Edw.&nbsp;I., and
the writs to the <i>Archbishop of York</i>, and other Nobles, both
ecclesiastical and secular, are still extant. The proceedings are
detailed at some length by Robert of Brunne, Vol. <span class =
"smallroman">II.</span> p.&nbsp;312, who might have been in Lincoln at
the time, or, at all events, was sufficiently informed of all that took
place, from his residence in the
<span class = "pagenum">95</span>
<a name = "page95" id = "page95"> </a>
county. If we could suppose that the author of the Romance alluded to
this very parliament, it would reduce the period of the poem’s
composition to a later date, than either the style or the writing of the
MS. will possibly admit of. It is therefore far more probable the writer
here makes use of a poetical, and very pardonable licence, in
transferring the parliament to the chief city of the county in which he
was evidently born, or brought up, without any reference whatever to
historical data.</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote1022" id = "textnote1022" href
= "#texttag1022">1022.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>Biforn here fet þanne lay a tre,</i></p>
<p><i>And putten with a mikel ston</i>, &amp;c.</p>
</div>

<p>This game of <i>putting the stone</i>, is of the highest antiquity,
and seems to have been common at one period to the whole of England,
although subsequently confined to the Northern counties, and to
Scotland. Fitzstephen enumerates casting of stones among the amusements
of the Londoners in the 12th century, and Dr Pegge, in a note on the
passage, calls it “a Welch custom.” The same sport is mentioned by
Geoffrey of Monmouth, among the diversions pursued at King Arthur’s
feast, as will appear in a subsequent note (l.&nbsp;2320). By an edict
of Edward III. the practice of casting stones, wood, and iron, was
forbidden, and the use of the bow substituted, yet this by no means
superseded the former amusement, which was still in common use in the
16th century, as appears from Strutt’s <i>Popular Pastimes</i>, Introd.
pp.&nbsp;xvii, xxxix, and p.&nbsp;56, sq. In the Highlands this sport
appears to have been longer kept up than in any other part of Britain,
and Pennant, describing their games, writes, “Those retained are,
throwing the <i>putting-stone</i>, or stone of strength (<i>Cloch
neart</i>) as they call it, which occasions an emulation who can throw a
weighty one the farthest.” <i>Tour in Scotl.</i> p.&nbsp;214. 4to. 1769.
See also <i>Statist. Account of Argyleshire</i>, xi. 287. In the French
Romance of Horn, preserved in MS. Harl. 527, is almost a similar
incident to the one in Havelok, and would nearly amount to a proof, that
Tomas, the writer of the French text of Horn, was an Englishman.</p>

<p>In the Romance of <i>Octovian Imperator</i> it is said of
Florent,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>At <i>wrestelyng</i>, and at <i>ston castynge</i></p>
<p>He wan the prys, without lesynge;</p>
<p>Ther n’as nother old ne yynge</p>
<p class = "indent">So mochell of strength,</p>
<p>That myght the ston to hys <i>but</i> bryng,</p>
<p class = "indent">Bi fedeme lengthe.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;l. 895.</p>

<p>It is singular enough, that the circumstance of Havelok’s throwing
the stone, mentioned in the Romance, should have been founded on, or
preserved in, a local tradition, as attested by Robert of Brunne,
p.&nbsp;26.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Men sais in Lyncoln castelle ligges ?it a stone,</p>
<p>That Hauelok kast wele forbi euerilkone.</p>
</div>

<p><a name = "textnote1077" id = "textnote1077" href =
"#texttag1077">1077-1088.</a> <i>The king Athelwald</i>, &amp;c. Comp.
the Fr. text, ll. 354-370.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">96</span>
<a name = "page96" id = "page96"> </a>
<div class = "verse">
<p>Quant Ekenbright le roi fini,</p>
<p>En ma garde sa fille mist;</p>
<p>Vn serement iurer me fist,</p>
<p>Q’au plus fort home le dorroie,</p>
<p>Qe el reaume trouer porroie.</p>
<p>Assez ai quis &amp; demandé,</p>
<p>Tant q’en ai vn fort troué;</p>
<p>Vn valet ai en ma quisine,</p>
<p>A qui ieo dorrai la meschine; &amp;c.</p>
</div>

<p><a name = "textnote1103" id = "textnote1103" href =
"#texttag1103">1103.</a> <i>After Goldeborw</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the Fr.
l. 377.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Sa niece lur fet amener,</p>
<p>Et a Cuaran esposer;</p>
<p>Pur lui auiler &amp; honir,</p>
<p>La fist la nuit lez lui gesir.</p>
</div>

<p>The French Romance differs here very considerably from the English,
and in the latter, the dream of Argentille, her visit to the hermit, and
the conversation relative to Havelok’s parents, is entirely omitted.</p>

<p>[<a name = "textnote1174" id = "textnote1174" href =
"#texttag1174">1174.</a> This may mean&mdash;“He (Havelok) is given to
her, and she has taken (him)”&mdash;but this makes <i>yaf</i> and
<i>tok</i> past participles, which they properly are not; or else we
must translate it&mdash;“He (Godard) gave them to her, and she took
them,” i.e. the pence. This alone is the grammatical construction, and
it suits the context best; observe, that the words <i>ys</i> and
<i>as</i> are equivalent to <i>es</i> = them. Cf. l.&nbsp;970. See
Morris; <i>Gen. &amp; Exod.</i>, Pref. p.&nbsp;xviii.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote1203" id = "textnote1203" href =
"#texttag1203">1203.</a> <i>Thanne he komen there</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the
Fr. l. 556.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>A Grimesby s’en alerent;</p>
<p>Mes li prodoms estoit finiz,</p>
<p>Et la Dame q’is out nurriz.</p>
<p>Kelloc sa fille i ont trouée,</p>
<p>Vn marchant l’out esposée.</p>
</div>

<p>The marriage of Kelloc, Grim’s daughter, with a merchant is skilfully
intro&shy;duced in the French, and naturally leads to the mention of
Denmark. The plot of the English story is wholly dissimilar in this
respect.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote1247" id = "textnote1247" href =
"#texttag1247">1247.</a> <i>On the nith</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the Fr. l.
381.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Quant couché furent ambedui,</p>
<p>Cele out grant honte de lui,</p>
<p>Et il assez greindre de li.</p>
<p>As deuz se geut, si se dormi.</p>
<p>Ne voloit pas q’ele veist</p>
<p>La flambe qe de lui issist.</p>
</div>

<p>The voice of the angel is completely an invention of the English
author, and the dream (which is transferred from Argentille to Havelok)
is altogether different in its detail.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote1260" id = "textnote1260" href =
"#texttag1260">1260.</a> <i>He beth heyman</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the Fr. l.
521.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">97</span>
<a name = "page97" id = "page97"> </a>
<div class = "verse">
<p>Il est né de real lignage,</p>
<p>Oncore auera grant heritage.</p>
<p>Grant gent fra vers li encline,</p>
<p>Il serra roi &amp; tu reyne.</p>
</div>

<p>[<a name = "textnote1334" id = "textnote1334" href =
"#texttag1334">1334.</a> The words <i>euere-il del</i> are corruptly
repeated from line 1330 above. Perhaps we should read <i>wit-uten
were</i>, i.e. without doubt.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote1430" id = "textnote1430" href =
"#texttag1430">1430.</a> <i>Hauede go for him gold ne fe.</i> Cf. l. 44.
So in La?amon:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ne sculde him neoðer gon fore</p>
<p>Gold ne na gærsume, &amp;c.;</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;vol. ii. p. 537.</p>

<p>[<a name = "textnote1444" id = "textnote1444" href =
"#texttag1444">1444.</a> The French text helps but little to supply the
blank. It shows that Havelok and his wife sailed to Denmark, and, on
their arrival, sought out the castle belonging to Sigar, who answers to
the Ubbe of the English version.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote1632" id = "textnote1632" href =
"#texttag1632">1632.</a> <i>A gold ring drow he forth anon</i>, &amp;c.
A similar incident, and in nearly the same words, occurs in Sir
Tristrem.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>A ring he raught him tite,</p>
<p>The porter seyd nought nay,</p>
<p class = "indent3">In hand:</p>
<p>He was ful wis, y say,</p>
<p>That first yave yift in land.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;fytte i. st. 57, p. 39.</p>

<p>So also Wyntoun, who relates the subsidy of 40,000 moutons sent from
France to Scotland in 1353, and adds,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Qwha gyvis swilk gyftyis he is wyse.</p>
</div>

<p>[See also <i>Piers Plowman</i>, Text A. iii. 202.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote1646" id = "textnote1646" href =
"#texttag1646">1646.</a> <i>Hw he was wel of bones</i>, &amp;c. Comp.
the Fr. l.&nbsp;743.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Gent cors &amp; bele feture,</p>
<p>Lungs braz &amp; grant furcheure</p>
<p>Ententiuement l’esgarda.</p>
</div>

<p>[<a name = "textnote1678" id = "textnote1678" href =
"#texttag1678">1678.</a> This line has two syllables too little.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote1722" id = "textnote1722" href =
"#texttag1722">1722.</a> <i>Thanne he were set</i>, &amp;c. This is an
amplification of the Fr. l.&nbsp;677, sq.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Quant fut houre del manger,</p>
<p>Et qe tuz alerent lauer,</p>
<p>Li prodoms a manger s’assist,</p>
<p>Les .iii. valez seeir i fist,</p>
<p>Argentille lez son seignur;</p>
<p>Serui furent a grant honur.</p>
</div>

<p><a name = "textnote1726" id = "textnote1726" href =
"#texttag1726">1726.</a> <i>Kranes, swannes, veneysun</i>, &amp;c. We
have here the principal constituents of what formed the banquets of our
ancestors. The old Romances abound with descriptions of this nature,
which coincide exactly with the present. See <i>Richard Cœur de
Lion</i>, l.&nbsp;4221; <i>Guy of Warwick; The Squyr of Lowe Degre</i>,
l.&nbsp;317; and <i>Morte Arthure</i>, ed. Perry, p.&nbsp;7.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">98</span>
<a name = "page98" id = "page98"> </a>
<p>“Wine is common,” says Dr Pegge, speaking of the entertainments of
the 14th century, “both red and white. This article they partly had of
their own growth, and partly by importation from France and Greece.” A
few examples will illustrate this:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He laid the cloth, and set forth bread,</p>
<p>And also wine, both <i>white and red</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Degore</i>, ap. Ellis, <i>Metr. Rom.</i> V. 3, p. 375.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>And dronke wyn, and eke pyment,</p>
<p><i>Whyt and red</i>, al to talent.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>, l. 4178.</p>

<p>[Cf. <i>Piers Plowman</i>, Text B, at the end of the
<i>Prologue</i>.]</p>

<p>In the <i>Squyr of Lowe Degre</i> is a long list of these wines,
which has received considerable illustration in the curious work of Dr
Henderson.</p>

<p>[<a name = "textnote1736" id = "textnote1736" href =
"#texttag1736">1736.</a> I print <i>kiwing</i>, as in Sir F. Madden’s
edition; but I quite give up the meaning of it, and doubt if it is put
for <i>kirving</i>. The word is obscurely written, and looks like
<i>kilþing</i>, and my impression is that it is miswritten for <i>ilk
þing</i>, the word <i>þe</i> being put for <i>þer</i>, as frequently
elsewhere. We should thus get <i>hwan he haueden þer ilk þing deled</i>,
when they had there distributed every thing. This is, at any rate, the
sense of the passage.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote1749" id = "textnote1749" href =
"#texttag1749">1749.</a> <i>And sende him unto the greyues.</i> In the
French, Havelok is simply sent to an <i>ostel</i>, and the <i>greyve</i>
does not appear in the story.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote1806" id = "textnote1806" href =
"#texttag1806">1806.</a> <i>Hauelok lifte up</i>, &amp;c. In the French,
all the amusing details relative to Robert and Huwe Raven are omitted,
and Havelok is made to retire to a monastery, where he defends himself
by throwing down the stones on his assailants.</p>

<p>[<a name = "textnote1826" id = "textnote1826" href =
"#texttag1826">1826.</a> <i>wolde</i>, offered at, intended to hit,
<i>would</i> have hit.]</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote1838" id = "textnote1838" href
= "#texttag1838">1838.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>And shoten on him, so don on bere</i></p>
<p><i>Dogges, that wolden him to-tere<ins class = "mycorr"
title = "text has superfluous closing bracket">.&nbsp;</ins></i></p>
</div>

<p>The same comparison is made use of in the Romance of Horn Childe:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>The Yrise folk about him yode,</p>
<p>As hondes do to bare.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
Rits. <i>Metr. Rom.</i> V. <span class = "smallroman">III.</span> p.
289.</p>

<p>See <a href = "#textnote2320">Note on l. 2320</a>.</p>

<p>[<a name = "textnote1914" id = "textnote1914" href =
"#texttag1914">1914.</a> “Cursed be he who cares! for they deserved it!
What did they? There were they worried.” A mark of interrogation seems
required after <i>dide he</i>.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote1926" id = "textnote1926" href =
"#texttag1926">1926-1930.</a> <i>Sket cam tiding</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the
Fr. l. 719.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>La nouele vint a chastel,</p>
<p>Au seneschal, qui n’est pas bel,</p>
<p>Qe cil qu’il auoit herbergé</p>
<p>Cinc de ses homes out tué.</p>
</div>

<p>[<a name = "textnote1932" id = "textnote1932" href =
"#texttag1932">1932.</a> Apparently corrupt. Perhaps <i>is</i> should be
<i>it</i>. “That this strife&mdash;as to what it meant.”]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2045" id = "textnote2045" href =
"#texttag2045">2045.</a> <i>That weren of Kaym kin and Eues.</i> The
odium affixed to
<span class = "pagenum">99</span>
<a name = "page99" id = "page99"> </a>
the supposed progeny of Cain, and the fables engrafted on it, owe their
origin to the theological opinions of the Middle Ages, which it is not
worth while to trace to their authors. See <i>Beowulf</i>, ed. Thorpe,
p.&nbsp;8; and <i>Piers Plowman</i>, A. <span class =
"smallroman">X.</span> 135-156; answering to p.&nbsp;177 of Whitaker’s
edition. See also the Romance of <i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>And of Sab the duk Mauryn,</p>
<p>He was of <i>Kaymes kunrede</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;l. 1932.</p>

<p>In <i>Ywaine and Gawaine</i>, l. 559, the Giant is called “the karl
of <i>Kaymes kyn</i>,” and so also in a poem printed by Percy, intitled
<i>Little John Nobody</i>, written about the year 1550.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Such caitives count to be come of Cain’s kind.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Anc. Reliq.</i> V. <span class = "smallroman">II.</span> p. 130. Ed.
1765.</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote2076" id = "textnote2076" href
= "#texttag2076">2076.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>It ne shal no thing ben bitwene</i></p>
<p><i>Thi bour and min, also y wene,</i></p>
<p><i>But a fayr firrene wowe.</i></p>
</div>

<p>These lines will receive some illustration from a passage in Sir
Tristrem, where it is said,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>A borde he tok oway</p>
<p class = "indent">Of her bour.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;p. 114.</p>

<p>On which Sir W. Scott remarks, “The bed-chamber of the queen was
constructed of wooden boards or shingles, of which one could easily be
removed.” This will explain the line which occurs below, 2106, “He stod,
and totede in at a bord.”</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2092" id = "textnote2092" href =
"#texttag2092">2092.</a> <i>Aboute the middel</i>, &amp;c. In the
French, a person is placed by the Seneschal to watch, who first
discovers the light.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2132" id = "textnote2132" href =
"#texttag2132">2132.</a> <i>Bi the pappes he leyen naked.</i> “From the
latter end of the 13th to near the 16th century, all ranks, and both
sexes, were universally in the habit of sleeping quite naked. This
custom is often alluded to by Chaucer, Gower, Lydgate, and all our
ancient writers.” Ellis, <span class = "smallcaps">Spec. Metr.
Rom.</span> V.&nbsp;<span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p.&nbsp;324,
4th Ed. In the <i>Squyr of Lowe Degre</i> is a remarkable instance of
this fact:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>How she rose, that lady dere,</p>
<p>To take her leue of that squyer;</p>
<p>Al so naked as she was borne</p>
<p>She stod her chambre-dore beforne.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;l. 671.</p>

<p>The custom subsisted both in England and France to a very recent
period, and hence probably was derived the phrase <i>naked-bed</i>,
illustrated so copiously by Archdeacon Nares in his Glossary.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2192" id = "textnote2192" href =
"#texttag2192">2192.</a> Cf. the French, l. 843.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ses chapeleins fet demander,</p>
<p>Ses briefs escriure &amp; enseeler;</p>
<p>Par ses messages les manda,</p>
<p>Et pur ses amis enuoia;</p>
<p>Pur ses homes, pur ses parenz;</p>
<p>Mult i assembla granz genz.</p>
</div>

<span class = "pagenum">100</span>
<a name = "page100" id = "page100"> </a>
<p>[<a name = "textnote2201" id = "textnote2201" href =
"#texttag2201">2201.</a> Read <i>ne neme</i> = took not, sc. their way,
just as in l.&nbsp;1207.]</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2240" id = "textnote2240" href =
"#texttag2240">2240-2265.</a> <i>Lokes, hware he stondes her</i>,
&amp;c. Comp. the Fr. ll. 913-921.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>“Veez ci nostre dreit heir,</p>
<p>Bien en deuom grant ioie aueir.”</p>
<p>Tut primerain se desafubla,</p>
<p>Par deuant lui s’agenuilla;</p>
<p>Sis homs deuint, si li iura</p>
<p>Qe leaument le seruira.</p>
<p>Li autre sont apres alé,</p>
<p>Chescuns de bone volenté;</p>
<p>Tuit si home sont deuenu.</p>
</div>

<p class = "spacer">&nbsp;</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote2314" id = "textnote2314" href
= "#texttag2314">2314.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>Vbbe dubbede him to knith,</i></p>
<p><i>With a swerd ful swithe brith.</i></p>
</div>

<p>So likewise in the Fr. l. 928, <i>A cheualier l’out adubbé</i>. The
ceremony of knighthood is described with greater minuteness in the
Romance of <i>Ly beaus Desconus</i>, l.&nbsp;73; and see <i>Kyng
Horn</i>, ed. Lumby, ll. 495-504.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2320" id = "textnote2320" href =
"#texttag2320">2320.</a> <i>Hwan he was king, ther mouthe men se</i>,
&amp;c. Ritson has justly remarked, Notes to <i>Ywaine and Gawaine</i>,
l.&nbsp;15, that the elaborate description of Arthur’s feast at
Carlisle, given by Geoffrey of Monmouth, l. ix. c. 12, has served as a
model to all his successors. The original passage stands thus in a fine
MS. of the 13th century, MS. Harl. 3773. fol. 33&nbsp;<i>b</i>. “Refecti
autem epulis diversos ludos acturi campos extra civitatem adeunt. Tunc
milites simulachra belli scientes <i>equestrem ludum</i> componunt,
mulieribus ab edito murorum aspicientibus. Alii <i>cum cestibus</i>,
alii <i>cum hastis</i>, alii <i>gravium lapidum jactu</i>, alii <i>cum
facis</i>, [<i>saxis</i>, Edd.] alii <i>cum aleis</i>, diversisque alii
alteriusmodi jocis contendentes.” In the translation of this description
by Wace we approach still nearer to the imitation of the Romance before
us.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>A plusurs iuis se departirent,</p>
<p>Li vns alerent <i>buhurder</i>,</p>
<p>E lur ignels cheuals mustrer,</p>
<p>Li altre alerent <i>eskermir</i>,</p>
<p>V <i>pere geter</i>, v <i>saillir</i>;</p>
<p>Tels i-aueit ki <i>darz lanconent</i>,</p>
<p>E tels i-aueit ki <i>lutouent</i>:</p>
<p>Chescon del gru [geu?] s’entremetait</p>
<p>Dunt entremettre se saueit.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
MS. Reg. 13. A. xxi.</p>

<p>The parallel versions, from the French, of La?amon, Robert of
Gloucester, and Robert of Brunne, may be read in Mr Ellis’s <i>Specimens
of Early English Poets</i>. At the feast of Olimpias, described in the
Romance of <i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>, we obtain an additional
imitation.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Withoute theo toun was mury,</p>
<p>Was reised ther al maner pley;</p>
<span class = "pagenum">101</span>
<a name = "page101" id = "page101"> </a>
<p>There was knyghtis <i>turnyng</i>,</p>
<p>There was maidenes carolyng,</p>
<p>There was champions <i>skyrmyng</i>,</p>
<p>Of heom and of other <i>wrastlyng</i>,</p>
<p>Of liouns chas, of <i>beore baityng</i>,</p>
<p>And <i>bay of bor</i>, of <i>bole slatyng</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;l. 193. Cf. l. 1045.</p>

<p>Some additional illustrations on each of the amusements named in our
text may not be unacceptable:</p>

<p class = "inset1">
1. <i>Buttinge with sharpe speres.</i> This is tilting, or justing,
expressed in Wace by <i>buhurder</i>. See Strutt’s <i>Sports and
Pastimes</i>, p.&nbsp;96, sq. 108.</p>

<p class = "inset1">
2. <i>Skirming with taleuaces.</i> This is described more at large by
Wace, in his account of the feast of Cassibelaunus. Cf. <i>La?amon</i>,
v.&nbsp;i. p.&nbsp;347; l.&nbsp;8144. In Strutt’s <i>Sports and
Pastimes</i> is a representation of this game, taken from MS. Bodl. 264,
illuminated between 1338 and 1344, in which the form of the
<i>talevas</i> is accurately defined. It appears to have been pursued to
such an excess, as to require the interference of the crown, for in 1286
an edict was issued by Edward&nbsp;I. prohibiting all persons
<i>Eskirmer au bokeler</i>. This, however, had only a temporary effect
in restraining it, and in later times, under the appellation of <i>sword
and buckler play</i>, it again became universally popular.</p>

<p class = "inset1">
3. <i>Wrastling with laddes, puttinge of ston.</i> See the notes on ll.
984 and 1022.</p>

<p class = "inset1">
4. <i>Harping and piping.</i> This requires no illustration.</p>

<p class = "inset1">
5. <i>Leyk of mine, of hasard ok.</i> Among the games mentioned at the
marriage of Gawain, in the Fabliau of <i>Le Chevalier à l’Epée</i>, we
have:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Cil Chevalier jeuent as tables,</p>
<p>Et as eschés de l’autre part,</p>
<p>O à la <i>mine</i>, o à <i>hazart</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "inset1 continue">
Le Grand, in his note on this passage, T. i. p. 57, Ed. 1779, writes:
“Le Hasard était une sorte de jeu de dez. Je ne connais point la
<i>Mine</i>; j’ai trouvé seulement ailleurs un passage qui prouve que ce
jeu était tres-dangereux, et qu’on pouvait s’y ruiner en peu de tems.”
It appears however from the Fabliau of <i>Du Prestre et des deuz
Ribaus</i>, to have been certainly a species of <i>Tables</i>, or
<i>Backgammon</i>, and to have been played with dice, on a board called
<i>Minete</i>. The only passage we recollect in which any further detail
of this game is given, is that of Wace, in the account of Arthur’s
feast, Harl. MS. 6508, and MS. Cott. Vit. A.&nbsp;x., but it must be
remarked, that the older copy 13 A. xxi. does not contain it, nor is it
found in the translations of La?amon, or Robert of Gloucester.</p>

<p class = "inset1">
6. <i>Romanz reding.</i> See Sir W. Scott’s note on Sir Tristrem,
p.&nbsp;290, [p.&nbsp;306, ed. 1811]; and the Dissertations of Percy,
Ritson, and Ellis.</p>

<p class = "floathead">7.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>Ther mouthe men se the boles beyte,</i></p>
<p><i>And the bores, with hundes teyte.</i></p>
</div>

<p class = "inset1 continue">
Cf. ll. 1838, 2438. Both these diversions are mentioned by Lucianus, in
his inedited tract <i>De laude Cestriæ</i>, MS. Bodl. 672, who is
supposed by
<span class = "pagenum">102</span>
<a name = "page102" id = "page102"> </a>
Tanner to have written about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
1100, but who must probably be placed near half a century later. They
formed also part of the amusements of the Londoners in the 12th century,
as we learn from Fitzstephen, p.&nbsp;77, and are noticed in the passage
above quoted from the Romance of <i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>. In later times,
particularly during the 16th century, these cruel practices were in the
highest estimation, as we learn from Holinshed, Stowe, Laneham, &amp;c.
See Strutt’s <i>Sports and Pastimes</i>, p.&nbsp;192, and the plate from
MS. Reg. 2. B.&nbsp;vii. Also Pegge’s Dissertation on Bull-baiting,
inserted in Vol. ii. of Archæologia.</p>

<p class = "inset1">
8. <i>Ther mouthe men se hw Grim greu.</i> If this is to be understood
of scenic representation (and we can scarcely view it in any other
light), it will present one of the earliest instances on record of any
attempt to represent an historical event, or to depart from the
religious performances, which until a much later period were the chief,
and almost only, efforts towards the formation of the drama. Of course,
the words of the writer must be understood to refer to the period in
which he lived, i.e. according to our supposition, about the end of Hen.
III’s reign, or beginning of Edw.&nbsp;I. See Le Grand’s notes to the
<i>Lai de Courtois</i>, V.&nbsp;i. p.&nbsp;329, and Strutt’s <i>Sports
and Pastimes</i>, B.&nbsp;3, ch.&nbsp;2.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2344" id = "textnote2344" href =
"#texttag2344">2344.</a> <i>The feste fourti dawes sat.</i> Cf. l. 2950.
This is borrowed also from Geoffrey, and is the usual term of duration
fixed in the Romances.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Fourty dayes hy helden feste,</p>
<p>Ryche, ryall, and oneste.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Octouian Imperator</i>, l.&nbsp;73.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Fourty dayes leste the feste.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Launfal</i>, l. 631.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>And certaynly, as the story sayes,</p>
<p>The revell lasted forty dayes.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Squyr of Lowe Degre</i>, l. 1113.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2384" id = "textnote2384" href =
"#texttag2384">2384.</a> The French story here differs wholly from the
English. Instead of the encounter of Robert and Godard, and the cruel
punishment inflicted on the latter, in the French is a regular battle
between the forces of Havelok and Hodulf (Godard). A single combat takes
place between the two leaders, in which Hodulf is slain.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2450" id = "textnote2450" href =
"#texttag2450">2450.</a> Cf. ll. 2505 and 2822. This appears to have
been a common, but barbarous, method in former times of leading traitors
or malefactors to execution. Thus in the Romance of Kyng Alisaunder, the
treatment of the murderers of Darius is described:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He dude quyk harnesche hors,</p>
<p>And sette theron heore cors,</p>
<p>Hyndeforth they seten, saun faile;</p>
<p>In heore hand they hulden theo tailes.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;l. 4708.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2461" id = "textnote2461" href =
"#texttag2461">2461.</a> We find a similar proverb in the <i>Historie de
Melusine, tirée des Chroniques de Poitou</i>, &amp;c. 12mo. Par. 1698,
in which (at p.&nbsp;72) Thierry, Duke of Bretagne, says to
Raimondin;&mdash; “Vous autorisez par votre silence <i>notre
Proverbe</i>, qui dit, <i>Qu’un vieux peché fait nouvelle
vergogne</i>.”</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2513" id = "textnote2513" href =
"#texttag2513">2513.</a> <i>Sket was seysed</i>, &amp;c. Comp. the Fr.
l. 971.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">103</span>
<a name = "page103" id = "page103"> </a>
<div class = "verse">
<p>Apres cest fet, ad receu</p>
<p>Le regne q’a son piere fu.</p>
</div>

<p class = "spacer">&nbsp;</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote2516" id = "textnote2516" href
= "#texttag2516">2516.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>And the king ful sone it yaf</i></p>
<p><i>Vbbe in the hond, wit a fayr staf.</i></p>
</div>

<p>So in <i>Sir Tristrem</i>:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Rohant he yaf <i>the wand</i>,</p>
<p>And bad him sitte him bi,</p>
<p class = "indent3">That fre;</p>
<p>‘Rohant lord mak y</p>
<p>To held this lond of me.’</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;fytte i. st. 83; p. 52.</p>

<p>The editor is clearly mistaken in explaining the <i>wand</i> to be a
<i>truncheon</i>, or <i>symbol of power</i>. For the custom of giving
seisin or investiture <i>per fustim</i>, and <i>per baculum</i>, see
Madox’s <i>Formul. Anglican.</i> pref. p.&nbsp;ix. and Spelman, Gloss.
in&nbsp;v. <i>Investire</i>, and <i>Traditio</i>. The same usage existed
in France, <i>par rain et par baton</i>.</p>

<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote2521" id = "textnote2521" href
= "#texttag2521">2521.</a></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>&mdash;&mdash;<i>of monekes blake</i></p>
<p><i>A priorie to seruen inne ay.</i></p>
</div>

<p>The allusion here may be made either to the Abbey of Wellow, in
Grimsby, which was a monastery of <i>Black Canons</i>, said to have been
built about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1110, or (what is
more probable) to the Augustine Friary of Black Monks, which is stated
in the <i>Monumental Antiquities of Grimsby</i>, by the Rev. G. Oliver,
to have been “founded <i>about</i> the year 1280,” p.&nbsp;110. No
notice of it occurs in Tanner till the year 1304. Pat. 33 Edw.&nbsp;I.
Some old walls of this edifice, which was dissolved in 1543, still
remain, and the site is still called “The Friars.” If the connection
between this foundation and the one recorded in the poem be considered
valid, the date of the composition must be referred to <i>rather</i> a
later period than we wish to admit.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2530" id = "textnote2530" href =
"#texttag2530">2530.</a> The French supplies what is here omitted, viz.
that Havelok sails to England by the persuasion of his wife.</p>

<p>[Indeed, ll. 979-1006 of the French text may serve to fill up the
evident gap in the story; a translation of the passage is added, to shew
this more clearly.</p>

<table class = "verse" summary = "parallel texts">
<col />
<col class = "half" />
<tr>
<td>
<p>Quant Haueloc est rois pussanz,</p>
<p>Le regne tint plus de .iiii. anz;</p>
<p>Merueillos tresor i auna.</p>
<p>Argentille li commanda</p>
<p>Qu’il passast en Engleterre</p>
<p>Pur son heritage conquerre,</p>
<p>Dont son oncle l’out engettée,</p>
<p>[Et] A grant tort desheritée.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>When Havelok is a mighty king,</p>
<p>He reigned more than 4 years,</p>
<p>Marvellous treasure he amassed.</p>
<p>Argentille (Goldborough) bade him</p>
<p>Pass into England</p>
<p>To conquer her heritage,</p>
<p>Whence her uncle had cast her out,</p>
<p>And very wrongly disinherited her.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Li rois li dist qu’il fera</p>
<p>Ceo qu’ele li comandera.</p>
<p>Sa nauie fet a-turner,</p>

<span class = "pagenum">104</span>
<a name = "page104" id = "page104"> </a>
<p>Ses genz &amp; ses ostz mander.</p>
<p>En mier se met quant orré a,</p>
<p>Et la reyne od lui mena.</p>
<p>Quatre vinz &amp; quatre cenz</p>
<p>Out Haueloc, pleines de genz.</p>
<p>Tant out nagé &amp; siglé,</p>
<p>Q’en Carleflure est ariué.</p>
<p>Sur le hauene se herbergerent,</p>
<p>Par le pais viande quierent.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>The king told her that he would do</p>
<p>That which she should command him.</p>
<p>He got ready his fleet,</p>
<p>And sent for his men and his hosts.</p>
<p>He puts to sea when he has prayed,</p>
<p>And took the queen with him.</p>
<p>Four score and four hundred (ships)</p>
<p>Had Havelok, full of men.</p>
<p>So far has he steered and sailed</p>
<p>That he has arrived at Carleflure.</p>
<p>Hard by the haven they abode,</p>
<p>And sought food in the country round.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Puis enuoia li noble rois,</p>
<p>Par le consail de ses Danois,</p>
<p>A Alsi qu’il li rendist</p>
<p>La terre qe tint Ekenbright,</p>
<p>Q’a sa niece fut donée,</p>
<p>Dont il l’out desheritée;</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Then sent the noble king,</p>
<p>By the advice of his Danes,</p>
<p>To Alsi (Godrich)&mdash;that he should restore to him</p>
<p>The land that Ekenbright (Athelwold) held,</p>
<p>Which was given to his niece,</p>
<p>And of which he had deprived her.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Et, si rendre n’el voleit,</p>
<p>Mande qu’il le purchaceroit.</p>
<p>Av roi uindrent li messager&mdash;</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>And, if he would not give it up,</p>
<p>He sends word that he will take it.</p>
<p>To the king came the messengers.]</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<p>The remainder of the French poem altogether differs in its detail
from the English.</p>

<p><a name = "textnote2927" id = "textnote2927" href =
"#texttag2927">2927.</a> <i>Hire that was ful swete in bedde.</i><ins
class = "mycorr" title = "mismatched closing bracket in original">]
</ins>Among Kelly’s Scotch Proverbs, p.&nbsp;290, we find: “<i>Sweet in
the bed</i>, and sweir up in the morning, was never a good housewife;”
and in a ballad of the last century quoted by Laing, the editor of that
highly curious collection, the <i>Select pieces of Ancient Popular
Poetry of Scotland</i>, we meet with the same expression:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>A Clown is a Clown both at home and abroad,</p>
<p>When a Rake he is comely, and <i>sweet in his bed</i>.</p>
</div>

<p>[<a name = "textnote2990" id = "textnote2990" href =
"#texttag2990">2990.</a> The last word is written <i>thit</i> in the
MS., but, as it rimes to <i>rith</i>, we should suppose <i>tiht</i> to
be the word meant. <i>Thit</i> cannot be explained, but <i>tiht</i> (or
perhaps <i>tith</i>, according to our scribe’s spelling) is the
pp.&nbsp;of a verb signifying <i>to purpose</i>, which is the exact
meaning required. Cf.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p class = "indent">&emsp;“And y to turne to þee have <i>ti?t</i>;”</p>
<p>i.e.&nbsp; “I have resolved to turn to thee.”</p>
</div>

<p><i>Political, Religious, and Love Poems</i>; ed. Furnivall, 1866;
p.&nbsp;177.]</p>

</div>


<div class = "glossary">

<span class = "pagenum">105</span>
<a name = "page105" id = "page105"> </a>
<h2><a name = "glossary" id = "glossary">GLOSSARIAL INDEX.</a></h2>

<hr class = "small" />

<h4>ABBREVIATIONS.</h4>

<p class = "editor">
Barb. Barbour’s Bruce. &mdash;Chauc. Chaucer. &mdash;Doug. Gawin
Douglas’s Transl. of the Æneid. &mdash;Ellis, M.&nbsp;R. Ellis’s
Specimens of Metrical Romances. &mdash;Gl. Glossary. &mdash;Jam.
Jamieson’s Dictionary. &mdash;La?am. La?amon’s Transl. of Wace (ed.
Madden). &mdash;Lynds. Sir D. Lyndsay’s Works. &mdash;N.E. Northern
English. &mdash;Percy, A. R. Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.
&mdash;P.&nbsp;Plowm. Piers Plowman. &mdash;R.&nbsp;Br. Robert of
Brunne. &mdash;R.&nbsp;Gl. Robert of Gloucester, ed. Hearne (2nd ed.
1810). &mdash;Rits. A.&nbsp;S. Ritson’s Ancient Songs. &mdash;Rits.
M.&nbsp;R. Ritson’s Metrical Romances. &mdash;Sc. Scotch, Scotland.
&mdash;Sir Tr. Sir Tristrem. &mdash;Wall. Wallace. &mdash;Web. Weber’s
Metrical Romances. &mdash;Wilb. Wilbraham’s Cheshire Glossary.
&mdash;Wynt. Wyntoun’s Chronicle. &mdash;B. Lat. Barbarous Latin.
&mdash;Belg. Belgic. &mdash;Fr. French. &mdash;Isl. Islandic.
&mdash;Lat. Latin. &mdash;S. Saxon. &mdash;Sibb. Sibbald’s Chronicle of
Scottish Poetry. &mdash;<ins class = "mycorr" title = "always ‘Su.-G.’ or ‘Su.-Goth.’ in text">Su. G. </ins> Suio-Gothic. &mdash;Teut.
Teutonic. &mdash;<i>q.v.</i> Quod vide. &mdash;The Romances separately
cited are sufficiently indicated by the Titles. The numbers refer to the
line of the Poem.</p>

<p class = "editor">
It may be useful to add that the names of the Romances edited by Ritson
are&mdash; vol.&nbsp;i. Ywaine and Gawin; Launfal. &mdash;vol. ii.
Lybeaus Disconus; King Horn; King of Tars; Emare; Sir Orpheo; Chronicle
of England. &mdash;vol. iii. Le bone Florence; Erle of Tolous; Squyr of
Lowe Degre; Knight of Curtesy. Those edited by Weber are&mdash;
vol.&nbsp;i. Kyng Alisaunder; Sir Cleges; Lai-le-freine. &mdash;vol. ii.
Richard Cœur de Lion; Ipomydon; Amis and Amiloun. &mdash;vol. iii. Seuyn
Sages; Octouian; Sir Amadas; Hunting of the Hare. Beowulf and the Codex
Exoniensis are quoted from Thorpe’s editions.</p>

<div class = "mynote">
<p>U and V are combined; J is not used. Þ (Thorn) is alphabetized as
Th.</p>

<p class = "center">
<a href = "#gloss_A">&nbsp;A&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_B">&nbsp;B&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_C">&nbsp;C&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_D">&nbsp;D&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_E">&nbsp;E&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_F">&nbsp;F&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_G">&nbsp;G&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_H">&nbsp;H&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_I">&nbsp;I&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_K">&nbsp;K&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_L">&nbsp;L&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_M">&nbsp;M&nbsp;</a><br />
<a href = "#gloss_N">&nbsp;N&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_O">&nbsp;O&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_P">&nbsp;P&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_Q">&nbsp;Q&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_R">&nbsp;R&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_S">&nbsp;S&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_T">&nbsp;TÞ&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_U">&nbsp;UV&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_W">&nbsp;W&nbsp;</a>
<a href = "#gloss_Y">&nbsp;Y&nbsp;</a>
&emsp;&emsp;</p>
</div>

<p class = "spacer">&nbsp;</p>

<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_A" id = "gloss_A" href =
"#glossary">A</a>

<p class = "letter">
A, 610, 936. Apparently an error of the scribe for <i>Al</i>, but
perhaps written as pronounced. N.E. and Sc. <i>aw</i>. V. Jam.</p>

<p>A before a <i>noun</i> is commonly a corruption of the S. <i>on</i>,
as proved clearly by the examples in Tyrwhitt’s Gl., Jam., and Gl.
Lynds. <i>Adoun</i>, q.v. is an exception. <i>A-two</i>, 1413, 2643.
<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_On">On</a>.</p>

<p>Aboven, <i>prep.</i> S. above, 1700.</p>

<p>Abouten, <i>prep.</i> S. [<i>on-bútan</i>] about, 521, 670, 1010,
&amp;c. <i>Abuten</i>, 2429.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Adoun" id = "gloss_Adoun">Adoun</a>, <i>adv.</i> S.
down, 567. <i>Adune</i>, 2735. <i>Doun</i>, 901, 925, &amp;c.
<i>Dun</i>, 888, 927. <i>Dune</i>, 1815, 2656. A.S. <i>of-dúne</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Adrad" id = "gloss_Adrad">Adrad</a>, <i>part.
pa.</i> S. afraid, 278, 1048, 1163, 1682, 2304. <i>Adradde</i>, 1787.
<i>Adred</i>, 1258. <i>Odrat</i>, 1153. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;174;
K.&nbsp;Horn, 124. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Dred">Dred</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Agen" id = "gloss_Agen">Agen</a>, <i>prep.</i> S.
[<i>on-gean</i>] against, 1792. <i>Ageyn</i>, 493, 569, 2024, &amp;c.
<i>Ageynes</i>, 2153, 2270, &amp;c. <i>Ayen</i>, 489, 1210, 2799.
<i>Yen</i>, 2271. <i>Ageyn</i>, toward, 451, 1696, 1947;
<span class = "pagenum">106</span>
<a name = "page106" id = "page106"> </a>
opposite to, 1809; upon, on, 1828. <i>Ayen</i>, towards, 1207. <i>Ageyn
him go</i>, 934, opposite him, so as to bear an equal weight. <i>Ageyn
hire</i>, 1106, at her approach. <i>Ageyn þe lith</i>, 2141, opposed to
the light, on which the light shines. V. R.&nbsp;Gl., R.&nbsp;Br.,
Chauc. &amp;c.</p>

<p>Ageyn, <i>adv.</i> S. again, 2426.</p>

<p>Al, <i>adv.</i> S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, <ins class =
"mycorr" title = "printed as shown: ‘al’ occurs once in 203">203</ins>,
&amp;c.</p>

<p>Al, <i>adj.</i> S. all, <ins class = "mycorr"
title = "printed as shown: ‘al’ occurs once in 203">203</ins>,
264, &amp;c.; every one, 104; every part, 224; <i>plu.</i> alle, 2, 150,
&amp;c.</p>

<p>Albidene, <i>adv.</i> <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Bidene">Bidene</a>.</p>

<p>Als, Also, <ins class = "mycorr" title = "printed as shown: error for two words ‘Al so’?">Also</ins>, <i>conj.</i> S. [<i>eal-swá</i>] as,
like, so, 306, 319, &amp;c. <i>Als</i>, 1912, as if. <i>Al so foles</i>,
like fools, 2100. <i>Als</i> is merely the abbreviation of <i>Al so</i>;
and the modern as is again shortened from <i>als</i>. In La?amon it is
often written <i>alse</i>, as in l.&nbsp;4953.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>And he hæfde a swithe god wif</p>
<p>&amp; he heo leouede <i>alse</i> his lif.</p>
</div>

<p class = "continue">Cf. Havelok, l. 1663. <i>Als</i> and <i>Also</i>
are used indifferently, and universally by the old English and Scotch
poets.</p>

<p>Alþer-beste, <i>adj.</i> S. best of all, 182, 720, 1040, 1197, 2415.
<i>Alþer-lest</i>, <i>Alþer-leste</i>, 1978, 2666, least of all. It is
the gen. c. pl. of <i>Alle</i>, joined to an adj. in the superl. degree,
and is extensively employed. <i>Alre-leofust</i>, <i>Alre-heudest</i>,
<i>Alre-kenest</i>, La?amon, <i>Althe-werste</i>, K.&nbsp;Horn, MS.
<i>Alder-best</i>, <i>Alder-most</i>, R.&nbsp;Br. <i>Alther-best</i>,
<i>Alther-formest</i>, &amp;c. Web. <i>Alther-furste</i>,
<i>Alther-next</i>, <i>Alther-last</i>, Rits. M.&nbsp;R.
<i>Alder-first</i>, <i>Alder-last</i>, <i>Alder-levest</i>, Chauc.
<i>Alder-liefest</i>, Shakesp.</p>

<p>Amideward, <i>prep.</i> S. in the midst, 872. <i>Amiddewart</i>,
K.&nbsp;Horn, 556. <i>Amydward</i>, K.&nbsp;Alisaund. 690. <i>A
mydward</i>, Ly Beaus Desc. 852. <i>Amydwart</i>, Doug. Virg. 137,
35.</p>

<p>An. <i>conj.</i> S. and, 29, 359, &amp;c. So used by La?amon, and
still in Somersetsh. V. Jennings. <i>Ant</i>, 36, 557, K.&nbsp;Horn, 9,
&amp;c.</p>

<p>And, <i>conj.</i> <ins class = "mycorr"
title = "printed in italics">if</ins>, 2862.</p>

<p>Andelong, <i>adv.</i> S. lengthways, i.e. from the head to the tail,
2822.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ovyrtwart and <i>endelang</i></p>
<p>With strenges of wyr the stones hang.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>R. Cœur de Lion</i>, 2649.</p>

<p class = "continue">Chauc. <i>endelong</i>, C. T. 1993.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Anilepi" id = "gloss_Anilepi">Anilepi</a>,
<i>adj.</i> S. [<i>ánlepig</i>] one, a single, 2107. <i>Onlepi</i>,
1094. In the very curious collection of poems in MS. Digb. 86 (written
in the Lincolnshire dialect, temp. Edw.&nbsp;I.) we meet with this
somewhat rare word:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>A! quod the vox, ich wille the telle,</p>
<p><i>On alpi</i> word ich lie nelle.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Of the vox and of the wolf</i> (Rel. Ant. ii. 275).</p>

<p class = "continue">It occurs also in the Ormulum.</p>

<p>Anoþer, <i>adj.</i> S. <i>Al another</i>, 1395, in a different way,
on another project.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ah al hit iwruth <i>on other</i></p>
<p>Sone ther after.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?amon</i>, l. 21005.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ac Florice thought <i>al another</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Flor. and Blaunchefl.</i> ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 3, p. 125, ed. 1803.
(Cf. Horn, ed. Lumby, p.&nbsp;52, l.&nbsp;32.)</p>

<p>Anuye, <i>v.</i> Fr. to trouble, weary, 1735; R. Gl., K. Alisaund.
876; Chauc. Melibeus. <i>Noye</i>, Lynds. Gl. q.v.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Are" id = "gloss_Are">Are</a>, <i>adj.</i> S.
former, 27. Cf. are, <i>adv.</i>, Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;32; Rits. M.&nbsp;R.,
Web., R.&nbsp;Gl., R.&nbsp;Br., Minot. p.&nbsp;31. <i>Air</i>,
<i>Ayr</i>, Sc. V. Jam. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Er">Er</a>, <a href
= "#gloss_Or">Or</a>.</p>

<p>Aren, <i>1 and 3 p. pl.</i> S. are, 619, 1321, &amp;c. <i>Arn</i>,
Chauc.</p>

<p>Arke, <i>n.</i> S. Lat. a chest <i>or</i> coffer, 2018. R. Br.,
Jam.</p>

<p>Armes, <i>n. pl.</i> Lat. arms, armor, 2605, 2613, 2925.</p>

<p>Arum for Arm, 1982, 2408.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">107</span>
<a name = "page107" id = "page107"> </a>
<p>Arwe, S. [<i>earg</i>] timid, 2115. Alter the punctuation, and
read&mdash;</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He calde boþe arwe me<i>n</i> and kene,</p>
<p>Knithes and serganz swiþe sleie.</p>
<p>“Arwe or ferefulle. <i>Timidus.</i>”</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
Prompt. Parv.</p>

<p class = "continue">
Cf. Stille, q.v.</p>

<p>As for Has, 1174.</p>

<p>Asayleden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> Fr. assailed, 1862.</p>

<p>Asken, <i>n. pl.</i> S. ashes, 2841. <i>Aske</i>, R. Gl.
<i>Askes</i>, R.&nbsp;Br. <i>Ashen</i>, Chauc. <i>Assis</i>, Doug.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Astirte" id = "gloss_Astirte">Astirte</a>, <i>pa.
t.</i> leaped, 893. <i>Astert</i>, King’s Quair, ap. Jam. <i>See</i>
<a href = "#gloss_Stirt">Stirt</a>.</p>

<p>At, <i>prep.</i> S. of <i>or</i> to, 1387. Yw. and Gaw. (Rits.) 963.
Still existing in Scotland.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_At-sitte" id = "gloss_At-sitte">At-sitte</a>,
<i>v.</i> S. contradict, oppose, 2200. It corresponds with the term
<i>with-sitten</i>, 1683. In R.&nbsp;Gl. it is used synonymously with
<i>at-stonde</i>.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>For ther nas so god knygt non no-wer a-boute France,</p>
<p>That in joustes scholde <i>at-sitte</i> the dynt of ys lance.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;p. 137.</p>

<p class = "continue"><i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sat">Sat</a>.</p>

<p>Aucte, Auchte, Auhte, Authe, <i>n.</i> S. possessions, 531, 1223,
1410, 2215.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>And alle the <i>æhten</i> of mine londe.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?amon</i>, l. 25173.</p>

<p><i>Aughtte</i>, K. Alisaund. 6884. <i>Aucht</i>, Doug. Virg. 72, 4;
Lynds. Gl.</p>

<p>Aucte, Auht, Auhte, <i>v. imp.</i> (originally <i>pa. t.</i> of Aw,
or Owe) S. [<i>ágan</i>, <i>áhte</i>] ought, 2173, 2787, 2800.
<i>Aught</i>, Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;44. <i>Ohte</i>, K.&nbsp;Horn, 418.
<i>Aght</i>, Yw. and Gaw. 3229. <i>Aute</i>, R.&nbsp;Gl. <i>Aught</i>,
Chauc. Troil. 3, 1801. <i>Aucht</i>, Doug. Virg. 110, 33.</p>

<p><ins class = "mycorr" title = "alphabetization may be intentional">Aute, Awcte</ins>, (<i>pa. t.</i> of the same verb),
possessed, 207, 743. <i>Aught</i>, Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;182. Ly Beaus Desc.
1027. <i>Oght</i>, Le bone Flor. 650. <i>Auht</i>, R.&nbsp;Br.
p.&nbsp;126; Wynt., Lynds. Gl.</p>

<p>Aueden. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Hauen" title =
"form of ‘Hauen’">Haueden</a>.</p>

<p>Aunlaz, <i>n.</i> Anelace, 2554. “A kind of knife or dagger, usually
worn at the girdle.” Tyrw. note on Chauc. l.&nbsp;359. So in Matth.
Paris, “Genus cultelli, quod vulgariter <i>Anelacius</i> dicitur.” V.
Gl. in voc. and Todd’s Gl. to Illustr. of Chauc. In <i>Sir Gawan and Sir
Galoran</i>, ii. 4, an <i>anlas</i> signifies a sharp spike fixed in the
chanfron of a horse. Probably from the Francic <i>Anelaz</i>,
<i>Analeze</i>. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Auter, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. altar, 389, 1386, 2373. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;61,
Octovian, 1312, R.&nbsp;Br., Chauc. <i>Awter</i>, Barb.</p>

<p>Ax, <i>n.</i> S. axe, 1776, 1894.</p>

<p>Ay, <i>adv.</i> S. ever, aye, always, 159, 946, 1201, &amp;c.
<i>Ae</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Ayen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Agen">Agen</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Ayther" id = "gloss_Ayther">Ayþer</a>, <i>pron.</i>
S. [<i>Ægþer</i>] either, each, 2665. <i>Eþer</i>, 1882. <i>Athir</i>,
Sc. V. Jam. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Other" title =
"spelled ‘Oþer’">Other</a>.</p>

<p>Awe, <i>v.</i> S. to owe, own, possess, 1292. It may also very
possibly be a corruption of <i>Have</i>. Cf. ll. 1188, 1298.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_B" id = "gloss_B" href =
"#glossary">B</a>

<p class = "letter">
Bac, <i>n.</i> S. back, 1844, 1950, &amp;c; <i>backes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
2611.</p>

<p>Baldelike, <i>adv.</i> S. boldly, 53. <i>Baldeliche</i>, R. Glouc.
<i>Baldely</i>, R.&nbsp;Br., Minot, p.&nbsp;20.</p>

<p>Bale, <i>n.</i> S. sorrow, misery, 327.</p>

<p>Bar. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Bere" title =
"under ‘Bere’">Beren</a>.</p>

<p>Baret, <i>n.</i> (O.Fr. <i>barat</i>, Isl. <i>baratta</i>) contest,
hostile contention, 1932.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ther nis <i>baret</i>, nothir strif,</p>
<p>Nis ther no deth, ac euer lif.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Land of Cokaygne</i>, ap. Hickes, Thes. 1, p. 231.</p>

<p class = "continue">
In alle this <i>barette</i> the kynge and Sir Symon Tille a lokyng tham
sette, of the prince suld it be don.</p>

<p class = "author">
<i>R. Brunne</i>, p. 216. Cf. p. 274.</p>

<p class = "continue">
That mekill bale and <i>barete</i> till Ynglande sall brynge.</p>

<p class = "author">
<i>Awntyrs of Arthure</i>, st. 23.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">108</span>
<a name = "page108" id = "page108"> </a>
<p>Barfot, <i>adj.</i> S. barefoot, 862.</p>

<p>Barnage, <i>n.</i> Fr. barons or noblemen collectively, baronage,
2947. Yw. and Gaw. 1258. Web. Doug. Virg. 314, 48.</p>

<p>Barre, <i>n.</i> Fr. bar of a door, 1794, 1811, 1827. Synonymous with
Dore-tre, q.v. Chauc. C.&nbsp;T. 552.</p>

<p>Barw. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Berwen">Berwen</a>.</p>

<p>Baþe, <i>adj.</i> S. both, 1336, 2543. <i>Bethe</i>, 694, 1680.</p>

<p>Be. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ben">Ben</a>.</p>

<p>Be-bedde, <i>v.</i> S. to provide with a bed, 421.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Bede" id = "gloss_Bede">Bede</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
prayer, 1385.</p>

<p>Bede, <i>v.</i> S. to order, to bid, 668, 2193, 2396; to offer, 1665,
2084, 2172. <i>Beden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> offered, 2774, 2780.
<i>Bedes</i>, bids, 2392. Of common occurrence in both senses.
<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Bidd">Bidd</a>.</p>

<p>Bedden, <i>v.</i> S. to bed, put to bed, 1235. <i>Bedded</i>,
<i>Beddeth</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> put to bed, 1128, 2771.</p>

<p>Bedels, <i>n. pl.</i> S. beadles, 266. V. Spelm. in v.
<i>Bedellus</i>, and Blount, <i>Joc. Ten.</i> p.&nbsp;120, ed. 1784.</p>

<p>Beite, Beyte, <i>v.</i> to bait, to set dogs on, 1840, 2330, 2440.
<i>Bayte</i>, R.&nbsp;Br. From the Isl. Beita, incitare; Su. Goth.
<i>Beita biorn</i>, to bait the bear. V. Jam. and Thomson’s Etymons.</p>

<p>Bem. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sunne-bem">Sunne-bem</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Ben" id = "gloss_Ben">Ben</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to be,
19, 905, 1006, &amp;c. <i>Ben</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> are, 1787, 2559.
<i>Be</i>, <i>Ben</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> been, 1428, 2799. <i>Bes</i>,
<i>Beth</i>, <i>imp.</i> and <i>fut.</i> be, shall be, 1261, 1744, 2007,
2246. <i>Lat be</i>, 1265, 1657, leave, relinquish, a common phrase in
the Old Romances. <i>Lat abee</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Benes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. beans, 769.</p>

<p>Beneysun, <i>n.</i> Fr. blessing, benediction. 1723. R. Br., Web.,
Chauc. C.&nbsp;T. 9239. Lynds. Gl.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Bere" id = "gloss_Bere">Bere</a>, <i>n.</i> S. bear,
573, 1838, 1840, 2448.</p>

<p>Bere, Beren, <i>v.</i> S. to bear, to carry, 581, 762, 805.
<i>Ber</i>, 2557; <i>Bar</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> bore, 557, 815, 877.
<i>Bere</i>, 974. <i>Beres</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> bear. 2323.</p>

<p>Bermen, <i>n. pl.</i> S. bar-men, porters to a kitchen, 868, 876,
885. The only author in which this term has been found is La?amon, in
the following passages:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Vs selve we habbet cokes,</p>
<p class = "indent">to quecchen to cuchene,</p>
<p>Vs sulue we habbet <i>bermen</i>,</p>
<p class = "indent">&amp; birles inowe. &mdash;l. 3315.</p>

<p class = "stanza">
Weoren in þeos kinges cuchene</p>
<p class = "indent">twa hundred cokes,</p>
<p>&amp; ne mæi na man tellen</p>
<p class = "indent">for alle þa <i>bermannen</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;l. 8101.</p>

<p>Bern, <i>n.</i> S. child, 571. <i>Barn</i>, <i>bearne</i>,
R.&nbsp;Br. <i>Bairn</i>, Sc.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Berwen" id = "gloss_Berwen">Berwen</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
[<i>beorgan</i>] to defend, preserve, guard, 697, 1426; <i>burwe</i>,
2870. <i>Barw</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> 2022, 2679. The original word is found
in Beowulf:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Scyld-weall gebearg</p>
<p>Líf and líce.</p>
<p>(The shield-wall defended</p>
<p>Life and body.)</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;l. 5134.</p>

<p class = "continue">So in K. Horn, MS. Laud. 108.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>At more ich wile the serue,</p>
<p>And fro sorwe the <i>berwe</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;f. 224<i>b</i>, c. 2.</p>

<p>Bes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ben">Ben</a>.</p>

<p>Bes for Best, 354.</p>

<p>Best, Beste, <i>n.</i> Fr. beast, 279, 574, 944, 2691.</p>

<p>Bete, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>beátan</i>] to beat, fight, 1899, 2664, 2763.
<i>Beten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> beat, struck, 1876. Chauc. C.&nbsp;T.
4206, to which Tyrwh. gives a Fr. derivation.</p>

<p>Betere, <i>adv. comp.</i> S. better, 1758.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Beye" id = "gloss_Beye">Beye</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
buy, 53, 1654. <i>Byen</i>, 1625.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">109</span>
<a name = "page109" id = "page109"> </a>
<p>Beyes, <i>pr. t.</i> for Abeyes, S. suffers, or atones for, 2460.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>His deth thou <i>bist</i> to night,</p>
<p class = "indent">Mi fo.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 146.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>We shulden alle deye</p>
<p>Thy fader deth to <i>beye</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i>, 113.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>An of yow schall <i>bye</i> thys blunder.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Le bone Flor.</i> 1330.</p>

<p class = "continue">See Jam. in v. Aby. Web. Gl. and Lynds. Gl.; also
Nares, v. Bye.</p>

<p>Bicomen, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> became, 2257; <i>part. pa.</i> become,
2264. <i>Bicomes</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> become (ye), 2303.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Bidd" id = "gloss_Bidd">Bidd</a>, Bidde, <i>v.</i>
S. offer, 484, 2530; order, bid, 529, 1733. <i>Ut bidde</i>, 2548, order
out. <i>Biddes</i>, <i>pr. t.</i> bids, orders, 1232. <i>Bidde</i>, to
ask, 910. R. Glouc., Lynds. Gl. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Bede">Bede</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Bidene" id = "gloss_Bidene">Bidene</a>, <i>adv.</i>
forthwith, 730, 2841.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>“Rohand told anon</p>
<p>His aventours <i>al bidene</i>.”</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Tr.</i> p. 45.</p>

<p class = "continue">From Du. <i>bij dien</i>, by that.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Bifalle" id = "gloss_Bifalle">Bifalle</a>, <i>v.</i>
S. to happen, befall, 2981. Bifel, <i>pa. t.</i> 824. <i>Fel</i>, 1009;
appertained, 2359.</p>

<p>Biforn, <i>prep.</i> S. (1) before, 1022, 1034, 1364, &amp;c.;
<i>bifor</i>, 1357; <i>biforen</i>, 1695; (2) in front of, 2406;
<i>bifor</i>, 1812.</p>

<p>Bigan, <i>pa. t.</i> began, 1357. <i>Bigunnen</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1011,
1302. <i>Biginnen</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> begin, 1779.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Bihalue" id = "gloss_Bihalue">Bihalue</a>, <i>v.</i>
S. to divide into two parts, or companies, 1834. <i>Halue</i> occurs as
a <i>noun</i> in Chauc. Troil. 4, 945.</p>

<p>Bihel for Beheld, 1645. <i>Bihelden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> beheld,
2148.</p>

<p>Bihetet, <i>pa. t.</i> S. promised, 677. <i>Bihight</i>, Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;105. <i>Behet</i>, <i>Bihet</i>, R.&nbsp;Gl. <i>Be-hette</i>,
R.&nbsp;Br. <i>Be-hete</i>, Web., Rits. M.&nbsp;R. <i>Behighte</i>,
Chauc.</p>

<p>Bihoten, <i>part. pa.</i> promised, 564. <i>Behighte</i>, Chauc.</p>

<p>Bihoue, <i>n.</i> S. behoof, advantage, 1764. R. Gl., R. Br.,
Chauc.</p>

<p>Bikenneth, <i>pa. t.</i> S. betokens, 1268. <i>Bikenne</i>,
R.&nbsp;Br.</p>

<p>Bileue, <i>imp.</i> tarry, remain, 1228. Bilefte, <i>pa. t.</i>
remained, 2963. From <i>v.</i> S. <i>belifan</i>, to be left behind.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Winde thai hadde as thai wolde,</p>
<p>A lond <i>bilaft</i> he.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 29. Cf. pp. 38, 60.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He schal wiþ me <i>bileue</i>,</p>
<p>Til hit beo nir eue.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i>, ed. Lumby, 363.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Horn than, withouten lesing,</p>
<p><i>Bilaft</i> at hom for blode-leteing.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Horn Childe</i>, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 298.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Sojourn with us evermo,</p>
<p>I rede thee, son, that it be so.</p>
<p>Another year thou might over-fare,</p>
<p>But thou <i>bileve</i>, I die with care.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Guy of Warw.</i> ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 23.</p>

<p class = "continue">See also the Gl. to R. Gl., R. Br. and Web., to
which add <i>Emare</i>, 496, and Gower, Conf. Am. This is sufficient
authority for the reading adopted in the text, and it may hence be
reasonably questioned, whether <i>bilened</i> in Lye, and <i>belenes</i>
in <i>Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran</i>, i. 6, quoted by Jamieson in&nbsp;v.
Belene, be not the fault of the scribe, or of the Editors.</p>

<p>Bimene, <i>v.</i> S. mean, 1259.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Binden" id = "gloss_Binden">Binden</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
to bind, 1961. Used passively, 2820, as <i>Bynde</i>, 42.
<i>Bounden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 2442. <i>Bunden</i>, 2506.
<i>Bounden</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> 545. <i>Bunden</i>, 1428.</p>

<p>Binne, <i>adv.</i> S. within, 584. <i>Byn</i>, Rits. M. R. <i>But and
ben</i>, Doug., Virg., 123, 40; without and within. V. Jam., in&nbsp;v.
Ben.</p>

<p>Birde. <i>See</i> Birþe.</p>

<p>Birþe (<i>should rather be</i> birþ), <i>3 p. s. pres.</i> it
behoves, 2101. <i>Hence</i> birde, <i>3&nbsp;p. s. pt.&nbsp;t.</i>
behoved, 2761. A.S. <i>býrian</i>, <i>gebýrian</i>, to fit, suit, be to
one’s taste. See <i>Buren</i> in Stratmann.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">110</span>
<a name = "page110" id = "page110"> </a>
<p>Birþene, <i>n.</i> S. burden, 900, 902.</p>

<p>Bise, <i>n.</i> Fr. a north wind, <ins class = "edcorr"
title = "line number added by editor">724</ins>. <i>Bise traverse</i>, a north-west or
north-east wind. <i>Cotgr.</i></p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Après grant joie vient grant ire,</p>
<p>Et après Noel <i>vent bise</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Rom. de Renart</i>, 13648.</p>

<p class = "continue">The term is still in common use.</p>

<p>Biseken, <i>v.</i> S. to beseech, 2994.</p>

<p>Biswike, <i>part. pa.</i> S. cheated, deceived, 1249.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Hu þu <i>biswikest</i></p>
<p>Monine mon.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 3412.</p>

<p class = "continue"><i>Byswuke</i>, K. Horn, 296; Yw. and Gaw. 2335.
<i>Bisuike</i>, R.&nbsp;Br. <i>Beswyke</i>, R.&nbsp;Cœur de&nbsp;L.
5918.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Bitaken" id = "gloss_Bitaken">Bitaken</a>, <i>v.</i>
S. [<i>bit?can</i>, <i>t?can</i>] to commit, deliver, give in charge,
1226. <i>Bitechen</i>, 203, 384, 395. <i>Bi-teche</i>, <i>pr. sing.</i>
384; <i>imp. sing.</i> 395. La?am. 5316. <i>Bitake</i>, Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;87. <i>Byteche</i>, K.&nbsp;Horn, 577. <i>Biteche</i>, Web.
<i>Betake</i>, <i>Beteche</i>, Chauc., Barb., Wall. <i>Bitaucte</i>,
<i>pa. t.</i> delivered, 206, 558. <i>Bitauhte</i>, 2212, 2317, 2957.
<i>Bitawchte</i>, 1224. <i>Bitawte</i>, 1408. <i>Tauhte</i>, 2214.
<i>Bitæht</i>, <i>Bitachet</i>, La?am. <i>Bitaught</i>, Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;85. <i>Bitoke</i>, K.&nbsp;Horn, 1103. <i>Betok</i>, Ly Beaus
Desc. 82. <i>Betauht</i>, <i>bitauht</i>, <i>tauht</i>, <i>biteched</i>,
R.&nbsp;Br. Bitake, R.&nbsp;Gl. <i>Betake</i>, Sir Guy. <i>Betaught</i>,
Chauc. <i>Betaucht</i>, Doug., Lynds.</p>

<p>Bite, <i>v.</i> S. to taste, drink, 1731.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Horn toc hit hise yfere,</p>
<p>Ant seide, Quene, so dere,</p>
<p>No beer nullich <i>bite</i>,</p>
<p>Bote of coppe white.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i> (Ritson), 1129.</p>

<p>Biþ for By the, 474. Cf. l. 2470.</p>

<p>Bituene, Bitwenen, Bitwene, <i>prep.</i> S. between, 748, 2668,
2967.</p>

<p>Blac, <i>adj.</i> S. black, 555, 1008. <i>Pl.</i> <i>Blake</i>, 1909,
2181, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Blakne, <i>v.</i> S. to blacken in the face, grow angry, 2165.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>And Arthur sæt ful stille,</p>
<p>ænne stunde he wes <i>blac</i>,</p>
<p>and on heuwe swithe wak,</p>
<p>ane while he wes reod.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 19887.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Tho Normans were sorie, of contenance gan <i>blaken</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>R. Brunne</i>, p. 183.</p>

<p>Blawe. <i>v.</i> S. to blow, 587. <i>Blou</i>, <i>imp.</i> blow,
585.</p>

<p>Blede, <i>v.</i> S. to bleed, 2403.</p>

<p>Bleike, <i>pl. adj.</i> bleak, pale, wan, 470. A.S. <i>blác</i>,
bleak, Su.-G. <i>blek</i>.</p>

<p>Blenkes, <i>n. pl.</i> blinks, winks of the eye, in derision, 307.
R.&nbsp;Br. p.&nbsp;270; Sc. V. Jam. Suppl. Derived from S.
<i>blican</i>, Su.-G. <i>blænka</i>, Belg. <i>blencken</i>, to glance.
<i>See</i> Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Blinne, <i>v. n.</i> S. to cease, 2367, 2374. Sir Tr. p. 26; Rits.
M.&nbsp;R. Web., R.&nbsp;Gl., Chauc.; so in Sc. V. Jam. Gl. Lynds.
<i>Blinne</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> ceased, 2670. <i>Blinneth</i>, <i>pr.
t.</i> ceases, 329.</p>

<p>Blissed, <i>part pa.</i> S. blessed, 2873.</p>

<p>Bliþe, <i>adj.</i> S. happy, 632, 651.</p>

<p>Blome, <i>n.</i> S. bloom, flower, 63.</p>

<p>Bloute, <i>adj.</i> soft, 1910. Sw. <i>blöt</i>, soft, pulpy.</p>

<p>Bode, <i>n.</i> S. command, 2200, 2567. Sir Tr. p. 121, Web.</p>

<p>Bok, <i>n.</i> S. book, 1173, 1418, &amp;c. <i>See</i> <a class =
"error" href = "#gloss_Messe" title = "under ‘Messe’">Messe-bok</a>.</p>

<p>Bole, <i>n.</i> [Isl. <i>bolli</i>, W. <i>bwla</i>. Cf. A.S.
<i>bulluca</i>] bull, 2438. <i>Boles</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2330.</p>

<p>Bon, Bone. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_On" title =
"under ‘on’">O-bone</a>.</p>

<p>Bondemen, <i>n. pl.</i> S. husbandmen, 1016, 1308. R. Gl.</p>

<p>Bone, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>bén</i>] boon, request, 1659. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;31, and all the Gloss.</p>

<p>Bor, <i>n.</i> S. boar, 1867, 1989. <i>Bores</i>, <i>pl.</i>
2331.</p>

<p>Bord, <i>n.</i> S. (1) table, 1722. K. Horn, 259; Rits. M. R., Web.,
<span class = "pagenum">111</span>
<a name = "page111" id = "page111"> </a>
Chauc.; (2) a board, 2106. <i>See</i> the note on l. 2076.</p>

<p>Boren, <i>part. pa.</i> S. born, 1878.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Boru" id = "gloss_Boru">Boru</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
borough, 773, 847, 1014, 1757, 2086, 2826. <i>Borwes, pl.</i> 1293,
1444, 1630. <i>Burwes</i>, 55, 2277. Sir Tr. pp.&nbsp;12, 99. Chalmers
is certainly mistaken when he says it does not signify <i>boroughs</i>,
but <i>castles</i>. Introd. Gl. p.&nbsp;200. In La?amon the word is
always clearly distinguished from <i>castle</i>, as it is in many other
writers. V. Spelm. in&nbsp;v. <i>Burgus.</i></p>

<p>Bote, <i>adv.</i> S. but, only, 721. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_But">But</a>.</p>

<p>Bote, <i>n.</i> S. remedy, help, 1200. La?m., Sir Tr. p. 93; Web.,
Rits. M.&nbsp;R., Rob. Gl., R.&nbsp;Br., Minot, Chauc., Doug., Lynds.
Gl.</p>

<p>Boþen, <i>adj. pl.</i> S. both, 173, 697, 958; <i>g. c.</i> of both,
2223.</p>

<p>Bounden, Bunden. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Binden">Binden</a>.</p>

<p>Bour, Boure, Bowr, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>búr</i>] chamber, 239, 2072,
2076, &amp;c. In Beowulf the apartment of the women is called
<i>Bryd-bur</i>; l.&nbsp;1846.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ygarne beh to <i>bure</i></p>
<p>&amp; lætte bed him makien.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 19042.</p>

<p class = "continue">Honder hire <i>boures</i> wowe, <i>K. Horn</i>,
982, MS., where Rits. Ed. reads <i>chambre wowe</i>. Cf. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;114; Rits. M.&nbsp;R., Web., R.&nbsp;Br., Doug., V. Jam.
<i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote2076">note on l.&nbsp;2076</a>.</p>

<p>Bouthe, <i>pa. t.</i> S. bought, 875, 968. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 104.</p>

<p>Bouth, <i>part. pa.</i> bought, 883.</p>

<p>Boyes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. boys, men, 1899.</p>

<p>Brayd, <i>pa. t.</i> S. (1) started, 1282. Chauc., Gaw. and Gal. iii.
21; R.&nbsp;Hood, <span class = "smallroman">II.</span> p.&nbsp;83; (2)
drew out, 1825, a word particularly applied to the action of drawing a
sword from the scabbard.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Sone his sweord he ut <i>abræid</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 26533.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. Am. and Amil. 1163; Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis,
M. R. V. 2, p.&nbsp;387. Rauf Coilzear, ap. Laing, and Wall. i. 223.</p>

<p>Brede, <i>n.</i> S. bread, 98. <i>Bred</i>, 1879.</p>

<p>Breken, <i>v.</i> S. to break, 914. <i>Broken</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i>
broke, 1238.</p>

<p>Brennen, Brenne, <i>v.</i> S. to burn, 916, 1162; Rits. M. R., Rob.
Gl., R.&nbsp;Br., Chauc. <i>Brenden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> burnt, 594,
2125. <i>Brend</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> burnt, 2832, 2841, &amp;c. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;93.</p>

<p>Brenne. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_On" title =
"under ‘On’">On brenne</a>.</p>

<p>Brigge, <i>n.</i> S. bridge, 875. Sir Tr. p. 148. Still used in Sc.
and N.E.</p>

<p>Brihte. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Brith">Brith</a>.</p>

<p>Brim, <i>adj.</i> S. furious, raging, 2233; R. Br. p. 244; Chauc.
Rom. Rose, 1836. <i>Breme</i>, Rits. M.&nbsp;R. It originally signified
the sea itself, and was afterwards used for the raging of the sea,
Beowulf, l.&nbsp;56; Compl. of Scotland, p.&nbsp;62. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Bringe, Bringen, <i>v.</i> S. to bring, 72, 185, &amp;c.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Brini" id = "gloss_Brini">Brini</a>, Brinie,
<i>n.</i> S. [Mœso-Goth. <i>brunjo</i>] cuirass, 1775, 2358, 2551.
<i>Brinies</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2610. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;20. <i>Burne</i>,
La?am. <i>Brenye</i>, K.&nbsp;Horn, 719, MS. <i>See</i> Merrick’s Gl. to
Ess. on Anc. Armor. The <i>Brini</i> then worn was of <i>mail</i>, as
appears from l.&nbsp;2740, <i>Of his brinie ringes mo</i>. Hence in
Beowulf it is termed <i>Breostnet</i>, l.&nbsp;3100; <i>Here-net</i>,
3110; <i>Hringedbyrne</i>, 2495. So in the French K.&nbsp;Horn, MS.
Douce, <i>Mes vnc de sun halberc maele ne falsa.</i> <i>See</i> Rits.
Gl. M.&nbsp;R.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Brisen" id = "gloss_Brisen">Brisen</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
to bruise, beat, 1835. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_To-"
title = "under ‘To-’">To-Brised</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Brith" id = "gloss_Brith">Brith</a>, <i>adj.</i> S.
bright, 589, 605, &amp;c. <i>Brihte</i>, 2610. <i>Bryth</i>, 1252.
<i>Brithter</i>, <i>comp.</i> brighter, 2141.</p>

<p>Brittene, <i>part. pa.</i> S. destroyed, 2700; R. Br. p. 244.
<i>Pistill of Sussan</i>, ap. Laing. In Doug., Virg. pp.&nbsp;76, 5;
296, 1, the verb has the sense of <i>to kill</i>, which it
<span class = "pagenum">112</span>
<a name = "page112" id = "page112"> </a>
may also bear here. See <i>Bruten</i> in <i>Will. of Palerne</i>.</p>

<p>Brod, <i>adj.</i> S. broad, 1647.</p>

<p>Broucte, <i>pa. t. and pp.</i> brought, 767. <i>Brouht</i>, 1979.
<i>Broute</i>, 2868. <i>Brouth</i>, 336, 64. <i>Browt</i>, 2412.
<i>Browth</i>, 2052. <i>Brouct of liue</i>, 513, 2412, dead.
<i>Brouthen</i>, <i>pl.</i> brought, 2791.</p>

<p>Brouke, <i>1 p. pres. sing.</i> S. brook, enjoy, use, 311, 1743, 2545
(cf. Ch. <i>Non. Pr. Ta.</i> 480).</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>So <i>brouke</i> thou thi croune!</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i>, 1041.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. Rits. Gl. M. R., Rich. C. de Lion, 4578;
Chauc. C. T. 10182, 15306, R.&nbsp;Hood, V.&nbsp;<span class =
"smallroman">I.</span> 48, <span class = "smallroman">II.</span> 112;
Lynds. Gl. Percy, A. R. In Sc. <i>Bruike.</i> With these numerous
instances before him, it is inconceivable how Jamieson, except from a
mere love of his own system, should write: ‘There is no evidence that
the Engl. <i>brook</i> is used in this sense, signifying only to bear,
to endure.’</p>

<p>Broys, <i>n.</i> S. broth, 924. <i>Brouwys</i>, R. Cœur de L. 3077;
Sc. V. Jam. and Brockett’s North country words, v. <i>Brewis</i>; also
Nares. Sc. <i>brose</i>.</p>

<p>Brune, <i>adj. pl.</i> S. brown, 2181, 2249.</p>

<p>Bulder, <i>adj.</i> or <i>n.</i> 1790. In the north a <i>Boother</i>
or <i>Boulder</i>, is a hard flinty stone, rounded like a bowl.
Brockett’s Gl. So also in Grose, <i>Boulder</i>, a large round stone.
<i>Bowlders</i>, Marsh. Midl. Count. Gl. The word has a common origin
with Isl. <i>ballaðr</i>, Fr. <i>boulet</i>, Sc. <i>boule</i>, in Doug.
V. Jam.</p>

<p>Bunden. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Binden">Binden</a>.</p>

<p>Burgeys, <i>n.</i> S. burgess, 1328. <i>Burgeis</i>, 2466, <i>pl.</i>
2012. <i>Burgmen</i>, 2049. <i>Burhmen</i>, <i>Borhmen</i>, La?amon., V.
Spelm. in&nbsp;v. <i>Burgarii</i>.</p>

<p>Burwe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Berwen">Berwen</a>.</p>

<p>Burwes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Boru">Boru</a>.</p>

<p>But, Bute, <i>conj.</i> S. except, unless, 85, 690, 1149, 1159, 2022,
2031, 2727. <i>But on</i>, 535, 962, except. <i>Butand</i>, Sc. <i>But
yf</i>, 2972, unless. [It should be noted that <i>but on</i> should
properly be <i>one</i> word, being the A.S. <i>búton</i> or
<i>bútan</i>, except. But it is written as two words in the MS.]</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_But" id = "gloss_But">But</a>, <i>n.</i> 1040.
Probably the same as <i>Put</i>, q.v. The word <i>Bout</i> is derived
from the same source.</p>

<p>But, <i>part. pa.</i> contended, struggled with each other (<i>or
perhaps</i> struck, thrust, pushed), 1916. <i>Buttinge</i>, <i>part.
pr.</i> striking against with force, 2322. From the Fr. <i>Bouter</i>,
Belg. <i>Botten</i>, to impel, or drive forward. V. Jam. Suppl.
in&nbsp;v. <i>Butte</i>, and <i>Butt</i> in Wedgwood.</p>

<p>Butte, <i>n.</i> a flounder or plaice, 759. Du. <i>bot</i>.
<i>See</i> Halliwell.</p>

<p>Byen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Beye">Beye</a>.</p>

<p>Bynde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Binden">Binden</a>.</p>

<p>Bynderes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. binders, robbers who bind, 2050.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_C" id = "gloss_C" href =
"#glossary">C</a>

<p class = "letter">
Caliz, <i>n.</i> S. chalice, 187, 2711.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Lunet than riche relikes toke,</p>
<p>The <i>chalis</i> and the mes boke.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Yw. and Gaw.</i> 3907.</p>

<p>Callen, <i>v.</i> S. to call, 747, 2899.</p>

<p>Cam. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Komen">Komen</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Canst" id = "gloss_Canst">Canst</a>, <i>pr. t.</i>
S. knowest, 846. <i>Cone</i>, 622, canst. <i>Kunne</i>, <i>pl.</i> 435.
V. Gl. Chauc. in&nbsp;v. <i>Conne</i>. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. <i>See</i>
<a href = "#gloss_Couthe" title = "spelled ‘Couþe’">Couthe</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Carl" id = "gloss_Carl">Carl</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
churl, slave, villain, 1789. <i>Cherl</i>, 682, 684, 2533.
<i>Cherles</i>, <i>g.&nbsp;c.</i> churl’s, 1092. <i>Cherles</i>,
<i>pl.</i> villains, bondsmen, 262, 620. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;39; V. Spelm.
in&nbsp;v. <i>Ceorlus</i>, and Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Casten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Kesten">Kesten</a>.</p>

<p>Catel, <i>n.</i> Fr. chattels, goods, 225, 2023, 2515, 2906, 2939.
Web. Gl., R.&nbsp;Br., P.&nbsp;Plowm., Chauc.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Nowe hath Beuis the treasure wone,</p>
<p>Through Arundell that wyll runne,</p>
</div>
<span class = "pagenum">113</span>
<a name = "page113" id = "page113"> </a>
<div class = "verse">
<p>Wherefore with that and other <i>catel</i>,</p>
<p>He made the castle of Arundel.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Syr Bevys</i>, O. iii.</p>

<p>Cauenard, <i>n.</i> Fr. [<i>cagnard caignard</i>] a term of reproach,
originally derived from the Lat. <i>canis</i>, 2389. V. Roquef.
Menage.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>This crokede <i>caynard</i> sore he is adred.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
Rits. A. S. p. 36.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Sire <i>olde kaynard</i>, is this thin aray?</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
Chauc. C. T. 5817.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Cayser" id = "gloss_Cayser">Cayser</a>, Caysere,
<i>n.</i> Lat. emperor, 977, 1317, 1725. <i>Kaysere</i>, 353.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Cerges" id = "gloss_Cerges">Cerges</a>, <i>n.
pl.</i> Fr. wax tapers, 594. <i>Serges</i>, 2125. Chauc. Rom. R. 6251;
V. Le Grand. <i>Vie privée des F.</i>; V.&nbsp;3, p.&nbsp;175.</p>

<p>Chaffare, <i>n.</i> S. merchandise, 1657. R. Cœur de L. 2468,
R.&nbsp;Gl., Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M.&nbsp;R. V.&nbsp;2,
p.&nbsp;412, Chauc., R.&nbsp;Hood, <span class = "smallroman">I.</span>
87. <i>Chaffery</i>, Sc. V. Lynds. Gl.</p>

<p>Cham for Came, 1873.</p>

<p>Chanbioun, <i>n.</i> Fr. champion, 1007. Sir Tr. p. 97.
<i>Chaunpiouns</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1015, 1031, 1055; V. Spelm. in&nbsp;v.
<i>Campio</i>. Cf. A.S. <i>cempa</i>.</p>

<p>Chapmen, <i>n. pl.</i> S. merchants, 51, 1639; R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc.
In Sc. pedlars. V. Jam., and Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Charbucle, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. a carbuncle, 2145. <i>Charbocle</i>,
Syr Bevys. <i>Charbokull</i>, Le bone Flor. 390. <i>Charboucle</i>,
Chauc. C.&nbsp;T. 13800. <i>Charbukill</i>, Doug. Virg. 3, 10.</p>

<p>Cherl. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Carl">Carl</a>.</p>

<p>Chesen, <i>v.</i> S. to choose, select, 2147. Sir Tr. p. 27;
K.&nbsp;Horn, 666; Rits. M.&nbsp;R., Web., R.&nbsp;Br., Chauc., V. Jam.
in&nbsp;v. <i>Cheis</i>.</p>

<p>Chinche, <i>adj.</i> Fr. niggardly, penurious, 1763, 2941.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Bothe he was scars, and <i>chinche</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>The Sevyn Sages</i>, 1244.</p>

<p class = "continue">So in Chauc. Rom. Rose, 5998, and Gower, <i>Conf.
Am.</i> 109 b.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Chiste" id = "gloss_Chiste">Chiste</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
Lat. chest, 222. <i>Kiste</i>, 2018. <i>Kist</i>, Yorksh. and Sc.; V.
Jam. and Lynds. Gl.</p>

<p>Citte, <i>pa. t.</i> S. cut, 942. <i>Kit</i>, Web. M. R. <i>Kyt</i>,
Syr Eglam. B.&nbsp;iv. <i>Kette</i>, Syr Bevys, C.&nbsp;iii. So Chauc.
C.&nbsp;T. 6304.</p>

<p>Claddes, <i>pa. t. 2 p.</i> S. claddest, 2907.</p>

<p>Clapte, <i>pa. t.</i> S. struck, 1814, 1821.</p>

<p>Clare, <i>n.</i> Fr. spiced wine, 1728. <i>See</i> Claret <i>in</i>
Prompt. Parv.</p>

<p>Clef, <i>pa. t.</i> S. cleft, 2643, 2730.</p>

<p>Cleue, <i>n.</i> S. dwelling, 557, 596. A.S. <i>cleofa</i>.</p>

<p>Cleuen, <i>v.</i> S. to cleave, cut, 917.</p>

<p>Clothe, Clothen, <i>v.</i> S. to clothe, 1138, 1233. In l. 1233,
Garnett suggests that <i>cloþen</i> may be a <i>nom. pl.</i> = clothes.
If so, <i>dele</i> the comma after it.</p>

<p>Clutes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. clouts, shreds of cloth, 547.
<i>Clottys</i>, Huntyng of the hare, 92. Cf. Chauc. C.&nbsp;T. 9827, and
<i>Clut</i> in Bosworth.</p>

<p>Clyueden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. cleaved, fastened, 1300.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Cok" id = "gloss_Cok">Cok</a>, <i>n.</i> Lat. cook,
967. <i>Kok</i>, 903, 921, 2898. <i>Cokes</i>, <i>Kokes</i>,
<i>g.&nbsp;c.</i> cook’s, 1123, 1146.</p>

<p>Comen, Comes, Cometh. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Komen">Komen</a>.</p>

<p>Cone. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Canst">Canst</a>.</p>

<p>Conestable, <i>n.</i> Fr. constable, 2286. <i>Conestables</i>,
<i>pl.</i> 2366.</p>

<p>Conseyl, <i>n.</i> Fr. counsel, 2862.</p>

<p>Copes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Kope">Kope</a>.</p>

<p>Corporaus, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. the fine linen wherein the sacrament is
put, 188; Cotgr. V. Du Cange, and Jam. in&nbsp;v. <i>Corperale</i>.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p class = "indent">After the relics they send;</p>
<p>The <i>corporas</i>, and the mass-gear,</p>
<p>On the handom [halidom?] they gun swear,</p>
<p>With wordes free and hend.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Guy of Warw.</i> ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 77.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">114</span>
<a name = "page114" id = "page114"> </a>
<p>Corune, <i>n.</i> Lat. crown, 1319, 2944.</p>

<p>Coruning, <i>n.</i> Lat. coronation, 2948.</p>

<p>Cote, <i>n.</i> S. cot, cottage, 737, 1141.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Couel" id = "gloss_Couel">Couel</a>, <i>n.</i> coat,
garment, 768, 858, 1144. <i>Cuuel</i>, 2904. <i>Kouel</i>, 964. The word
is connected with A.S. <i>cufle</i>, <i>cugele</i>, a cowl.</p>

<p>Couere, <i>v.</i> Fr. to recover, 2040.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>And prayde to Marie bryght,</p>
<p><i>Kevere</i> hym of hys care.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Ly Beaus Desc.</i> 1983.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Hyt wolde <i>covyr</i> me of my care.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Erl of Tol.</i> 381.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Coupe" id = "gloss_Coupe">Coupe</a>, <i>v.</i> buy,
buy dearly, get in exchange, 1800. Icel. <i>kaupa</i>.</p>

<p>Couth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Quath">Quath</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Couthe" id = "gloss_Couthe">Couþe</a>, <i>pa. t.</i>
of Conne, <i>v. aux.</i> S. knew, was able, could, 93, 112, 194, 750,
772. <i>Kouþen</i>, <i>pl.</i> 369.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>More he <i>couthe</i> of veneri,</p>
<p>Than <i>couthe</i> Manerious.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 24.</p>

<p class = "continue"><i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Canst">Canst</a>.</p>

<p>Crake, Crakede. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Kraken">Kraken</a>.</p>

<p>Crauede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. craved, asked, 633.</p>

<p>Crice, <i>n.</i> explained to mean <i>rima podicis</i> in Coleridge’s
Glossarial Index, 2450. Cf. A.S. <i>crecca</i>. Icel. <i>kryki</i>, a
corner. In Barb. x. 602, <i>crykes</i> is used for <i>angles</i>,
corners. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Krike">Krike</a>.</p>

<p>Crist, <i>n.</i> Lat. Gr. Christ, 16, &amp;c. <i>Cristes</i>,
<i>g.&nbsp;c.</i> 153. <i>Kristes</i>, 2797.</p>

<p>Croiz, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. cross, 1263, 1268, 1358, &amp;c.
<i>Croice</i>, Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;115.</p>

<p>Croud, <i>part. pa.</i> crowded, oppressed (?) 2338. K. Alisaund,
609. Cf. A.S. <i>crydan</i>, p.&nbsp;p. <i>gecróden</i>.</p>

<p>Croun, Croune, <i>n.</i> Fr. crown, head, 568, 902, 2657.
<i>Crune</i>, 1814, 2734.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Fykenildes <i>crowne</i></p>
<p>He fel ther doune.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i>, 1509.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. K. of Tars, 631; Le bone Flor. 92, and Erle of
Tol. 72.</p>

<p>Cruhsse. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_To-" title =
"under ‘To-’">To-cruhsse</a>.</p>

<p>Crus, brisk, nimble, 1966. It is the Sw. <i>krus</i>, excitable, Sc.
<i>crouse</i>. See <i>Crouse</i> in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Cunnriche" id = "gloss_Cunnriche">Cunnriche</a>,
<i>n.</i> S. kingdom, 2318. <i>Kinneriche</i>, 976. <i>Kuneriche</i>,
2400. <i>Kunerike</i>, 2804. <i>Kunrik</i>, 2143. In the last instance
it means <i>a mark of royalty, or monarchy</i>. Web. <i>Kyngriche</i>,
<i>Kynryche.</i></p>

<p>Curt, <i>n.</i> Fr. court, 1685.</p>

<p>Curteys, Curteyse, <i>adj.</i> Fr. courteous, 2875, 2916.</p>

<p>Cuuel. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Couel">Couel</a>.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_D" id = "gloss_D" href =
"#glossary">D</a>

<p class = "letter">
Dam, <i>n.</i> 2468, here used in a reproachful sense, but apparently
from the same root as the Fr. <i>Dam</i>, <i>Damp</i>, <i>Dan</i>, and
<i>Don</i>, i.e. from <i>Dominus</i>.</p>

<p>Dame, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. mistress, lady, 558, 1717. V. Gl. Chauc.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Danshe" id = "gloss_Danshe">Danshe</a>, <i>n.
pl.</i> Danish men, 2689, 2945, &amp;c. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Denshe">Denshe</a>.</p>

<p>Datheit, <i>interj.</i> 296, 300, 926, 1125, 1887, 1914, 2047, 2447,
2511. <i>Datheyt</i>, 1799, 1995, 2604, 2757. An interjection or
imprecation, derived from the Fr. <i>Deshait</i>, <i>dehait</i>,
<i>dehet</i>, explained by Barbazan and Roquefort, <i>affliction</i>,
<i>malheur</i>; [from the O.F. <i>hait</i>, pleasure]. It may be
considered equivalent to Cursed! Ill betide! In the old Fabliaux it is
used often in this sense:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Fils à putain, fet-il, lechiere,</p>
<p>Vo jouglerie m’est trop chiere,</p>
<p><i>Dehait</i> qui vous i aporta,</p>
<p>Par mon chief il le comparra.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>De S. Pierre et du Jougleor</i>, 381.</p>

<p class = "continue">The term was very early engrafted on the Saxon
phraseology. Thus in the <i>Disputation of Ane Hule and a
Ni?tingale</i>, l.&nbsp;99.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>Dahet</i> habbe that ilke best,</p>
<p>That fuleth his owe nest!</p>
</div>

<span class = "pagenum">115</span>
<a name = "page115" id = "page115"> </a>
<p class = "continue">It occurs also frequently in the Old English
Romances. <i>See</i> Sir Tristr. pp.&nbsp;111, 191; Horn Childe, ap.
Rits. V.&nbsp;3, p.&nbsp;290; Amis and Amil. 1569; Sevyn Sages, 2395;
R.&nbsp;Brunne, where it is printed by Hearne <i>Dayet</i>. To this
word, in all probability, we are indebted for the modern imprecation of
<i>Dase you!</i> <i>Dise you!</i> <i>Dash you!</i> still preserved in
many counties, and in Scotland. V. Jam. Suppl. v. <i>Dash you.</i></p>

<p>Dawes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. days, 27, 2344, 2950. <i>Dayes</i>, 2353.</p>

<p>Ded, Dede, <i>n.</i> S. death, 149, 167, 332, 1687, 2719, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Ded, <i>part. pa.</i> S. dead, 2007.</p>

<p>Dede, <i>n.</i> S. deed, action, 1356.</p>

<p>Dede, Deden, Dedes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Do">Do</a>.</p>

<p>Deide. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Deye">Deye</a>.</p>

<p>Del, <i>n.</i> S. deal, part, 218, 818, 1070, &amp;c. Web.,
R.&nbsp;Gl., R.&nbsp;Br., Chauc. <i>Deil</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Deled" id = "gloss_Deled">Deled</a>, <i>part.
pa.</i> S. distributed, 1736. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href =
"#gloss_To-" title = "under ‘To-’">To-deyle</a>.</p>

<p>Demen, <i>v.</i> S. to judge, pass judgment, 2467. <i>Deme</i>,
<i>Demen</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> judge, 2476, 2812. <i>Demden</i>, <i>pa.
t. pl.</i> judged, 2820, 2833. <i>Demd</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> judged,
2488, 2765, 2838.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Denshe" id = "gloss_Denshe">Denshe</a>, <i>adj.</i>
Danish, 1403, 2575, 2693. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Danshe">Danshe</a>.</p>

<p>Deplike, <i>adj.</i> S. deeply, 1417. Synonymous with
<i>Grundlike</i>, q.v.</p>

<p>Dere, <i>n.</i> S. dearth, scarcity, 824, 841. R. GL. p. 416.</p>

<p>Dere, <i>adv.</i> S. dearly, 1637, 1638.</p>

<p>Dere, <i>v.</i> S. to harm, injure, 490, 574, 806, 2310.
<i>Dereth</i>, <i>pr. t.</i> injures, 648. K.&nbsp;Horn, 148;
R.&nbsp;Br. p.&nbsp;107; K. of Tars, 192; Chauc. <i>Deir</i>, Sc. Doug.
Virg. 413, 52; Lynds. Gl.</p>

<p>Dere, <i>adj.</i> S. dear, 1637, 2170, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Deuel, <i>n.</i> S. devil, 446, 496, 1188. <i>Deueles</i>,
<i>g.&nbsp;c.</i> devil’s, 1409.</p>

<p>Deus. This is undoubtedly the vocative case of the Lat. <i>Deus</i>,
used as an interjection, 1312, 1650, 1930, 2096, 2114. “Its use was the
same in French as in English. Thus in King Horn:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Euuers Deu en sun quer a fait grant clamur,</p>
<p>Ohi, <i>Deus!</i> fait il, ki es uerrai creatur,</p>
<p>Par ki deuise, &amp;c.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Harl.</i> MS. 527, f. 66 b. c. 2.</p>

<p class = "continue">It was probably introduced into the English
language by the Normans, and its pronunciation remained the same as in
the French.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>And gradde ‘as armes,’ for <i>Douce</i> Mahons!</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Alisaunder</i>, 3674.</p>

<p class = "continue">It is curious to remark, that we have here the
evident and simple etymology of the modern exclamation <i>Deuce!</i> for
the derivation of which even the best and latest Lexicographers have
sent us to the <i>Dusii</i> of St Augustine, the <i>Dues</i> of the
Gothic nations, <i>Diis</i> of the Persians, <i>Teus</i> of the
Armoricans, &amp;c. Thomson very justly adds, that all these words,
‘seem, like dæmon, to have been once used in a good sense,’ and in fact
are probably all corruptions of the same root. Cf. R.&nbsp;Brunne,
p.&nbsp;254, and Gl. in&nbsp;v. <i>Deus</i>. For the first suggestion of
this derivation the Editor is indebted to Mr Will. Nicol.” &mdash;M.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Deye" id = "gloss_Deye">Deye</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
die, 840. <i>Deide</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> died, 402.</p>

<p>Dide, Diden, Dides. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Do">Do</a>.</p>

<p>Dike, <i>n.</i> S. ditch, 2435. <i>Dikes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1923. N.E.
and Sc., V. Jam. and Brockett.</p>

<p>Dine, <i>n.</i> S. din, noise, 1860, 1868.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Dinge" id = "gloss_Dinge">Dinge</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
strike, scourge, beat, 215, 2329. <i>Dong</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> struck,
1147. <i>Dungen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> beaten, or scourged, 227. Sc. and
N.E. <i>See</i> Jam. Gl., Lynds., and Ray.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">116</span>
<a name = "page116" id = "page116"> </a>
<p>Dint, <i>n.</i> S. blow, stroke, 1807, 1817, 1969, &amp;c.
<i>Dent</i>, Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;92; Chauc. <i>Dynt</i>, R.&nbsp;Br.
<i>Dintes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1437, 1862, 2665. <i>Duntes</i>, K.&nbsp;Horn,
865. <i>Dentys</i>, Rits. M.&nbsp;R. <i>Dyntes</i>, R.&nbsp;Gl.
<i>Dintes</i>, Minot, p.&nbsp;23; V. Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Do" id = "gloss_Do">Do</a>, Don, <i>v.</i> S. The
various uses of this verb in English and Scotch, in an auxiliary,
active, and passive sense, have been pointed out by Tyrwhitt, Essay on
Vers. of Chauc. Note (37), Chalmers, Gl. Lynds. and Jamieson. It
signifies: to do, <i>facere</i>, 117, 528, 1191; to cause,
<i>efficere</i>, 611; <i>do casten</i>, 519; <i>do hem fle</i>, 2600, to
put or place (used with <i>in</i> or <i>on</i>), 535, 577, &amp;c.
<i>Dones on</i> = don es on = do them on, put them on (<i>see</i>
<a href = "#gloss_Es">Es</a>), 970. <i>Dos</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> dost,
2390. <i>Dos</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> does, 1994, 2434, 2698.
<i>Doth</i>, <i>Don</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> do, 1838, 1840. <i>Doth</i>,
<i>imp.</i> do, cause (ye), 2037. <i>Dos</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> do ye,
2592. <i>Dede</i>, <i>Dide</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> caused, 658, 970, &amp;c.
<i>Dede</i>, <i>Dide</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> put, placed, 659, 709, 859.
<i>Dedes</i>, <i>Dides</i>, <i>pa. t. 2 p.</i> didest, 2393, 2903.
<i>Deden</i>, <i>Diden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> caused, 242; did,
performed, 953, 1176, 2306. <i>Don</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> caused, 1169.
<i>Don</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> done, 667. <i>Of liue haue do</i>, 1805,
have slain.</p>

<p>Dom, <i>n.</i> S. doom, judgment, 2473, 2487, 2813, &amp;c. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;127.</p>

<p>Dore, <i>n.</i> S. door, 1788.</p>

<p>Dore-tre, <i>n.</i> S. bar of the door, 1806. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Tre">Tre</a>.</p>

<p>Douhter, <i>n.</i> S. daughter, 120, 2712. <i>Douthe</i>, 1079.
<i>Douther</i>, 2867, 2914. <i>Douhtres</i>, <i>pl.</i> 350, 2982.
<i>Douthres</i>, 2979. <i>Doutres</i>, 717.</p>

<p>Doun. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Adoun">Adoun</a>.</p>

<p>Doutede, <i>pa. t.</i> Fr. feared, 708.</p>

<p>Douthe, <i>n.</i> Fr. fear, 1331, 1377.</p>

<p>Douthe, <i>pa. t.</i> of Dow, <i>v. imp.</i> S. [<i>dugan</i>,
valere, prodesse] was worth, was sufficient, availed, 703, 833, 1184. It
is formed in the same manner as <i>Mouthe</i>, Might. <i>See</i> Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;77; Jam. and Gl. Lynds. in&nbsp;v. Dow.</p>

<p>Drad. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Dred">Dred</a>.</p>

<p>Drawe, Drawen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Drou">Drou</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Dred" id = "gloss_Dred">Dred</a>, <i>imp.</i> dread,
fear (thou), 2168. <i>Dredden</i>, <i>Dredde</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i>
dreaded, feared, 2289, 2568. <i>Drad</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> afraid, 1669.
<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Adrad">Adrad</a>.</p>

<p>Drede, <i>n.</i> S. dread, 1169; doubt, anxiety, care, 828, 1664.
Chauc.</p>

<p>Dremede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. (used with <i>me</i>), dreamed, 1284,
1304.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Dreinchen" id = "gloss_Dreinchen">Dreinchen</a>,
Drenchen, Drinchen, <i>v.</i> S. to drown, 553, 561, 583, 1416, 1424,
&amp;c. <i>Drenched</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> drowned, 520, 669, 1368, 1379.
V. Gl. Web., R.&nbsp;Gl., Chauc.</p>

<p>Dreng, <i>n.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote31">note on l.
31</a>.</p>

<p>Drepen, <i>v.</i> S. to kill, slay, 1783, 1865, &amp;c. <i>Drepe</i>,
would slay, 506. <i>Drop</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> killed, slew, 2229. Bosworth
gives <i>drepan</i>, to slay. Cf. Sw. <i>dräpa</i>.</p>

<p>Dreping, <i>n.</i> slaughter, 2684. Cf. A.S. <i>drepe</i>.</p>

<p>Drinchen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Dreinchen">Dreinchen</a>.</p>

<p>Drinken, <i>v.</i> S. to drink, 459, 800.</p>

<p>Drinkes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. drinks, liquors, 1738.</p>

<p>Drit, <i>n.</i> [Icel. <i>drítr</i>, Du. <i>dreet</i>] dirt, 682. A
term expressing the highest contempt. K.&nbsp;Alisaund. 4718; Wickliffe.
So, in an ancient metrical invective against Grooms and Pages, written
about 1310,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Thah he ?eue hem cattes <i>dryt</i> to huere companage,</p>
<p>?et hym shulde arewen of the arrerage.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
MS. Harl. 2253, f. 125.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. Jam. Suppl. in v. <i>Dryte</i>, and Gl.
Lynds.</p>

<p>Driuende. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Drof">Drof</a>.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">117</span>
<a name = "page117" id = "page117"> </a>
<p><a name = "gloss_Drou" id = "gloss_Drou">Drou</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> S.
drew, 705, 719, &amp;c. <i>Vt-drow</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> out-drew, 2632.
<i>With-drow</i>, withdrew, 498; (<i>spelt</i> wit-drow), 502.
<i>Drawe</i>, <i>Drawen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> drawn, 1925, 2225, 2477,
2603, &amp;c. <i>Ut-drawe</i>, <i>Ut-drawen</i>, out-drawn, 1802, 2631.
<i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_To-"
title = "under ‘To-’">To-Drawe</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Drof" id = "gloss_Drof">Drof</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> S.
drove, 725; hastened, 1793, 1872. <i>Driuende</i>, <i>part. pr.</i>
driving, riding quickly, 2702.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Drurye" id = "gloss_Drurye">Drurye</a>, <i>n.</i>
Fr. courtship, gallantry, 195. Web., Rits. M.&nbsp;R., P.&nbsp;Plowm.,
Chauc., Lynds.</p>

<p>Dubbe, <i>v.</i> Fr. S. to dub, create a knight, 2042.
<i>Dubbede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> dubbed, 2314. <i>Dubban to ridere</i>,
Chron. Sax. An. 1085, [11086]. <i>To cnihte hine dubben</i>, La?am.
l.&nbsp;22497. “Hickes, Hearne, Gl. R.&nbsp;Gl., and Tyrwhitt, Gl.
Chauc., all refer the word to the Saxon root, which primarily signified
<i>to strike</i>, the same as the Isl. <i>at dubba</i>. Todd on the
contrary, Gl. Illustr. Chauc., thinks this questionable, and refers to
Barbazan’s Gl. in&nbsp;v. <i>Adouber</i>, which is there derived from
the Lat. <i>adaptare</i>. Du Cange and Dr Merrick give it also a Latin
origin, from <i>Adoptare</i>, and by corruption <i>Adobare</i>.”
&mdash;M. The etymology is discussed in Wedgwood, s.v. <i>Dub.</i>
<i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote2314">Note on l.&nbsp;2314</a>.</p>

<p>Duelle, <i>v.</i> S. to dwell, give attention, 4.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>A tale told Ysoude fre,</p>
<p class = "indent">Thai <i>duelle</i>:</p>
<p>Tristrem that herd he.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 181.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. Sir Otuel, l. 3, and Sevyn Sages, 1.
<i>Dwellen</i>, to dwell, remain, 1185; to delay, 1351. <i>Dwellen</i>,
<i>pr. t. pl.</i> dwell, tarry, 1058. <i>Dwelleden</i>, <i>pa. t.
pl.</i> dwelt, tarried, 1189.</p>

<p><ins class = "edcorr" title = "entry moved by author from after ‘DInt’">Dunten</ins>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. struck, beat, 2448.</p>

<p>Dwelling, <i>n.</i> delay, 1352</p>

<p>Dun. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Adoun">Adoun</a>.</p>

<p>Dungen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Dinge">Dinge</a>.</p>

<p>Dursten, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. durst, 1866.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_E" id = "gloss_E" href =
"#glossary">E</a>

<p class = "letter">
<a name = "gloss_Eie" id = "gloss_Eie">Eie</a>, <i>n.</i> S. eye, 2545.
<i>Heie</i>, 1152. <i>Eyne</i>, <i>pl.</i> eyes, 680, 1273, 1364;
<i>eyen</i>, 1340; <i>eyn</i>, 2171.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Eir" id = "gloss_Eir">Eir</a>, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat.
heir, 410, 2539. <i>Eyr</i>, 110, 289, &amp;c. Jam. gives it a Northern
etymology, in&nbsp;v. Ayr.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Ek" id = "gloss_Ek">Ek</a>, <i>conj.</i> S.
[<i>eac</i>] eke, also, 1025, 1038, 1066, &amp;c. <i>Ok</i> [Su.-G.
<i>och</i>, Du. <i>ook</i>] 187, 200, 879, 1081, &amp;c. V. Jam.
in&nbsp;v. Ac.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Eld" id = "gloss_Eld">Eld</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. old,
546. <i>Helde</i>, 2472. <i>Heldeste</i>, sup. 1396.</p>

<p>Elde, <i>n.</i> S. age, 2713. <i>Helde</i>, 128, 174, 387, 1435.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>Ælde</i> hæfde heo na mare</p>
<p>Buten fihtene ?ere.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 25913.</p>

<p class = "continue">R. Br. In Sc. <i>Eild</i>. It was subsequently
restricted to the sense of <i>old age</i>, as in Chauc.</p>

<p>Elles, <i>adv.</i> S. else, 1192, 2590.</p>

<p>Em, S. uncle, 1326. Sir Tr. p. 53. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, an
uncle by the father’s side. It appears however to have been used
indifferently either on the father’s or mother’s side. <i>See</i>
Hearne’s Gl. on R.&nbsp;Gl. and R.&nbsp;Br., Web., Erle of Tol. 988;
Chauc. Troil. 2, 162, and Nares. Prov. Eng. <i>Eam</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Er" id = "gloss_Er">Er</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. before,
684. <i>Her</i>, 541. <i>Are</i>, Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;152. <i>Er</i>,
K.&nbsp;Horn, 130. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Are">Are</a>, <a href =
"#gloss_Or">Or</a>.</p>

<p>Er, <i>conj.</i> S. before, 317, 1261, 2680. <i>Her</i>, 229.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Erl" id = "gloss_Erl">Erl</a>, <i>n.</i> S. earl,
189, &amp;c. <i>Erles</i>, <i>g. c.</i> 2898, earl’s. <i>Herles</i>,
883. <i>Erldom</i>, earldom, 2909.</p>

<p>Ern, <i>n.</i> S. eagle, 572. Rits. M. R. Octovian, 196; R. Gl.
p.&nbsp;177; Will. of Palerne.</p>

<p>Erþe, <i>n.</i> S. earth, 740; ground, 2657.</p>

<p>Erþe, <i>v.</i> S. to dwell, 739. A.S. <i>eardian.</i></p>

<span class = "pagenum">118</span>
<a name = "page118" id = "page118"> </a>
<p><a name = "gloss_Es" id = "gloss_Es">Es</a>, a plural pronoun
signifying <i>them</i>, as in <i>don es on</i> = put them on, 970. See
<i>Gen. and Exod.</i> ed. Morris, pref. p.&nbsp;xix.</p>

<p>Et, a singular pronoun, equivalent to <i>it</i>, used in
<i>hauenet</i> = <i>hauen et</i>, 2005; <i>hauedet</i> = <i>haued
et</i>, 714.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Ete" id = "gloss_Ete">Ete</a>, Eten, <i>v.</i> S. to
eat, 791, 800, 911, &amp;c. <i>Hete</i>, <i>Heten</i>, 146, 317, 457,
641. <i>Et</i>, <i>imp.</i> eat (thou), 925. <i>Et</i>, <i>Het</i>,
<i>pa. t.</i> ate, 653, 656. <i>Etes</i>, <i>fut. 2 p.</i> thou shalt
eat, 907. <i>Eteth</i>, <i>fut. 3 p.</i> shall eat, 672. <i>Eten</i>,
<i>part. pa.</i> eaten, 657.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Ethen" id = "gloss_Ethen">Eþen</a>, <i>adv.</i> S.
hence, 690. <i>Heþen</i>, 683, 845, 1085, 2727.</p>

<p>Eþer. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ayther">Ayþer</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Euere" id = "gloss_Euere">Euere</a>, Eure,
<i>adv.</i> S. ever. 207, 424, 704, &amp;c. <i>Heuere</i>, 17, 327,
830.</p>

<p>Euereich, <i>adj.</i> S. every, 137. <i>Euere il</i>, 218, 1334,
1644. <i>Euere ilc</i>, 1330. <i>Eueri</i>, 1070, 1176, 1383.
<i>Eueril</i>, 1764, 2318, &amp;c. <i>Euerilk</i>, 2258, 2432.
<i>Euerilkon</i>, every one, 1062, 1996, 2197. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Il">Il</a>.</p>

<p>Euere-mar, <i>adv.</i> S. evermore, 1971.</p>

<p>Eyen, Eyn, Eyne. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Eie">Eie</a>.</p>

<p>Eyr. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Eir">Eir</a>.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_F" id = "gloss_F" href =
"#glossary">F</a>

<p class = "letter">
Fader, <i>n.</i> S. Lat. father, 1224, 1403, 1416. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;35;
K.&nbsp;Horn, 114. The cognate words may be found in Jam.</p>

<p>Faderles, <i>adj.</i> fatherless, 75.</p>

<p>Fadmede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. fathomed, embraced, 1295. From
<i>fæthmian</i>, Utraque manu extensa complecti, Cod. Exon., ed. Thorpe,
p.&nbsp;334. It has the same meaning in Sc. V. Jam.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Falle" id = "gloss_Falle">Falle</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
fall, 39, &amp;c. <i>Falles</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> fall ye, 2302.
<i>Fel</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> fell, appertained. 1815, 2359. <i>Fellen</i>,
<i>pa. t. pl.</i> fell, 1303.</p>

<p>Fals, <i>adj.</i> S. false, 2511.</p>

<p>Falwes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. fallows, fields, 2509. Chauc. C. T. 6238,
where Tyrwh. explains it <i>harrowed lands</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Fare" id = "gloss_Fare">Fare</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
journey, 1337, 2621. R. Gl. p. 211; R. Br., Minot, p.&nbsp;2 (left
unexplained by Rits.); Barb. iv. 627. <i>Schip-fare</i>, a voyage, Sir
Tr. p.&nbsp;53.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Faren" id = "gloss_Faren">Faren</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
go, 264. <i>Fare</i>, 1378, 1392, &amp;c. <i>Fare</i>, <i>pr. t. 2
p.</i> farest, behavest, 2705. <i>Fares</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> goes,
flies, 2690. <i>Ferde</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> went, 447, 1678, &amp;c.;
behaved, 2411. <i>For</i> (went), 2382, 2943. <i>Foren</i>, <i>pa. t.
pl.</i> went, 2380, 2618.</p>

<p>Faste, <i>adv.</i> S. attentively, earnestly, 2148.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Tristrem as a man</p>
<p><i>Fast</i> he gan to fight.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 167.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Bidde we ?eorne Ihu Crist, and seint Albon wel <i>faste</i>,</p>
<p>That we moten to the Ioye come, that euere schal i-laste.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Vita S. Albani</i>, MS. Laud. 108. f. 47 b.</p>

<p>Fastinde, <i>part. pr.</i> S. fasting, 865.</p>

<p>Fauth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Fyht">Fyht</a>.</p>

<p>Fawen, <i>adj.</i> S. fain, glad, 2160. <i>Fawe</i>, K. of Tars,
1058; Octovian, 307; R.&nbsp;Gl. p.&nbsp;150; Chauc. C.&nbsp;T.
5802.</p>

<p>Fe, <i>n.</i> S. fee, possessions, or money, 386, 563, 1225, &amp;c.
<i>See</i> Jam. and Lynds. Gl.</p>

<p>Feble, <i>adj.</i> Fr. feeble, poor, scanty, 323.</p>

<p>Feblelike, <i>adv.</i> feebly, scantily, 418. <i>Febli</i>, Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;179, for <i>meanly</i>.</p>

<p>Feden, <i>v.</i> S. to feed, 906. <i>Feddes</i>, <i>pa. t. 2 p.</i>
feddest, 2907.</p>

<p>Fel. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Bifalle">Bifalle</a>, <a href =
"#gloss_Falle">Falle</a>.</p>

<p>Felawes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. fellows, companions, 1338.</p>

<p>Feld, <i>n.</i> S. field, 2634, 2685, 1291.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">119</span>
<a name = "page119" id = "page119"> </a>
<p>Felde, Felede. <i>pa. t.</i> S. felled, 67, 1859, 2694. <i>Felden</i>
(? read <i>he ne fellen</i>, they did not fall), 2698. <i>Feld</i>,
<i>part. pa.</i> felled, 1824. Sir F. Madden writes&mdash; “in
l.&nbsp;2698, I prefer reading <i>ne felden</i>, did not fell, governed
by <i>that</i>. In l.&nbsp;67, Garnett suggested <i>felede</i>, pursued,
from Swed. <i>följade</i>.”</p>

<p>Fele, <i>adj.</i> S. many, often, 778, 1277, 1737, &amp;c. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;19.</p>

<p>Fele, <i>adv.</i> S. very, 2442.</p>

<p>Fend, <i>n.</i> S. fiend, 506, 1411, 2229.</p>

<p>Fer, <i>adv.</i> S. far. 359, 1863, 2275, &amp;c. <i>Ferne</i>, far,
1864; <i>pl. adj.</i> foreign, 2031.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Þa kingges buh stronge,</p>
<p>And of <i>ferrene</i> lond.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 5528.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. Chauc. Prol. l. 14.</p>

<p>Ferd, <i>n.</i> S. army, 2384, 2548, &amp;c. <i>Ferde</i>, 2535.
La?am., R.&nbsp;Gl., R.&nbsp;Br., Web. <i>Ferdes, pl.</i> 2683.</p>

<p>Ferde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Fare">Fare</a>.</p>

<p>Fere, <i>n.</i> S. companion, wife, 1214. Sir Tr. p. 157. K. Horn,
Web., R.&nbsp;Gl., R.&nbsp;Br., Minot, Chauc. <i>Feir</i>, Sc. V. Jam.
and Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Ferlike, <i>n.</i> S. wonder, 1258. <i>Ferlik</i>, 1849. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;21. Originally in all probability an <i>adj.</i></p>

<p>Ferþe, <i>adj.</i> S. fourth, 1810.</p>

<p>Feste, <i>n.</i> Fr. feast, 2344, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Feste, <i>v.</i> Fr. to feast, 2938.</p>

<p>Festen, <i>v.</i> S. to fasten, 1785; (used passively) 82.
<i>Fest</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> fastened, 144.</p>

<p>Fet. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Fot">Fot</a>.</p>

<p>Fete, <i>v.</i> S. to fetch, bring, 642, 912, 937, &amp;c. Used
passively, 316, 2037. <i>Fetes</i>, <i>pr. t. s.</i> fetch, 2341. V.
Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p.&nbsp;135.</p>

<p>Fetere, <i>v.</i> S. to fetter, chain, 2758. Used passively.</p>

<p>Feteres, <i>n. pl.</i> S. fetters, 82, 2759.</p>

<p>Fey, <i>n.</i> Fr. faith, 255, 1666. <i>Feyth</i>, 2853.</p>

<p>Fiht, <i>n.</i> S. fight, 2668, 2716.</p>

<p>Fikel, <i>adj.</i> S. fickle, inconstant, 1210, 2799.</p>

<p>File, <i>n.</i> vile, worthless person, 2499.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Men seth ofte a muche <i>file</i>,</p>
<p>They he serue boten a wile,</p>
<p>Bicomen swithe riche.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Hending the hende</i>, MS. Digb. 86.</p>

<p class = "continue">So in R. Br. p. 237.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>David at that while was with Edward the kyng,</p>
<p>?it auanced he that <i>file</i> vntille a faire thing.</p>
</div>

<p class = "continue">It is used for <i>coward</i> by Minot, pp. 31, 36.
Cf. Du. <i>vuil</i>, foul, malicious.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Finden" id = "gloss_Finden">Finden</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
to find, 1083. <i>Finde</i>, 220. <i>Fynde</i>, 42. <i>Funden</i>,
<i>pa. t. pl.</i> found, 602. <i>Funde</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> found,
2376. <i>Funden</i>, 1427.</p>

<p>Fir, <i>n.</i> S. fire, 585, 1162, &amp;c. <i>Fyr</i>, 915.</p>

<p>Firrene, <i>adj.</i> S. made of fir, 2078. <i>Firron</i>, Doug. Virg.
47. 34.</p>

<p>Flaunes, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. custards, or pancakes, 644. <i>See</i>
Way’s note in Prompt. Parv.</p>

<p>Fledden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. fled, 2416.</p>

<p>Flemen, <i>v.</i> S. to drive away, banish, 1160. R. Gl., R. Br.,
Chauc., Rits. A.&nbsp;S. So in Sc. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Flete, <i>pres. subj.</i> S. float, swim, 522. Sir Tr. p. 27;
K.&nbsp;Horn, 159; Chauc. <i>Fleit</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Fleye, <i>v.</i> S. to fly, 1791, 1813, 1827, 2751. <i>Fley</i>,
<i>pa. t.</i> flew, 1305.</p>

<p>Flo, <i>v.</i> S. to flay, 612, 2495. K. Horn, 92. <i>Flow</i>,
<i>pa. t.</i> flayed, 2502. <i>Flowe</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 2433.</p>

<p>Flok, <i>n.</i> S. flock, troop, 24. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Trome">Trome</a>.</p>

<p>Flote, <i>n.</i> S. boat, 738. A.S. <i>flóta</i>, a ship; Icel.
<i>floti</i>, (1)&nbsp;a ship, (2)&nbsp;a fleet; cf. La?am. 4530.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">120</span>
<a name = "page120" id = "page120"> </a>
<p>Flour, <i>n.</i> Fr. flower, 2917.</p>

<p>Fnaste, <i>v.</i> S. to breathe, 548. Cf. A.S. <i>Fnæstiað</i>, the
wind-pipe, <i>Fnæstan</i>, puffs of wind. <i>Fnast</i> = breath in
<i>Owl and Nightingale</i>, l.&nbsp;44.</p>

<p>Fo, <i>n.</i> S. foe, 1363, 2849; <i>pl.</i> foos, 67.</p>

<p>Fol, <i>n.</i> Fr. fool, 298. <i>Foles</i>, pl. 2100.</p>

<p>Folc, Folk, <i>n.</i> S. men collectively, people, 89, 438,
&amp;c.</p>

<p>Folwes, <i>imp.</i> S. follow ye, 1885, 2601.</p>

<p>Fonge, <i>v.</i> S. to take, receive, 763; <i>2 p. pres. subj.</i>
856. In common use from La?am. to Chauc. and much later.</p>

<p>For, <i>prep.</i> S. <i>For to</i> is prefixed to the inf. of verbs
in the same manner as the Fr. <i>pour</i>, or Sp. <i>por</i>. It is so
used in all the old writers, and in the vulgar translation of the
Scriptures, and is still preserved in the North of England. Cf. 17,
&amp;c. <i>For</i> = on account of, 1670. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;62.</p>

<p>For, Foren. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Faren">Faren</a>.</p>

<p>Forbere, <i>v.</i> S. spare, abstain from, 352. Chauc. Rom. R. 4751.
<i>Forbar</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> spared, abstained from, 764, 2623.</p>

<p>Forfaren, <i>v.</i> S. to perish, 1380. R. Br. <i>Forfard</i>
(<i>p.&nbsp;p.</i>) Ly Beaus Desc. 1484. The inf. is also used in Web.,
P.&nbsp;Plowm., Chauc. In Sc. <i>Forfair</i>. V. Compl. of Scotl.
p.&nbsp;100, and Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Forgat, <i>pa. t.</i> S. forgot, 2636, &amp;c. <i>Foryat</i>,
249.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_For-henge" id = "gloss_For-henge">For-henge</a>,
<i>v.</i> to kill by hanging, 2724. Cf. Du. <i>verhangen zich</i>, to
hang one’s self.</p>

<p>Forlorn, <i>part. pa.</i> S. utterly lost, 770, 1424.
<i>Forloren</i>, 580. R.&nbsp;Br., Rits. M.&nbsp;R., Chauc. Used
actively, Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;35.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Forthi" id = "gloss_Forthi">Forþi</a>, <i>adv.</i>
S. on this account, therefore, because, 1194, 1431, 2043, 2500, 2578.
Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;14, and in all the Gloss.</p>

<p>Forthwar, <i>adv.</i> S. forthward; i.e. as we go on, 731.</p>

<p>Forw, <i>n.</i> S. furrow, 1094.</p>

<p>Forward, <i>n.</i> S. promise, word, covenant, 486. <i>Forwarde</i>,
554. La?am. l.&nbsp;4790. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;13. Rits. M.&nbsp;R., Web.,
R.&nbsp;Gl., R.&nbsp;Br., Minot, Chauc.</p>

<p>Fostred, <i>part. pa.</i> S. nourished, 1434, 2239.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Fot" id = "gloss_Fot">Fot</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
<i>Euerilk fot</i>, 2432, every foot, or man. <i>Fet</i>, <i>pl.</i>
616, 1022, 1303, 2479. <i>Fote</i>, 1054, 1199.</p>

<p>Fouhten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Fyht">Fyht</a>.</p>

<p>Fourtenith, <i>n.</i> S. fortnight, 2284.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Fremde" id = "gloss_Fremde">Fremde</a>, <i>adj.</i>
(used as a <i>n.</i>) S. stranger, 2277.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Vor hine willeth sone uorgiete</p>
<p>Tho <i>fremde</i> and tho sibbe.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
MS. Digb. 4.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ther ne myhte libbe</p>
<p>The <i>fremede</i> ne the sibbe.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i>, 67.</p>

<p class = "continue">See also R. Gl. p. 346; Chron. of Eng. 92; P.
Plowm., Chau., Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Freme, <i>v.</i> S. to perform, 441.</p>

<p>Fri, <i>adj.</i> S. free, liberal, 1072. Chauc.</p>

<p>Frie, <i>v.</i> to blame, 1998. Icel. <i>fryja</i>, to blame. Cf.
<i>freles</i>, blameless. <i>Allit. Poems</i>, ed. Morris, A. 431.</p>

<p>Fro, <i>prep.</i> S. from, 265, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Frusshe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_To-frusshe">To-frusshe</a>.</p>

<p>Ful, <i>adv.</i> S. very, much, completely, 6, 82, &amp;c. <i>Ful
wo</i>, 2589, much sorrow.</p>

<p>Ful, Fule, <i>adj.</i> S. foul, 506, 555, 626, 965, &amp;c.
<i>Foule</i>, 1158.</p>

<p>Fulike, <i>adv.</i> S. foully, shamefully, 2749.</p>

<p>Fulde, <i>part. pa.</i> S. filled, complete, 355.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">121</span>
<a name = "page121" id = "page121"> </a>
<p>Funde, Funden. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Finden"
title = "under ‘Finden’">Finde</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Fyht" id = "gloss_Fyht">Fyht</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
fight, 2361. <i>Fauth</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> fought, 1990. <i>Fouhten</i>,
<i>pa. t. pl.</i> fought, 2661.</p>

<p>Fyn, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. ending, 22. R. Br., Minot, Chauc.,
&amp;c.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_G" id = "gloss_G" href =
"#glossary">G</a>

<p class = "letter">
Ga, <i>v.</i> S. to go. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href =
"#gloss_Ouer-go" title = "‘Ouer-go’ or ‘Ouer-gange’?">Ouer-ga</a>.</p>

<p>Gad, <i>n.</i> S. goad, 279. <i>Gaddes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1016. In Gl.
Ælfr. among the instruments of husbandry occur <i>Gad</i>, stimulus, and
<i>Gadiron</i>, aculeus. So in <i>The Fermeror and his Docter</i>,
printed by Laing:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Quhen Symkin standis quhisling with ane quhip and ane
<i>gaid</i>,</p>
<p>Priking and ?arkand ane auld ox hide.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
V. Jam. in v. <i>Gade</i>, 4. and Nares.</p>

<p>Gadred, <i>part. pa.</i> S. gathered, 2577.</p>

<p>Gadeling, <i>n.</i> S. an idle vagabond, low man, 1121.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Þa wes æuer alc cheorl</p>
<p>Al swa bald alse an eorl,</p>
<p>&amp; alle þa <i>gadelinges</i></p>
<p>Alse heo weoren sunen kinges.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 12333.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. K. Alisaund. 1733, 4063. <i>Gadlyng</i>, Rob.
of Cicyle, MS. Harl. 1701. R.&nbsp;Gl. p.&nbsp;277, 310. Chauc. Rom.
Rose, 938. The word originally meant <i>Vir generosus</i>. <i>See</i>
Beowulf, l.&nbsp;5227.</p>

<p>Gaf. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p>

<p>Galwe-tre, <i>n.</i> S. the gallows, 43, 335, 695. Le Bone Fl. 1726.
Erle of Tol. 657. <i>Galues</i>, <i>Galwes</i>, <i>Galewes</i>, 687,
1161, 2477, 2508. R.&nbsp;Br., Chauc. Cf. Ihre Gl. Suiog. in&nbsp;v.
<i>galge</i>, ab Isl. <i>gayl</i>, ramus arboris.</p>

<p>Gamen, <i>n.</i> S. game, sport, 980, 1716, 2135, 2250, 2577; joy,
2935, 2963. <i>Gamyn</i>, Barb. iii. 465. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Gan, <i>pa. t.</i> S. began, 2443. V. Jam.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Gangen" id = "gloss_Gangen">Gangen</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
to go, walk, 370, 845, &amp;c. <i>Gange</i>, 796. <i>Gongen</i>, 855.
<i>Gonge</i>, 1185, 1739, &amp;c. <i>Gonge</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i>
goest, 690, 843. <i>Gangande</i>, <i>part. pr.</i> on foot, walking,
2283. Wynt. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Garte, <i>pa. t.</i> S. made, 189, 1857, &amp;c. <i>Gart</i>, 1001,
1082. <i>Gert</i>, Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;147. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Gat, Gaten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Geten">Geten</a>.</p>

<p>Gate, <i>n.</i> S. (1) way, road, 846, 889. Sir Tr. p. 27; (2)
manner, fashion (<i>see</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Thus"
title = "under ‘Þus’">þus-gate</a>), 783, 2419, 2586.</p>

<p>Genge, <i>n.</i> S. family, company, 786, 1735; retinue, 2353, 2362,
2383.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>þe king of þan londe</p>
<p>Mid muchelere <i>genge</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 6156.</p>

<p class = "continue">Hence <i>Gang</i>. V. Todd’s Johns.</p>

<p>Gent, <i>adj.</i> Fr. neat, pretty, 2139. Sir Tr. p. 87, R. Br.,
Chauc.</p>

<p>Gere. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Messe" title =
"under ‘Messe’">Messe-gere</a>.</p>

<p>Gest, <i>n.</i> Fr. tale, adventure, 2984. <i>See</i> Note in
Warton’s Hist. E. P., V.&nbsp;<span class = "smallroman">I.</span>
p.&nbsp;69. Ed. 1840.</p>

<p>Gete, <i>v.</i> to guard, watch, keep, 2762, 2960. Icel. <i>gæta</i>,
to guard. Cf. <i>Ormulum</i>, 2079. [Suggested by Garnett.]</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Geten" id = "gloss_Geten">Geten</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
get, take, 792. <i>Gete</i>, 1393. <i>Gat</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> begot, got,
495, 730. <i>Gaten</i>, <i>Geten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> begot, 2893,
2934, 2978. <i>Getes</i>, <i>f. t. 2 p.</i> shalt get, 908.</p>

<p>Ghod <i>for</i> Good, 255.</p>

<p>Gisarm, <i>n.</i> Fr. a bill, 2553. <i>See</i> Gl. Rits. M. R.,
Spelm. in&nbsp;v., Jam. Dict., and Merrick’s Gl. in&nbsp;v. <i>Gesa</i>,
<i>Gesum</i>. [“Distinguished from other weapons of the axe kind by a
spike rising from the back. There were two kinds, viz. the
<i>glaive-gisarme</i>, with a sabre-blade and spike; and the
<i>bill-gisarme</i>, in shape of a hedging-bill with a spike.” Godwin’s
Archæol. Handbook, p.&nbsp;254.]</p>

<p>Giue. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Giue" id = "gloss_Giue">Giue</a>, <i>n.</i> S. gift,
2880. <i>Gyue</i>, 357. <i>Yeft</i>, 2336.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">122</span>
<a name = "page122" id = "page122"> </a>
<p>Giueled, piled up, 814. [The O.Fr. <i>gavelé</i> means piled up,
heaped together. To <i>gavel</i> corn (<i>see</i> Halliwell) is to put
it into heaps, and a <i>gavel</i> is a heap of corn. But this may very
well be derived from <i>gable</i>, since a heap takes the shape of a
peaked end of a house; and the O.Fr. term is probably originally
Teutonic, and connected, as <i>gable</i> is, with Mœso-Goth.
<i>gibla</i>, a pinnacle, with which compare German <i>giebel</i>, Du.
<i>gevel</i>, and hence our word would be taken from a verb
<i>givelen</i>, to pile up. The fish in Havelok’s basket would be what
the Dutch call <i>gevelvormig</i>, or formed like a gable, or like the
peaked end of a <i>stack</i> of hay or corn, whence the author’s
expression&mdash;<i>giueled als a stac</i>, piled up in the shape of a
stack. Other explanations are <i>flayed</i>, from Du. <i>villen</i>, to
flay; or <i>filed</i>, ranged in rows upon a stick, where <i>stick</i>
is represented by <i>stac</i>. But the latter supposition would require
the reading <i>on</i> rather than <i>als</i>; not to mention the fact
that if fish are carried <i>in a pannier</i> they would not resemble
fish carried <i>on a stick</i>. Nor is it quite satisfactory to say that
<i>giueled</i> is put for <i>gefilled</i>, filled; for this is not
elucidated by the expression <i>als a stac</i>, any more than the
explanation <i>flayed</i> is. <i>Gable</i> is Icel. <i>gafl</i>, Sw.
<i>gafvel</i>, Dan. <i>gavl</i>, Du. <i>gevel</i>, Ger. <i>giebel</i>,
<i>gipfel</i>, &amp;c. Its forked shape seems to give rise to Ger.
<i>gabel</i>, Sw. <i>gaffel</i>, a fork; respecting which set of words
see <i>Gaff</i> in Wedgwood.]</p>

<p>Gladlike, <i>adv.</i> S. gladly, 805, 906, 1760.</p>

<p>Glede, <i>n.</i> S. a burning coal, 91, 869. Rits. M. R., Web.,
R.&nbsp;Br., Chauc. <i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote91">Note on
l.&nbsp;91</a>.</p>

<p>Gleiue, Gleyue, Fr. a spear, lance, 1770, 1844, 1981. <i>Gleiues</i>,
<i>Gleyues</i>, <i>pl.</i> 267, 1748, 1864. Dr Merrick explains it, “A
weapon composed of a long cutting blade at the end of a staff.” See
R.&nbsp;Gl. p.&nbsp;203; Guy of Warw. R.&nbsp;iii.; Chauc. Court of
Love, 544; Percy, A. R.</p>

<p>Glem, <i>n.</i> S. gleam, ray, 2122. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Stem">Stem</a>.</p>

<p>Gleu, <i>n.</i> S. game, skill, 2332. Properly, says Sir W. Scott,
the joyous science of the minstrels. Cf. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;24, 35,
150.</p>

<p>Gleymen, <i>n. pl.</i> S. gleemen, 2329. <i>Glewemen</i>, Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;110.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Whar bin thi <i>glewmen</i> that schuld thi <i>glewe</i>,</p>
<p>With harp and fithel, and tabour bete.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Disp. betw. the bodi &amp; saul</i>, ap. Leyd. Compl. of Scotl.</p>

<p>Glotuns, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. gluttons, wicked men, 2104.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Va, <i>Glutun</i>, envers tei nostre lei se defent.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i>, 1633, MS. Douce.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. K. Horn, 1124, ap. Rits., Yw. and Gaw. 3247;
R. Cœur de L. 5953, and Chauc.</p>

<p>Gnede, <i>adj.</i> S. niggardly, frugal, 97. Nearly equivalent to
<i>chinche</i>, l.&nbsp;1763. Printed <i>guede</i> in Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;169. [Cf. <i>Gnede</i> in Halliwell, and A.S.
<i>gneadlícnes</i>, frugality.]</p>

<p>God, <i>n.</i> S. gain, wealth, goods, 797, 2034; <i>pl.</i> gode,
1221. R.&nbsp;Gl., R.&nbsp;Br., Chauc.</p>

<p>God, Gode, <i>adj.</i> S. good, excellent, 7, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Goddot, Goddoth, <i>interj.</i> god wot! 606, 642, 796, 909, 1656,
2543; cf. 2527. It is formed probably in the same manner as
<i>Goddil</i>, for God’s will, in Yorksh. and Lanc. V. Craven dialect,
and View of Lanc. dialect, 1770, 8vo. The word before us appears to have
been limited to Lincolnshire or Lancashire, and does not appear in the
Glossaries. Other instances are in the <i>Cursor Mundi</i>, MS. Cott.
Vesp. F.&nbsp;iii. fol. 87<i>b</i>, and in MS. Cott. Galba E.&nbsp;ix.
fol. 61. It also occurs in a translation of a French Fabliau, written in
the reign of Edw.&nbsp;I.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">123</span>
<a name = "page123" id = "page123"> </a>
<div class = "verse">
<p><i>Goddot!</i> so I wille,</p>
<p>And loke that thou hire tille,</p>
<p>And strek out hire thes.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La fablel &amp; la cointise de dame Siriz</i>, MS. Digb. 86.</p>

<p class = "continue">Grundtvig told me (adds Sir F. Madden) that it is
“undoubtedly the same interjection spelled <i>Ioduth</i> in the old
Danish rime-chronicle.”</p>

<p>Gome, <i>n.</i> S. man, 7.</p>

<p>Gon, <i>v.</i> S. to go, walk, 113, 1045. <i>Goth</i>, <i>imp.</i> go
ye, 1780. <i>Gon</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> gone, 2692.</p>

<p>Gonge, Gongen. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Gangen"
title = "spelled ‘Gangen’">Gange</a>.</p>

<p>Gore, 2497. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Grim">Grim</a>.</p>

<p>Gos, <i>n.</i> S. goose, 1240. <i>Gees</i>, <i>pl.</i> 702.</p>

<p>Gouen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p>

<p>Goulen, <i>pr. t. pl. 2 p.</i> S. howl, cry, 454. <i>Gouleden</i>,
<i>pa. t. pl.</i> howled, cried, 164.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>An <i>yollen</i> mote thu so heye,</p>
<p>That ut berste bo thin ey.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Hule and Nihtingale</i>, l. 970.</p>

<p class = "continue">Used also by Wickliffe. In Scotland and the North
it is still preserved, but in the South <i>Yell</i> is used as an
equivalent. <i>See</i> Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Gram, <i>n.</i> S. grief, 2469.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Graten" id = "gloss_Graten">Graten</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
[<i>gr?tan</i>] to weep, cry, cry out, 329. <i>Grede</i>, 96.
<i>Grete</i>, <i>pres. pl.</i> 454, 2703. <i>Gret</i>, <i>pa. t.</i>
cried out, wept, 615, 1129, 2159. <i>Gredde</i>, 2417. <i>Greten</i>,
<i>pa. t. pl.</i> wept, 164, 415, 2796. <i>Grotinde</i>, <i>part.
pr.</i> weeping, 1390. <i>Graten</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> wept, 241.
<i>Igroten</i>, 285. <i>See</i> Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Graue, <i>v.</i> S. to bury, 613. <i>Grauen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i>
buried, 2528. Web., Sir Guy, Ii. iv., Chauc.</p>

<p>Greme, <i>v.</i> S. to irritate, grieve, 442. In R. Br. <i>Gram</i>
is used as a verb, in the same sense.</p>

<p>Grene, <i>n.</i> desire, lust, 996. It is simply the Mœso-Goth.
<i>gairuni</i>, lust; Icel. <i>girni</i>, desire. V. Jam. in&nbsp;v.
Grene. Halliwell suggests <i>sport</i>, <i>play</i>, to which it is
<i>opposed</i>.</p>

<p>Gres, <i>n.</i> S. grass, 2698.</p>

<p>Gret, <i>adj.</i> S. great, heavy, loud, 807, 1860. <i>Greth</i>,
1025; <i>pl.</i> grete, 1437, 1862. <i>Grettere</i>, <i>comp.</i>
greater, 1893.</p>

<p>Grete. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Graten">Graten</a>.</p>

<p>Greþede, 2003. Explained as <i>greeted</i>, <i>accosted</i>, by Sir
F. Madden; but the use of þ (not th) renders this doubtful. May it not
signify <i>treated</i>, <i>handled</i> (lit. <i>arrayed</i>), from the
<i>vb.</i> greyþe?</p>

<p>Grethet. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Greythe">Greyþe</a>.</p>

<p><ins class = "edcorr" title = "entry moved by author from before ‘Gres’">Greting</ins>, <i>n.</i> S. weeping, 166.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Grette" id = "gloss_Grette">Grette</a>, <i>pa.
t.</i> S. accosted, greeted, 452, 1811, 2625. <i>Gret</i>, <i>part.
pa.</i> accosted, greeted, 2290.</p>

<p>Greu, <i>pa. t.</i> S. grew, prospered, 2333; <i>pl.</i> grewe,
2975.</p>

<p>Greue, <i>v.</i> S. to grieve, 2953.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Greythe" id = "gloss_Greythe">Greyþe</a>, <i>v.</i>
S. [ger?dian] to prepare, 1762. <i>Greyþede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> prepared,
706. <i>Greyþed</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> prepared, made ready, 714.
<i>Grethet</i>, 2615. La?am. l.&nbsp;4414. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;33. Sc.
<i>Graith</i>. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Greyue" id = "gloss_Greyue">Greyue</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
[<i>geréfa</i>] greave, magistrate, 1771. <i>Greyues</i>,
<i>g.&nbsp;c.</i> greave’s, 1749. <i>Greyues</i>, <i>pl.</i> 266. V.
Spelm. in&nbsp;v. <i>Grafio</i>, and Hickes, Diss. Epist. p.&nbsp;21, n.
p.&nbsp;151.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Grim" id = "gloss_Grim">Grim</a>, <i>adj.</i> S.
cruel, savage, fierce, 155, 680, 2398, 2655, 2761. R.&nbsp;Br., Rits.
M.&nbsp;R. <i>See</i> Beowulf, l.&nbsp;204.</p>

<p>Grim, <i>n.</i> [smut, dirt, 2497. The explanation is that Godard, on
being flayed, did not bear his sentence as one of rank and blood would
have done, but began to roar out as if he were mere <i>dirt</i> or
<i>mud</i>, i.e. one of the dregs of the common herd. This curious
expression is ascertained to have the meaning here
<span class = "pagenum">124</span>
<a name = "page124" id = "page124"> </a>
assigned to it by observing (1) that <i>grim</i> and <i>gore</i> must be
substantives, and (2)&nbsp;that they must be of like signification; but
chiefly by comparing the line with others similar to it. Now the
context, in the couplet following, repeats that “men might hear him
roar, that <i>foul vile</i> wretch, a mile off;” and in l.&nbsp;682,
Godard calls Grim “<i>a foul dirt</i>, a thrall, and a churl.” The
author clearly uses <i>dirt</i> and <i>churl</i> as synonyms. The word
<i>grim</i> is the Danish <i>grim</i>, soot, lampblack, smut, dirt,
answering to the English <i>grime</i>; see <i>grime</i> in Atkinson’s
Glossary of the Cleveland dialect. <i>Gore</i> is the A.S. <i>gór</i>,
wet mud, or clotted blood, in the latter of which senses it is still
used. See “<i>Gore. Limus</i>” in Prompt. Parv., and Way’s note.]</p>

<p>Grip, <i>n.</i> griffin, 572. Web. <i>Graip</i>, Sc., V. Jam. The
plural <i>gripes</i> is in La?am. l.&nbsp;28062, and K.&nbsp;Alisaund.
4880. Swed. <i>grip</i>.</p>

<p>Grip, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>græp</i>] ditch, trench, 2102. <i>Gripes</i>,
<i>pl.</i> 1924. V. Jam. in&nbsp;v. <i>Grape</i>; and Skinner, v.
<i>Groop</i>. Cf. Swed. <i>grop</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Gripen" id = "gloss_Gripen">Gripen</a>, <i>pr. t.
pl.</i> S. gripe, grasp, 1790. <i>Gripeth</i>, <i>imp.</i> gripe ye,
1882. <i>Grop</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> grasped, 1776, 1871, 1890, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Grith, <i>n.</i> S. peace, 61, 511. <i>Grith-sergeans</i>, 267, legal
officers to preserve the peace. These must not be confounded with the
<i>Justitiarii Pacis</i> established in the beginning of Edw. III.
reign, and called <i>Gardiani Pacis</i>. V. Spelm. in&nbsp;v. Cf. Icel.
<i>grið</i>.</p>

<p>Grom, <i>n.</i> male child, youth, 790; young man, 2472. Belgic
<i>grom</i> has the same sense of <i>boy</i>. Cf. Icel. <i>gromr</i>,
homuncio. So in <i>Sir Degore</i>, A.&nbsp;iv.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He lyft up the shete anone</p>
<p>And loked upon the lytle <i>grome.</i></p>
</div>

<p class = "continue">It generally elsewhere signifies <i>lad</i>,
<i>page</i>.</p>

<p>Gronge, <i>n.</i> Fr. grange, 764. [Halliwell says that, in
<i>Lincolnshire</i>, a lone farm-house is still called a <i>grange</i>.
In old English it is sometimes spelt <i>graunge</i>, which comes near
the form here used. Cf. Fr. <i>grange</i>; Ital. <i>grangia</i>
(Florio), a country-farm.]</p>

<p>Grop. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Gripen">Gripen</a>.</p>

<p>Grotes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. [<i>grót</i>] small pieces, grit, dust, 472,
1414.</p>

<p>Grotinde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Graten">Graten</a>.</p>

<p>Grund, <i>adj. used as adv.</i> 1027. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Grundlike">Grundlike</a>.</p>

<p>Grunde, <i>n.</i> S. <i>dat. c.</i> ground, 1979, 2675.</p>

<p>Grunden, <i>part. pa.</i> S. ground, 2503. Yw. and Gaw. 676.
<i>Grounden</i>, Chauc.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Grundlike" id = "gloss_Grundlike">Grundlike</a>,
<i>adv.</i> heartily, 651, 2659; deeply, 2013, 2268, 2307, where it is
equivalent to <i>Deplike</i>, q.v. The word is undoubtedly Saxon, but in
the Lexicons we only find <i>Grundlinga</i>, funditus, from Ælf. Gl. It
is used by La?amon, l.&nbsp;9783.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Cnihtes heom gereden</p>
<p><i>Grundliche</i> feire.</p>
</div>

<p>Gyue. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Giue">Giue</a>.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_H" id = "gloss_H" href =
"#glossary">H</a>

<p class = "letter">
Hal, all, 2370.</p>

<p class = "addition">
[<i>Hal</i>, more probably, is shortened from <i>half</i>, like
<i>twel</i> from <i>twelue</i>.]</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Halde" id = "gloss_Halde">Halde</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
hold, take part, 2308. <i>Holden</i>, to keep or observe, 29, 1171.
<i>Haldes</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> holds, 1382. <i>Hel</i>, <i>pa. t.</i>
held, 109. <i>Helden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> held, 1201. <i>Halden</i>,
<i>part. pa.</i> held, holden, 2806.</p>

<p>Hals, <i>n.</i> S. neck, 521, 670, 2510. Sir Tr. p. 109.</p>

<p>Halue, <i>n.</i> S. side, part; <i>bi bothe halue</i>, 2682.
<i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Bihalue"
title = "one word ‘Bihalue’">Bi-halue</a>.</p>

<p>Haluendel, <i>n.</i> S. the half part, 460. R. Gl. p. 5; R. Br.;
K.&nbsp;Alisaund. 7116; Emare, 444; Chron. of Engl. 515; R.&nbsp;Hood,
i. 68.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">125</span>
<a name = "page125" id = "page125"> </a>
<p>Handlen, <i>v.</i> S. to handle, 347. <i>Handel</i>, 586.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Hangen" id = "gloss_Hangen">Hangen</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
to hang, 335, 695. <i>Hengen</i>, 43, &amp;c. <i>Honge</i>, 2807.
<i>Henged</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> hung, 1922, 2480. Cf. <a href =
"#gloss_For-henge">For-henge</a>.</p>

<p>Harum <i>for</i> Harm, 1983, 2408.</p>

<p>Hasard, <i>n.</i> Fr. game at dice, 2326. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#textnote2320">Note on l.&nbsp;2320</a>.</p>

<p>Hatede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. hated, 1188.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Hauen" id = "gloss_Hauen">Hauen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
have, 78, &amp;c. <i>Hawe</i>, 1188. <i>Haue</i>, 1298. <i>Haues</i>,
<i>Hauest</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> hast, 688, 848. <i>Haues</i>,
<i>Haueth</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> haveth, hath, has, 1266, 1285, 1952,
1980, &amp;c. <i>Hauet</i>, hath, 564. <i>Hauen</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i>
have, 1227. <i>Hauenet</i>, have it, 2005. <i>Hauede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i>
had, 649, 775, &amp;c. <i>Hauedet</i>, 714, had it. <i>Haueden</i>,
<i>pa. t. pl.</i> had, 238, &amp;c. <i>Aueden</i>, 163. <i>Haue</i>,
<i>Hauede</i>, <i>Haueden</i>, <i>subj.</i> would have, 1428, 1643,
1687, 2020, 2675.</p>

<p>Haui <i>for</i> Haue I, 2002.</p>

<p>He, <i>pron.</i> S. Is often understood, as in ll. 869, 1428, 1777,
and hence might perhaps have been designedly omitted in ll. 135, 860,
1089, 2311, though the metre seems to require <i>he</i> in 135 and 1089.
<i>He</i>, <i>pl.</i> they, 54, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Heie, <i>n.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Eie">Eie</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Heie" id = "gloss_Heie">Heie</a>, <i>adj.</i> S.
tall, 987. <i>Hey</i>, 1071, 1083; high, 1289. <i>Heye se</i>, 719.
<i>Heye curt</i>, 1685. <i>Heye and lowe</i>, 2431, 2471, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Hel, Helden. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Halde">Halde</a>.</p>

<p>Helde, Heldeste. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Eld">Eld</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Helen" id = "gloss_Helen">Helen</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
[<i>h?lan</i>] to heal, 1836. <i>Hele</i>, 2058. <i>Holed</i>, <i>part.
pa.</i> healed, 2039.</p>

<p>Helm, <i>n.</i> S. helmet, 379, 624, 1653, &amp;c. <i>Helmes</i>,
<i>pl.</i> 2612.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Helpen" id = "gloss_Helpen">Helpen</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
to help, 1712. <i>Helpes</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> help ye, 2595.
<i>Holpen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> helped, 901.</p>

<p>Hem, <i>pron.</i> S. them, 367, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Hend. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hond">Hond</a>.</p>

<p>Hende <i>for</i> Ende, 247.</p>

<p>Hende, <i>n.</i> S. a duck, 1241. A.S. <i>ened</i>; Lat. <i>anas</i>
(<i>anat-is</i>); Du. <i>eend</i>; Icel. <i>önd</i>. “Ende mete, for
dookelyngys, <i>Lenticula</i>;” and again, “Ende, dooke byrde,
<i>Anas</i>.” Prompt. Parv.</p>

<p>Hende, <i>adj.</i> courteous, gentle, 1104, 1421, 1704, 2793, 2877,
2914; skilful, 2628. It certainly is the same word with <i>hendi</i>,
<i>hendy</i>. <i>See</i> Tyrwh. on C.&nbsp;T. 3199; Gl. R. Glouc.; Amis
and Amil. 1393; Ly Beaus Desc. 333; Morte Arthur, ap. Ellis, M.&nbsp;R.
V.&nbsp;<span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p.&nbsp;359, &amp;c.; Dan.
and Sw. <i>händig</i>, dexterous.</p>

<p>Hende, <i>adv.</i> S. near, handy, 359, 2275. Web.</p>

<p>Hendeleik, <i>n.</i> courtesy, 2793. Cf. <i>Allit. Poems</i>, ed.
Morris, B.&nbsp;860.</p>

<p>Henged, Hengen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hangen">Hangen</a>.</p>

<p>Henne, <i>adv.</i> S. hence, 843, 1780, 1799. In the same manner is
formed <i>Whenne</i>, K.&nbsp;Horn, 169, which Ritson thought a mistake
for <i>whence</i>.</p>

<p>Henne, <i>n</i>, S. hen, 1240. <i>Hennes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 702.</p>

<p>Her. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Er">Er</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Her" id = "gloss_Her">Her</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. here,
689, 1058, &amp;c. <i>Her offe</i>, 2585, hereof.</p>

<p>Her, <i>n.</i> S. hair, 1924. <i>Hor</i>, 235.</p>

<p>Herboru, <i>n.</i> S. habitation, harbour, lodging, 742.
<i>Herberowe</i>, Web.; <i>Herbegerie</i>, R.&nbsp;Br.;
<i>Harbroughe</i>, Sq. of Lowe Degre, 179; <i>Herberwe</i>, Chauc.;
<i>Herbry</i>, Wynt.; <i>Herberye</i>, Lynds. Gl. q.v. and Jam.</p>

<p>Herborwed, <i>pa. t.</i> S. lodged, 742. La?am., Chauc., V. Jam.
in&nbsp;v. <i>Herbery</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Here" id = "gloss_Here">Here</a>, <i>pron.</i> S.
their, 52, 465, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Here, <i>n.</i> S. army, 346, 379, 2153, 2942. R. Br., K. Alisaund,
2101.</p>

<p>Here, Heren, <i>v.</i> S. to hear, 4,
<span class = "pagenum">126</span>
<a name = "page126" id = "page126"> </a>
732, 1640, 2279, &amp;c. <i>Y-here</i>, 11. <i>Herd</i>, <i>Herde</i>,
<i>pa. t.</i> heard, 286, 465, &amp;c. <i>Herden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i>
150.</p>

<p>Herinne, <i>adv.</i> S. herein, 458.</p>

<p>Herkne, <i>imp. s.</i> S. hearken, 1285. <i>Herknet</i>, <i>imp.
pl.</i> hearken ye, 1.</p>

<p>Herles. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Erl">Erl</a>.</p>

<p>Hernes, <i>n.</i> Fr. armour, harness, 1917. R. Br., &amp;c.</p>

<p>Hernes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. brains, 1808.</p>

<p>Hern-panne, <i>n.</i> S. skull, 1991. Yw. and Gaw. 660; R. Cœur
de&nbsp;L., 5293. <i>Hardynpan</i>, Compl. of Scotl. p.&nbsp;241; V.
Gl.</p>

<p>Hert, <i>n.</i> S. hart, deer, 1872.</p>

<p>Herte, <i>n.</i> S. heart, 479, 2054, &amp;c. <i>Herte blod</i>,
1819. La?am. l.&nbsp;15846; Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;98; Chauc.</p>

<p>Hertelike, <i>adv.</i> S. heartily, 1347, 2748.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Het" id = "gloss_Het">Het</a>, <i>part.</i> S.
hight, named, 2348. <i>Hoten</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> called, named, 106,
284.</p>

<p>Het, Hete, Heten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ete">Ete</a>.</p>

<p>Hetelike, <i>adv.</i> S. hotly, furiously, 2655.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>And Guy hent his sword in hand,</p>
<p>And <i>hetelich</i> smot to Colbrand.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Guy of Warw.</i> ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 82.</p>

<p class = "continue">In Sir Tr. p. 172, <i>Hethelich</i> is explained
<i>Haughtily</i> by the Editor, and by Jam. <i>reproachfully</i>. Cf.
<i>Hetterly</i> in Gloss. to <i>Will. of Palerne</i>.</p>

<p>Hethede, <i>pa. t.</i> commanded, 551. A.S. <i>hetan</i>. The
<i>th</i> is here pronounced like <i>t</i>, as elsewhere.</p>

<p>Heþen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ethen">Eþen</a>.</p>

<p>Heu, <i>n.</i> S. hue, colour, complexion, 2918. Very common. We may
hence explain the “inexplicable phrase” complained of by Mr Ellis, Spec.
E. E. P. V.&nbsp;<span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p.&nbsp;109. “On
<i>heu</i> her hair is fair enough” &mdash;occasioned by Ritson having
inadvertently copied it <i>hen</i>, from the MS.; <i>see</i> Anc. Songs,
p.&nbsp;25.</p>

<p>Heued, <i>n.</i> S. head, 624, 1653, 1701, 1759, &amp;c.
<i>Heuedes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1907.</p>

<p>Heuere. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Euere">Euere</a>.</p>

<p>Heui, <i>adj.</i> S. heavy, 808; laborious, 2456.</p>

<p>Hew, <i>pa. t.</i> S. cut, 2729. Sir Tr. p. 20.</p>

<p>Hext, <i>adj. sup.</i> S. highest, tallest, 1080. <i>Haxt</i>,
La?amon; <i>Hext</i>, K.&nbsp;Alisaund. 7961; R.&nbsp;Gl.; Chauc.</p>

<p>Hey, Heye. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Heie">Heie</a>.</p>

<p>Heye, <i>adv.</i> S. on high, 43, 335, 695, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Heylike, <i>adv.</i> S. highly, honourably, 2319. <i>Heyelike</i>,
1329.</p>

<p>Heyman, <i>n.</i> S. nobleman, 1260. Sir Tr. p. 82. <i>Heymen</i>,
<i>Heyemen</i>, <i>pl.</i> 231, 958.</p>

<p>Hi, Hic. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ich">Ich</a>.</p>

<p>Hider, <i>adv.</i> S. hither, 868, 885, 1431.</p>

<p>Hides, <i>n. pl.</i> S. hides, skins, 918.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Hijs" id = "gloss_Hijs">Hijs</a>, <i>pron.</i> S.
his, 47, 468. <i>Hise</i>, 34, &amp;c. <i>Hyse</i>, 355. [The final
<i>e</i> is most used with <i>plural</i> nouns.]</p>

<p>Hile, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>hélan</i>] to cover, hide, 2082. <i>Hele</i>,
Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;19, Web., Rits. M.&nbsp;R., Chauc. <i>Hilles</i>, Yw.
and Gaw. 741. V. Jam. in&nbsp;v. <i>Heild.</i> &mdash;Somersetsh.</p>

<p>Him, <i>pron.</i> S. them, 257, 1169.</p>

<p>Hine, <i>n. pl.</i> S. hinds, bondsmen, 620. Web. <i>Hinen</i>,
R.&nbsp;Gl., V. Jam. in&nbsp;v.</p>

<p>Hinne. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Ther" title =
"under ‘Þer’">Þer-inne</a>.</p>

<p>Hire, <i>pron.</i> S. her, 127, &amp;c. <i>Hire semes</i>, it beseems
her, 2916.</p>

<p>His <i>for</i> Is, 279, 1973, 2692.</p>

<p>Hise. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hijs">Hijs</a>.</p>

<p>Hof <i>for</i> Of, 1976.</p>

<p>Hof, <i>pa. t.</i> S. heaved, 2750.</p>

<p>Hok, <i>n.</i> S. hook, 1102.</p>

<p>Hol, <i>adj.</i> whole, well, 2075.</p>

<p>Holi, <i>adj.</i> S. holy, 1361. [<i>Printed</i> hoh <i>in the former
edition</i>.]</p>

<span class = "pagenum">127</span>
<a name = "page127" id = "page127"> </a>
<p>Hold, <i>adj.</i> S. firm, faithful, 2781, 2816.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ant suore othes <i>holde</i>,</p>
<p>That huere non ne sholde</p>
<p>Horn never bytreye.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i>, 1259.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. R. Glouc. p. 377, 383, 443; K. Alisaund. 2912;
Chron. of Engl. 730.</p>

<p>Hold, Holde, <i>adj.</i> S. old, 30, 192, 417, 956, &amp;c.; former,
2460.</p>

<p>Holden. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Halde">Halde</a>.</p>

<p>Hole, <i>n.</i> S. socket of the eye, 1813.</p>

<p>Holed. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Helen">Helen</a>.</p>

<p>Holpen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Helpen">Helpen</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Hond" id = "gloss_Hond">Hond</a>, <i>n.</i> S. hand,
2446. <i>Hon</i>, 1342. <i>Dat. c.</i> hend, 505, 2069; <i>pl.</i>
hondes, 215, 636. <i>Hond-dede</i>, <i>n.</i> S. handiwork, 92.</p>

<p>Honge. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hangen">Hangen</a>.</p>

<p>Hor. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Her">Her</a>, <i>n.</i></p>

<p>Hore, <i>n.</i> mercy, 153. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Ore">Ore</a>.</p>

<p>Horn, <i>n.</i> S. 779. [This probably refers to the <i>shape</i> of
the simnel. Halliwell says, a Simnel is “generally made in a
<i>three-cornered</i> form.” Cracknels are still made with pointed and
turned up ends, not unlike <i>horns</i>.]</p>

<p>Hors, <i>n.</i> S. horse, 2283. <i>Horse-knaue</i>, groom, 1019. So
in a curious satirical poem, temp. Edw. II.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Of rybaudz y ryme,</p>
<p>Ant rede o my rolle,</p>
<p>Of gedelynges, gromes,</p>
<p>Of Colyn, &amp; of Colle;</p>
<p>Harlotes, <i>hors knaues</i>,</p>
<p>Bi pate &amp; by polle.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
MS. Harl. 2253, f. 124 b.</p>

<p class = "continue">Used also by Gower, Conf. Am. <i>See</i> Todd’s
Illustr. p.&nbsp;279.</p>

<p>Hosen, <i>n. pl.</i> S. hose, stockings, 860, 969. In Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;94, trowsers seem to be indicated.</p>

<p>Hoslen, <i>v.</i> S. to administer or receive the sacrament, 212.
<i>Hoslon</i>, 362. <i>Hosled</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> 364. <i>Hoseled</i>,
2598. Le Bone Flor. 776. Chauc.</p>

<p>Hoten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Het">Het</a>.</p>

<p>Houes, <i>pr. t.</i> S. behoves, 582. [<i>Read</i> bi-houes?]</p>

<p>Hul, <i>n.</i> S. hollow, i.e. vale, 2687<ins class = "mycorr" title
= "period invisible">. </ins>A.S. <i>hole</i>. Cf. l.&nbsp;2439.</p>

<p>Hund, <i>n.</i> S. hound, 1994, 2435. <i>Hundes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
2331.</p>

<p>Hungred <i>for</i> Hunger, 2454.</p>

<p>Hungreth, <i>pr. t.</i> hunger, 455. <i>Hungrede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i>
hungered, 654.</p>

<p>Hure, <i>pron.</i> S. our, 338, 842, 1231, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Hus <i>for</i> Us, 1217, 1409.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Hus" id = "gloss_Hus">Hus</a>, <i>n.</i> S. house,
740. <i>Huse</i>, 2913. <i>Hws</i>, 1141. <i>Milne-hous</i>, mill-house,
1967.</p>

<p>Hyl, <i>n.</i> S. heap, 892. <i>Hil</i>, hill, 1287.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Hw" id = "gloss_Hw">Hw</a>, W, <i>adv.</i> S. how,
120, 288, 827, 960, 1646, &amp;c. <i>Hwou</i>, 2411, 2946, 2987,
&amp;c.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Hwan" id = "gloss_Hwan">Hwan</a>, <i>adv.</i> S.
when, 408, 474, &amp;c. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Quan">Quan</a>.</p>

<p>Hware, <i>adv.</i> S. where, 1881, 2240, 2579. <i>Hwar-of</i>,
whereof, 2976. <i>Hwere</i>, 549, 1083.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Hwat" id = "gloss_Hwat">Hwat</a>, <i>pron.</i> S.
what, 596, 635, 1137, 2547. <i>Wat</i>, 117, 541, &amp;c. <i>Wat is
yw</i>, 453. <i>Hwat</i> or <i>Wat is þe</i>, 1951, 2704.</p>

<p>Hwat. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Quath">Quath</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Hwel" id = "gloss_Hwel">Hwel</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
whale, or grampus, 755. <i>Hwæl</i>, balena, vel cete, vel cetus. Ælf.
Gl. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Qual">Qual</a>.</p>

<p>Hweþer, <i>adv.</i> S. whether, 294, 2098.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Hwi" id = "gloss_Hwi">Hwi</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. why,
454. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Qui">Qui</a>.</p>

<p>Hwil, <i>adv.</i> S. whilst, 301, 363, 538, 2437.</p>

<p>Hwile, <i>n.</i> S. time, 722, 1830.</p>

<p>Hwil-gat, <i>adv.</i> S. how, lit. which way, 838. <i>Howgates</i>,
Skinner<ins class = "mycorr" title = "period missing">.&nbsp;</ins></p>

<p>Hwit, <i>adj.</i> S. white, 1729.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">128</span>
<a name = "page128" id = "page128"> </a>
<p><a name = "gloss_Hwo" id = "gloss_Hwo">Hwo</a>, <i>pron.</i> S. who,
296, 300, 368, 2604, &amp;c. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Wo">Wo</a>.</p>

<p>Hwor, <i>adv.</i> S. whether, 1119. <i>Hwore-so</i>, wheresoever,
1349.</p>

<p>Hwou. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hw">Hw</a>.</p>

<p>Hws. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hus">Hus</a>.</p>

<p>Hyse. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hijs">Hijs</a>.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_I" id = "gloss_I" href =
"#glossary">I</a>

<p class = "letter">
<a name = "gloss_Ich" id = "gloss_Ich">Ich</a>, <i>pron.</i> S. I, 167,
&amp;c. <i>Ihc</i>, 1377. <i>Hic</i>, 305. <i>Hi</i>, 487. <i>I</i>,
686. <i>Y</i>, 15, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Id <i>for</i> It, 2424.</p>

<p>I-gret, 163. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Grette">Grette</a>.</p>

<p>I-groten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Graten">Graten</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Il" id = "gloss_Il">Il</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. each,
every, 818, 1740, 2112, 2483, 2514. <i>Ilc</i>, 1056, 1921. <i>Ilke</i>,
821, 1861, 2959, 2996; (= same), 1088, 1215, 2674, &amp;c. <i>Ilker</i>,
each (of them), 2352. <i>Ilkan</i>, each one, 1770, 2357. <i>Ilkon</i>,
1842, 2108. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Euere" title =
"spelled ‘Euere’">Eueri</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Ille" id = "gloss_Ille">Ille</a>, <i>adv.</i> S.
<i>Likede hire swithe ille</i>, 1165, it displeased her much. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;78. A&nbsp;common phrase. <i>Ille maked</i>, ill treated,
1952.</p>

<p>I-maked. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Maken">Maken</a>.</p>

<p>Inne, <i>adv.</i> S. in, 762, 807. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href
= "#gloss_Ther" title = "under ‘Þer’">Þerinne</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Inow" id = "gloss_Inow">Inow</a>, <i>adv.</i> S.
enough, 706, 911, 931, &amp;c. <i>Ynow</i>, 563, 1795. <i>Ynou</i>,
904.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Intil" id = "gloss_Intil">Intil</a>, <i>prep.</i> S.
into, 128, 251, &amp;c. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Til">Til</a>.</p>

<p>Ioie, <i>n.</i> Fr. joy, 1209, 1237, 1278, &amp;c. <i>Ioye</i>,
1315.</p>

<p>Ioyinge, <i>n.</i> gladness, 2087.</p>

<p>Ioupe, <i>n.</i> Fr. a doublet, 1767. Roquefort gives the form
<i>Jupe</i>, but <i>Jupon</i> or <i>Gipoun</i> is more usual. See
<i>Jupon</i> in Halliwell, and <i>Gipe</i> in Roquefort.</p>

<p>Is <i>for</i> His, 735, 2254, 2479.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Iuele" id = "gloss_Iuele">Iuele</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
evil, injury, 50, 1689. <i>Yuel</i>, 2221. <i>Yuele</i>, 994.
<i>Iuel</i>, sickness, 114. <i>Yuel</i>, 144, 155.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>þa þe he wes ald mon,</p>
<p>þa com him <i>ufel</i> on.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 19282.</p>

<p class = "continue"><i>Ful iuele o-bone</i>, very lean, 2505; cf.
2525.</p>

<p>Iuele, <i>adv.</i> S. evilly, 2755. <i>Me yuele like</i>, displease
me, 132. Cf. <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Ille"
title = "under ‘Ille’">Ille liken</a>.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_K" id = "gloss_K" href =
"#glossary">K</a>

<p class = "letter">
Kam. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Komen">Komen</a>.</p>

<p>Kaske, <i>adj.</i> strong, vigorous, 1841. Sw. <i>karsk</i>.</p>

<p>Kaym, <i>n. p.</i> Cain, 2045. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#textnote2045">note in loc</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Kayn" id = "gloss_Kayn">Kayn</a>, <i>n.</i> 31,
1327. Evidently a provincial pronunciation of <i>Thayn</i>, which in the
MS. may elsewhere be read either <i>chayn</i> or <i>thayn</i>. By the
same mutation of letters <i>make</i> has been converted into
<i>mate</i>, <i>cake</i> into <i>cate</i>, <i>wayke</i> into
<i>wayte</i>, <i>lake</i> into <i>late</i> (R.&nbsp;Hood, <span class =
"smallroman">I.</span> 106), &amp;c., or <i>vice versâ</i>. <i>See</i>
<a href = "#gloss_Thayn">Thayn</a>.</p>

<p>Kaysere. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Cayser">Cayser</a>.</p>

<p>Keft, <i>part. pa.</i> purchased, 2005. <i>Sure keft</i> = sourly
(bitterly) purchased it. <i>See</i> <ins class = "mycorr"
title = "no Glossary entry">Sure</ins> <i>and</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Coupe">Coupe</a>.</p>

<p>Keling, <i>n.</i> 757, cod of a large size, Jam. q.v. The
<i>kelyng</i> appears in the first, course of Archb. Nevil’s Feast, 6
Edw. IV. <i>See</i> Warner’s <i>Antiq. Cul.</i> Cotgrave explains
<i>Merlus</i>, A Melwall or <i>Keeling</i>, a kind of small cod, whereof
stockfish is made.</p>

<p>Keme. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Komen">Komen</a>.</p>

<p>Kempe, <i>n.</i> S. knight, champion, 1036. V. Jam. in v.</p>

<p>Kene, <i>adj.</i> S. keen, bold, eager, 1832, 2115. A term of very
extensive use in old Engl. and Sc. poetry, and the usual epithet of a
knight.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Kesten" id = "gloss_Kesten">Kesten</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
to cast in prison, or to overthrow, 81, 1785 (used passively).
<i>Casten</i>, cast, throw, 2101. <i>Keste</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> cast,
2449. <i>Keste</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> cast, placed, 2611; [or it may be
the infin. mood.]</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Keuel" id = "gloss_Keuel">Keuel</a>, <i>n.</i> S. a
gag, 547. See <i>Kevel</i> in Hall., <i>Kewl</i> in. Jam. A.S.
<i>cæfli</i>, a halter, headstall.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">129</span>
<a name = "page129" id = "page129"> </a>
<p>Kid, <i>part. pa.</i> S. made known, discovered, 1060. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;150; R.&nbsp;Br.; Yw. and Gaw. 530; Minot, p.&nbsp;4; Chauc.
From <i>cýþan</i>, notum facere.</p>

<p>Kin, Kyn, <i>n.</i> S. kindred, 393, 414, 2045.</p>

<p>Kines, <i>n.</i> S. <i>gen. c.</i> kind, 861, 1140, 2691. <i>None
kines</i> = of no kind; <i>neuere kines</i> = of never a kind.</p>

<p>Kinneriche. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Cunnriche">Cunnriche</a>.</p>

<p>Kippe, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>cépan</i>] to take up hastily, 894.
<i>Kipt</i>, <i>Kipte</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> snatched up, 1050, 2407,
2638.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Horn in is armes hire <i>kepte.</i></p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i>, 1208.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p><i>Kypte</i> heore longe knyues, and slowe faste to gronde.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Rob. Glouc.</i> p. 125.</p>

<p class = "continue"><i>Kept up</i>, snatcht up, Gl. R. Br. Jamieson
derives the word from Su.-G. <i>kippa</i>, to take anything violently.
V.&nbsp;in&nbsp;v. <i>Kip.</i> Ihre quotes the Icel. <i>kipti up</i> =
snatched up.</p>

<p>Kirke, <i>n.</i> S. church, 1132, 1355. <i>Kirkes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
2583. V. Gl. Lynds. and Jam.</p>

<p>Kiste. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Chiste">Chiste</a>.</p>

<p>Kiste, <i>pa. t. s.</i> kissed, 1279. <i>Kisten</i>, <i>pa. t.
pl.</i> S. kissed, 2162.</p>

<p>Kiwing, <i>n.</i> 1736. [Respecting this word I can only record my
conviction that it is not safe to quote it, as the MS. is indistinct. I
read the word as <i>kilþing</i>, which I believe to be merely miswritten
for <i>ilk þing</i> (which the scribe also spells <i>il þing</i>), and I
suppose the sense of the line to be&mdash; “when they had there
distributed <i>everything</i>.”]</p>

<p>Knaue, <i>n.</i> S. lad, 308, 409, 450, &amp;c. Attendant, servant,
458. <i>Cokes knaue</i>, scullion, 1123.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Heore cokes &amp; heore <i>cnaues</i></p>
<p>Alle heo duden of lif dæ?en.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 13717.</p>

<p class = "continue">V. Jam. in v. Gl. Lynds. and Gl. Todd’s Illustr.
Chauc.</p>

<p>Knawe, <i>v.</i> S. to know, 2785. <i>Knawe</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i>
know, 2207. <i>Kneu</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> knew, 2468. <i>Knawed</i>,
<i>part. pa.</i> known, 2057.</p>

<p>Knicth, Knith, <i>n.</i> S. knight, 77, 343, &amp;c. <i>Knictes</i>,
<i>pl.</i> 239. <i>Knithes</i>, 1068. <i>Knihtes</i>, 2706.</p>

<p>Kok, <i>n.</i> a cook, 873, 180, 891, 903, 921, 2898. <i>See</i>
<a href = "#gloss_Cok">Cok</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Komen" id = "gloss_Komen">Komen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
come, 1001. <i>Comes</i>, <i>Cometh</i>, <i>imp, pl.</i> come ye, 1798,
1885, 2247. <i>Kam</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> came, 766, 863. <i>Kom</i>, 1309.
<i>Cam</i>, 2622. <i>Komen</i>, <i>pa. t, pl.</i> came, 1012, 1202.
<i>Comen</i>, 2790. <i>Keme</i>, 1208. <i>Comen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i>
come, 1714.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Kope" id = "gloss_Kope">Kope</a>, <i>n.</i> Lat.
cope, 429. <i>Copes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1957.</p>

<p>Koren, <i>n.</i> S. corn, 1879.</p>

<p>Kouel. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Couel">Couel</a>.</p>

<p>Kouþen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Couthe">Couþe</a>.</p>

<p>Kradel-barnes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. children in the cradle, 1912.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Kraken" id = "gloss_Kraken">Kraken</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
to crack, break, 914. <i>Krake</i>, 1857. <i>Crake</i>, 1908.
<i>Crakede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> cracked, broke, 568. <i>Kraked</i>,
<i>part. pa.</i> 1238.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Krike" id = "gloss_Krike">Krike</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
creek, 708.</p>

<p>Kunne. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Canst">Canst</a>.</p>

<p>Kuneriche, Kunerike, Kunrik. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Cunnriche">Cunnriche</a>.</p>

<p>Kyne-merk, <i>n.</i> S. mark or sign of royalty, 604. In the same
manner are compounded <i>cine-helm</i>, <i>cine-stol</i>, &amp;c.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>&amp; Cador þe kene</p>
<p>scal beren þas <i>kinges marke</i>;</p>
<p>hæbben ha?e þene drake,</p>
<p>biforen þissere du?eðe.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 19098.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Thyll ther was of her body</p>
<p>A fayr chyld borne, and a godele,</p>
<p>Hadde a dowbyll <i>kynges marke</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Emare</i>, 502.</p>


<span class = "pagenum">130</span>
<a name = "page130" id = "page130"> </a>
<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_L" id = "gloss_L" href =
"#glossary">L</a>

<p class = "letter">
Lac, <i>n.</i> S. fault, reproach, 191, 2219. Yw. and Gaw. 264, 1133.
<i>Lak</i>, R.&nbsp;Br., Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M.&nbsp;R.
V.&nbsp;<span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p.&nbsp;252. Sir Orpheo,
421. <i>Lakke</i>, P.&nbsp;Plowm. Chauc. So in Sc. V. Jam. and Gl.
Lynds. v. <i>Lak</i>, <i>Lack</i>.</p>

<p>Ladde, <i>n.</i> S. lad, 1786<ins class = "mycorr"
title = "period missing">. </ins><i>Ladden</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1038. <i>Laddes</i>, 1015,
&amp;c. A term subsequently applied to persons of low condition. “When
<i>laddes</i> weddeth leuedis&mdash;” Prophecy of Tho. of Essedoune, MS.
Harl. 2253, f.&nbsp;127.</p>

<p>Large, <i>adj.</i> Fr. Lat. liberal, bountiful, 97, 2941. R. Gl. Yw.
and Gaw. 865. Sir Orpheo, 27. Sevyn Sages, 1251. Chauc.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Late" id = "gloss_Late">Late</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
[<i>l?tan</i>] <i>pres. subj.</i> let, suffer, 486. <i>Late</i>, <i>pr.
t.</i> let, permit, 1741. <i>Late</i>, <i>imp.</i> let, suffer, 17,
1376, 2422. <i>Leth</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> let, suffered, 2651; caused, 252.
<i>Late</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> or <i>inf.</i> put, 2611.</p>

<p>Laten, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>l?tan</i>] to leave, 328. <i>Late be</i>,
<i>imp.</i> leave, relinquish, 1265; <i>inf.</i> 1657. <i>Let</i>,
<i>pa. t.</i> left, 2062. <i>Laten</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> left, abated,
240, 1925.</p>

<p>Lath, <i>n.</i> S. injury, 76. <i>Lathe</i>, 2718, 2976.</p>

<p>Lauhwinde, <i>part. pr.</i> S. laughing, 946.</p>

<p>Laute, <i>pa. t</i>. S. [<i>læccan, læhte</i>] received, took, 744.
<i>Lauthe</i>, 1673. <i>Lauth</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> received, taken,
1988. <i>I-lahte</i>, La?am. l.&nbsp;29260.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Horn in herte <i>la?te</i></p>
<p>Al þat he him ta?te.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i> (ed. Lumby), 243.</p>

<p class = "continue"><i>Laght</i>, Yw. and Gaw. 2025. <i>Laught</i>, K.
Alisaund. 685, 1109. <i>Lauht</i>, R.&nbsp;Br. (<i>See</i> Hearne’s
blundering Gl. in voc.) Rits. A.&nbsp;S. p.&nbsp;46. <i>Laucht</i>,
Wall. ix. 1964.</p>

<p>Laumprei, <i>n.</i> S. lamprey, 771. <i>Laumprees</i>, <i>pl.</i>
897.</p>

<p>Lawe, Lowe, <i>adj.</i> S. low, 2431, 2471, 2767, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Lax, n. S. [læx] salmon, 754, 1727. <i>Laxes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 896. V.
Spelm. and Somn. in&nbsp;v. Jamieson says, it was “formerly the only
name by which this fish was known.” Cf. Dan. Sw. Icel. <i>lax</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Layke" id = "gloss_Layke">Layke</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
[<i>lácan</i>] to play, 1011. <i>Leyke</i>, <i>Leyken</i>, 469, 950,
997. <i>Leykeden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> played, 954. In the same sense
the verb is found in P.&nbsp;Plowman, and Sevyn Sages, 1212. So in Sc.
and N.E. V. Jam. v. <i>Laik</i>, Ray, Brockett, and Crav. Dial. v.
<i>Lake</i>.</p>

<p>Leche, <i>n.</i> S. physician, 1836, 2057.</p>

<p>Led, a caldron, kettle, 924. Chauc. Prol. 202.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Lede" id = "gloss_Lede">Lede</a>, Leden, <i>v.</i>
S. to lead, 245, &amp;c; <i>utlede</i>, 89. Cf. 346, 379. <i>Ledes</i>,
<i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> uses, carries, 2573. <i>Ledde</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> led,
1686. <i>Ledden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> led, 2451.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Lef" id = "gloss_Lef">Lef</a>, <i>adj.</i> S.
agreeable, willing, <i>lef and loth</i>, 261, 440, 2273, 2313, 2379,
2775. A very usual phrase. <i>See</i> Beowulf, l.&nbsp;1026. Chauc.
C.&nbsp;T. 1839. R.&nbsp;Hood, <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> 41.
<i>Leue</i>, 431, 909. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;187. K.&nbsp;Horn, 949, &amp;c.
<i>Leuere</i>, <i>comp.</i> more agreeable, rather, 1193, 1423, 1671,
&amp;c. <i>Lef</i>, used as adv. willingly, in the phrase “Ye! lef, ye!”
= yes, willingly, yes, 2606; cf. l.&nbsp;1888.</p>

<p>Leidest. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Leyn">Leyn</a>.</p>

<p>Leite, <i>adj.</i> S. light, 2441.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Leme" id = "gloss_Leme">Leme</a>, <i>n.</i> S. limb,
2555. <i>Lime</i>, 1409. <i>Limes</i>, pl. 86.</p>

<p>Leman, <i>n.</i> S. mistress, lover, 1191. <i>Lemman</i>, 1283, 1312,
1322. Used by all the old writers, and applied equally to either
sex.</p>

<p>Lende, <i>v.</i> S. to land, 733. Sir Tr. p. 13. R. Br. <i>See</i>
Jam. in&nbsp;v. <i>Leind</i>.</p>

<p>Lene, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>leanian</i>] to lend, grant, 2072.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>I sal <i>lene</i> the her mi ring.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Yw. and Gaw.</i> 737<ins class = "mycorr" title = "period missing">.&nbsp;</ins></p>

<span class = "pagenum">131</span>
<a name = "page131" id = "page131"> </a>
<p>Lenge, <i>n.</i> the fish called <i>ling</i>, 832. [<i>Asellus
longus</i>, or <i>Islandicus</i>, Ray.] It was a common dish formerly.
Thus we have <i>Lynge in jelly</i>, in Archb. Nevil’s Feast, 6&nbsp;Edw.
IV., and <i>Lyng in foyle</i>, in Warham’s Feast, 1504. <i>See</i>
Pegge’s <i>Form of Cury</i>, p.&nbsp;177, 184, and MS. Sloane, 1986.</p>

<p>Lenge, <i>v.</i> S. to prolong, 1734, 2363. P. Plowm.</p>

<p>Leoun, <i>n.</i> Lat. lion, 573. <i>Leun</i>, 1867.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Lepe" id = "gloss_Lepe">Lepe</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
escape from (?) 2009. <i>Loupe</i>, to leap, 1801. <i>Lep</i>, <i>pa.
t.</i> leapt, 891, 1777, 1942. <i>Lopen</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1896,
2616.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Lere" id = "gloss_Lere">Lere</a>, Leren, <i>v.</i>
S. to learn, 797, 823; to teach, 2592. <i>Y-lere</i>, 12.</p>

<p>Lese, v. S. <i>imp. s. 3 p.</i> loose, 333. Sir Tr. p. 110.</p>

<p>Leth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Late">Late</a>.</p>

<p>Lette, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>l?tan</i>, <i>lettan</i>] to hinder, retard,
1164, 2253, 2819; to stop, cease, 2445, 2627. <i>Let</i>, <i>pa. t.</i>
stopped, stayed, 2447, 2500. <i>Leten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> stopped,
delayed, 2379.</p>

<p>Leue, <i>n.</i> S. leave, 1387, 1626, 2952, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Leue, <i>adj.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lef">Lef</a>.</p>

<p>Leue, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>lýfan</i>] <i>imp. s.</i> grant, 334, 406,
2807. K.&nbsp;Horn, 465, MS.; R.&nbsp;Gl., Erle of Tol. 365. Guy of
Warw. ap. Ellis, M.&nbsp;R. V.&nbsp;2, p.&nbsp;77, where it is
misprinted <i>lene</i>. It is very frequently used in the old Engl.
Metrical Lives of the Saints, MS. Laud, 108. [The true distinction
between <i>leue</i> and <i>lene</i> is, that the former is the A.S.
<i>lýfan</i>, G. <i>erlauben</i> = grant in the sense of <i>allow</i>,
<i>permit</i>, and is invariably intransitive; whilst <i>lene</i> is the
A.S. <i>lænan</i>, G. <i>leihen</i> = grant in the sense of <i>give</i>.
The confusion between the senses of <i>grant</i> has led to confusion
between <i>lene</i> and <i>leue</i>, and in at least five passages of
Chaucer (C.&nbsp;T. 7226, 13613; Tro. ii. 1212, iii. 56, v.&nbsp;1749,
ed. Tyrwhitt) many editions wrongly have <i>lene</i>. In the last three
instances Tyrwhitt rightly prints <i>leve</i>, but unnecessarily
corrects himself in his Glossary. I&nbsp;regret to add that I have
thrice made a similar mistake. In Piers Plowman, A.&nbsp;v. 263, and in
Pierce the Ploughman’s Crede, ll. 366 and 573, for <i>lene</i> read
<i>leue</i>. Halliwell’s remark, that “the [former] editor of Havelok
absurdly prints <i>leue</i>” is founded upon the same misconception, and
he is wrong in his censure. <i>See</i> the use of <i>lefe</i> in the
Ormulum, ed. White.]</p>

<p>Leued, <i>pa. t.</i> S. left, 225.</p>

<p>Leuedi, <i>n.</i> S. lady, 171, &amp;c. <i>Leuedyes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
239. V. Hickes, Diss. Ep. p.&nbsp;52, n.</p>

<p>Leuere. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lef">Lef</a>.</p>

<p>Leues, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> S. believes, 1781, 2105. From
<i>lefan</i>.</p>

<p>Leuin, <i>n.</i> S. lightning, 2690. R. Br. p. 174. Yw. and Gaw.
Chauc. C.&nbsp;T. 5858. Doug. Virg. 200, 53.</p>

<p>Lewe, <i>adj.</i> S. warm, 498, 2921.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>A opened wes his breoste,</p>
<p>þa blod com forð <i>luke.</i></p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 27556.</p>

<p>Leyd, Leyde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Leyn">Leyn</a>.</p>

<p>Leye, <i>n.</i> S. lie, falsehood, 2117.</p>

<p>Leve, <i>v.</i> S. to lie, speak false, 2010.</p>

<p>Leyke, Leyken. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Layke">Layke</a>.</p>

<p>Leyk, <i>n.</i> S. game, 1021, 2326. So in Beowulf, l. 2084,
<i>sweorda-gelác</i>, and Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;118, <i>love-laike</i>. In the
pl. <i>laykes</i>, Minot, p.&nbsp;10. In Lanc. a player is still called
a <i>laker</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Leyn" id = "gloss_Leyn">Leyn</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
lay, 718. <i>Leyde</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> laid, 50, 994, &amp;c.; stopped,
229. <i>Leidest</i>, <i>pa. t. 2 p.</i> laidest, 636. <i>Leyden</i>,
<i>pa. t. pl.</i> laid, 1907. <i>Leyd</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> laid, 1689,
1722, 2839.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">132</span>
<a name = "page132" id = "page132"> </a>
<p>Lich, <i>adj.</i> like, 2155.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Lict" id = "gloss_Lict">Lict</a>, Lith, <i>n.</i> S.
light, 534, 576, 588, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Lift, <i>adj.</i> S. left (<i>lævus</i>), 2130.</p>

<p>Ligge, Liggen, <i>v.</i> S. to lie down, 802, 876, 882, 1374.
<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lyen">Lyen</a>.</p>

<p>Lime, Limes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Leme">Leme</a>.</p>

<p>Lite, <i>adj.</i> S. little, 276, 1730. <i>Litel</i>, 1858, &amp;c.
<i>Litle</i>, 2014.</p>

<p>Lith. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lict">Lict</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Lith" id = "gloss_Lith">Lith</a>, <i>imp.</i> S.
light (thou), 585.</p>

<p>Lith, <i>adv.</i> S. lightly, 1942.</p>

<p>Lith, <i>n.</i> S. alleviation, comfort, peace, 1338. <i>Lyþe</i>,
147. It also occurs as a sb. in La?am. l.&nbsp;5213. As an adj. it
occurs in La?am. l.&nbsp;7242. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;43, 82. R.&nbsp;Cœur
de&nbsp;L. 2480, and Emare, 348, from the v. <i>líðian</i>, alleviare.
Cf. Icel. <i>lið</i>, sometimes used to mean <i>help</i>. See
<i>Leathe</i> in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.</p>

<p>Lith, <i>n.</i> S. 2515. This word is explained by Ritson
<i>plains</i>, by Hearne <i>tenements</i>, and by Jamieson a
<i>ridge</i> or <i>ascent</i>. Its real signification seems unknown, but
may be conjectured from the following passages.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>No asked he lond no <i>lithe</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 101.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ther wille not be went, ne lete ther lond ne <i>lith</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>R. Brunne</i>, p. 194.</p>

<p class = "continue">
where it answers to the Fr. Ne volent lesser tere ne
<i>tenement</i>.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Who schall us now geve londes or <i>lythe</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Le Bone Flor.</i> 841.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Here I gif Schir Galeron, quod Gaynour, withouten ony gile,</p>
<p>Al the londis and the <i>lithis</i> fro laver to layre.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Gaw. and Sir Gal.</i> ii. 27.</p>

<p class = "continue">[<i>See</i> Glossary to <i>William of Palerne</i>,
s.v. <i>Lud.</i>]</p>

<p>Lithes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. the extreme points of the toes, or
articulations, 2163. <i>Fingres lith</i>, extremum digiti, Luc. 16,
24.</p>

<p>Liþes, <i>imp. pl.</i> S. listen, 1400, 2204. <i>Lyþes</i>, 2576. The
verb in the Sax. is <i>hlystan</i>, but in Su.-G. <i>lyda</i>, and Isl.
<i>hlyda</i>, which approaches nearer to the form in the poem. So also
in K.&nbsp;Horn, 2, <i>wilen lithe</i>, MS.; R.&nbsp;Br. p.&nbsp;93;
R.&nbsp;Hood, <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p.&nbsp;2; Minot,
p.&nbsp;1. Still used in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. and Brockett.</p>

<p>Littene, <i>part. pa.</i> [or <i>inf.</i>?] 2701. “<i>Qu.</i> cut in
pieces, from the same root as to <i>lith</i>, divide the joints. V. Jam.
Suppl.” &mdash;M. [Or it may mean disgraced, wounded, defeated. Cf.
Su.-Goth. <i>lyta</i>, to wound; Icel. <i>lyta</i>, to disgrace; Sw.
<i>lyte</i>, a defect, <i>litt</i>, deformed; Dan. <i>lyde</i>, a
blemish.]</p>

<p>Liue, <i>n.</i> S. <i>dat. c.</i> life, 232; <i>brouth of liue</i>,
dead, 513, 2129. K.&nbsp;Horn, 188. <i>Of liue do</i>, kill, 1805.
<i>Liues</i>, <i>gen. c. as adv.</i> alive, 509, 1003, 1307, 1919, 2854.
<i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_On"
title = "under ‘On’">On-liue</a>.</p>

<p>Liuen, <i>v.</i> S. to live, 355. <i>Liuede</i>, <i>Liueden</i>,
<i>pa. t. pl.</i> lived, 1299, 2044.</p>

<p>Lof, <i>n.</i> S. loaf, 653.</p>

<p>Loke, Loken, <i>v.</i> S. to look after, take care of, to behold,
376, 2136. <i>Lokes</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> lookest, 2726. <i>Loke</i>,
<i>imp.</i> look, 1680, 1712. <i>Lokes</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> look ye,
2240, 2292, 2300, 2579, 2812. <i>Lokede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> looked, 679,
1041.</p>

<p>Loken, Lokene, <i>part. pa.</i> S. fastened, locked, closed, 429,
1957. So in the Const. Othonis, Tit. <i>de habitu Clericorum</i>; “In
mensura decenti habeant vestes, et <i>cappis clausis</i> utuntur in
sacris ordinibus constituti.” V. Spelm. in&nbsp;v. <i>Cappa clausa</i>.
So also in the <i>Ancren Riwle</i>, fol. 17&mdash; “gif he haues a wid
hod and a <i>lokin</i> cape, &amp;c.”</p>

<p class = "addition">
The reference to the Ancren Riwle is to MS. Titus D&nbsp;18, fol. 17;
cf. the edition by Morton (Camd. Soc. 1853), p.&nbsp;56.</p>

<p>Lond, Londe, <i>n.</i> S. land, 64, 721, &amp;c. <i>Lon</i>, 340.</p>

<p>Long, <i>adj.</i> S. tall, 987, 1063. So K. Horn, 100.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">133</span>
<a name = "page133" id = "page133"> </a>
<p>Longes, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> S. belongs, 396. R. Br., Chauc.,
&amp;c.</p>

<p>Lopen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lepe">Lepe</a>.</p>

<p>Loth, <i>adj.</i> S. loath, unwilling, 261, 440, &amp;c. <i>See</i>
<a href = "#gloss_Lef">Lef</a>.</p>

<p>Louede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. loved, 71. <i>Loueden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i>
955.</p>

<p>Louerd, <i>n.</i> S. lord, master, 96, 483, &amp;c. <i>Lowerd</i>,
621.</p>

<p>Louerdinges, <i>n. pl.</i> S. lordings, masters, 515, 1401.
<i>See</i> Note in Warton’s Hist. Engl. Poet. V.&nbsp;<span class =
"smallroman">I.</span> p.&nbsp;19. Ed. 1840.</p>

<p>Loupe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lepe">Lepe</a>.</p>

<p>Low, <i>pa. t.</i> S. laughed, 903. K. Horn, 1502. <i>Lowen</i>,
<i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1056.</p>

<p>Lowe, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>hlæw</i>] hill, 1291, 1699. Rits. M. R., Web.,
&amp;c. V. Jam. and Brockett’s Gl. v. <i>Lawe</i>.</p>

<p>Luue, <i>n.</i> S. love, 195. [<i>Luue-drurye</i> seems here to be a
compound word, meaning <i>love-courtship</i>. <i>Lufe-drowrie</i> also =
love-token, <i>Lyndesay’s Sq. Meldrum</i>, 1003. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Drurye">Drurye</a>.]</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Lyen" id = "gloss_Lyen">Lyen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
lie (in bed), 2134. <i>Leyen</i>, <i>pt. pl.</i> lay, 475.</p>

<p>Lyþe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lith">Lith</a>.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_M" id = "gloss_M" href =
"#glossary">M</a>

<p class = "letter">
Maght, Mait. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Mowe">Mowe</a>.</p>

<p>Make, <i>n.</i> S. mate, companion, wife, 1150. K. Horn, 1427.
K.&nbsp;Alisaund. 3314. Le Bone Flor. 881. Chauc. Sc. <i>Maik.</i> V.
Jam.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Maken" id = "gloss_Maken">Maken</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
make, 29, &amp;c. <i>Make</i>, 676. <i>Makeden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i>
made, 554. <i>I-maked</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> made,&nbsp;5.</p>

<p>Male, <i>n.</i> Fr. a budget, bag, wallet, 48. La?amon, l. 3543.
Web., Chauc., R.&nbsp;Hood.</p>

<p>Malisun, <i>n.</i> Fr. malediction, curse, 426. Sir Tr. p. 179.</p>

<p>Manred, Manrede, <i>n.</i> S. homage, fealty, 484, 2172, 2180, 2248,
2265, 2312, 2774, 2816, 2847, 2850. Leg. of S. Gregori, ap. Leyd. Compl.
of Scotl. <i>See</i> Jam. for further examples.</p>

<p>Marz, <i>n.</i> Lat. March, 2559.</p>

<p>Maugre, Fr. in spite of, 1128, 1789. <i>See</i> Tyrwh. Gl. to Chauc.
and Jam. in&nbsp;v.</p>

<p>Maydnes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. maidens, 467, 2222.</p>

<p>Mayster, <i>n.</i> Fr. master, 1135; chief, 2028, 2385.</p>

<p>Mayt, Mayth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Mowe">Mowe</a>.</p>

<p>Mede, <i>n.</i> S. reward, 102, 685, 1635, 2402.</p>

<p>Mele, <i>n.</i> S. oat-meal, 780.</p>

<p>Mele, <i>v.</i> Fr. to contend in battle, 2059. Gaw. and Gol. ii. 18.
<i>Mellay</i>, Wynt. viii. 15, 19. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Meme, 2201, <i>probably miswritten for</i> neme; <i>see</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Nime">Nime</a>.</p>

<p>Men (used with a sing. vb. like the Fr. <i>on</i>), men, people, 390,
647, 2610.</p>

<p>Mene, <i>v.</i> S. to mean, signify, 2114. <i>Menes</i>, <i>pr. t. 3
p.</i> means, 597.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Menie" id = "gloss_Menie">Menie</a>, <i>n.</i> Fr.
family, 827. <i>Meynie</i>, 834. This word is to be found from the time
of La?amon to Shakespeare. Jamieson attempts to derive it from the
North. V.&nbsp;in&nbsp;v. <i>Menzie</i>. See <i>maisnie</i> in
Roquefort.</p>

<p>Mere, <i>n.</i> S. mare, 2449, 2478, 2504.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Messe" id = "gloss_Messe">Messe</a>, <i>n.</i> Fr.
Lat. the service of the mass, 243, 1176. <i>Messe-bok</i>, mass-book,
186, 391, 2710. <i>Messe-gere</i>, all the apparel, &amp;c., pertaining
to the service of the mass, 188, 389, 1078, 2217.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Mest" id = "gloss_Mest">Mest</a>, <i>adj. sup.</i>
S. greatest, 233. <i>Moste</i>, 1287; tallest, 983.</p>

<p>Mester, <i>n.</i> Fr. trade, 823. K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 229.</p>

<p>Met, <i>pp.</i> S. dreamt, 1285.</p>

<p>Mete, <i>n.</i> S. meat, 459, &amp;c. <i>Metes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
1733.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">134</span>
<a name = "page134" id = "page134"> </a>
<p>Meynie. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Menie">Menie</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Michel" id = "gloss_Michel">Michel</a>, <i>adj.</i>
S. much, 510, 660. <i>Mik</i>, 2342. <i>Mike</i>, 960 (cf. Horn Childe,
ap. Rits. V.&nbsp;3, 292), 1744, 1761, 2336. <i>Mikel</i>, 122, 478,
&amp;c.</p>

<p>Micte, Micten, Micthe, Mithe, Mithest, Mithen. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Mowe">Mowe</a>.</p>

<p>Micth, <i>n.</i> S. might, power, 35.</p>

<p>Middelerd, <i>n.</i> S. the earth, world, 2244. <i>Middelærd</i>,
La?am., Rits., Web., R.&nbsp;Gl., Minot, &amp;c. So in Sc. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Mik, Mike, Mikel. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Michel">Michel</a>.</p>

<p>Milce, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>mildse</i>] mercy, 1361. A! me do þine
<i>milce</i>, La?am. l.&nbsp;4681; R.&nbsp;Gl. It is usually coupled
with <i>ore</i>.</p>

<p>Milne-hous. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hus">Hus</a>.</p>

<p>Mirke, <i>adj.</i> S. dark, 404. R. Br., Lynds.; <i>merke</i>, Chauc.
Still used in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Misdede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. did amiss, 337; injured, 992, 1371.
<i>Misdo</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> misdone, offended, 2798.</p>

<p>Misferde, <i>pa. t.</i> S. behaved, or proceeded ill, 1869.
<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Faren">Faren</a>.</p>

<p>Misgos, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> S. goest or behavest amiss, 2707.</p>

<p>Misseyd, <i>part. pa.</i> S. spoken to reproachfully, 1688.</p>

<p>Mithe, Mythe, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>miðan</i>] to conceal, hide,
dissemble, 652, 948, 1278. Sche might no lenger <i>mithe</i>. Horn
Childe, ap. Rits. M.&nbsp;R. V.&nbsp;3, p.&nbsp;310.</p>

<p>Mixed, <i>adj.</i> vile, base, 2533. From S. <i>myx</i>, fimus. Cf.
<i>Mix</i> in <i>William of Palerne</i>.</p>

<p>Mo, <i>adj. comp.</i> S. more, 1742, 1846.</p>

<p>Mod, <i>n.</i> S. mood, humour, 1703.</p>

<p>Moder, <i>n.</i> S. mother, 974, 1388, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Mone, <i>n.</i> S. moon, 373, 403.</p>

<p>Mone, <i>n.</i> S. mind, say, opinion, 816. Cf. A.S. <i>myne</i>,
<i>monian</i>, <i>monung</i>; Icel. <i>munr</i>. Hence, to <i>mone</i>,
to <i>relate</i>, R.&nbsp;Cœur de&nbsp;L. 4636, and to
<i>animadvert</i>, in Barbour. It appears to express the Fr. phrase
<i>par le mien escient</i>, K.&nbsp;Horn, 467, MS. Douce. In nearly the
same sense <i>mone</i> may be found in K.&nbsp;Alisaund. 1281,
R.&nbsp;Gl. pp.&nbsp;281, 293. Cf. ll. 1711, 1972.</p>

<p>Mone, <i>v. pl.</i> [Isl. <i>mun</i>] must, 840. <i>Maun</i>, Sc.
<i>Mun</i>, Yorksh. Cumb. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Morwen, <i>n.</i> S. morning, 811, 1131, 2669, &amp;c.
<i>To-morwen</i>, 530, 810. <i>Amorwe</i>, Sir Tr., K.&nbsp;Horn.</p>

<p>Moste. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Mest">Mest</a>.</p>

<p>Mote, <i>v.</i> S. may, 19, 406, 1743, 2545. <i>Moten</i>, <i>pl.</i>
18.</p>

<p>Moun. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Mowe">Mowe</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Mowe" id = "gloss_Mowe">Mowe</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
<i>pres. sing.</i> may, be able, 175, 394, 675. <i>Mowen</i>, <i>pl.</i>
11. <i>Moun</i>, 460, 2587. <i>Mait</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> mayest, 689.
<i>Mayt</i>, 845, 852, 1219. <i>Mayth</i>, 641. <i>Maght</i>, <i>pa. t.
2 p.&nbsp;s.</i> mightest, 1348. <i>Mithe</i>, <i>Mithest</i>, 855,
1218. <i>Micte</i>, <i>Micthe</i>, <i>Mithe</i>, <i>pa. t. 3 p.</i>
might, 42, 233, 1030, 1080. <i>Mouchte</i>, <i>Moucte</i>,
<i>Moucthe</i>, <i>Mouthe</i>, <i>Mowcte</i>, 145, 356, 376, &amp;c.
<i>Micte</i>, <i>Micten</i>, <i>Mithen</i>, <i>pl.</i> 232, 516, 1929,
2017. <i>Mouhte</i>, <i>Mouthe</i>, <i>Mouthen</i>, 1183, 2019, 2039,
2328, 2330, &amp;c. V. Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p.&nbsp;iii.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_N" id = "gloss_N" href =
"#glossary">N</a>

<p class = "letter">
Na, <i>adv.</i> S. no, 2363, 2530.</p>

<p>Nam. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nime">Nime</a>.</p>

<p>Nayles, <i>n. pl.</i> S. nails, 2163.</p>

<p>Ne, <i>adv.</i> S. nor, 44, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Nede, <i>n.</i> S. need, necessity, 9, &amp;c. <i>Nedes</i>,
<i>pl.</i> 1092.</p>

<p>Neme. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nime">Nime</a>.</p>

<p>Ner, <i>adv.</i> S. near, 990, 1949.</p>

<p>Nese, <i>n.</i> S. nose, 2450.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Nesh" id = "gloss_Nesh">Nesh</a>, <i>adj.</i> S.
[<i>nesc</i>] soft, tender, 2743. <i>Neys</i>, 217. Web., Rits.
M.&nbsp;R., Rob. Br., Chauc. Still used in N.W. part of England.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">135</span>
<a name = "page135" id = "page135"> </a>
<p>Neth, <i>n.</i> S. net, 752, 808, 1026; <i>pl.</i> <i>netes</i>,
783.</p>

<p>Neth, <i>n.</i> S. neat, cattle, 700, 1222. <i>Netes</i>,
<i>g.&nbsp;c.</i> neat’s, 781.</p>

<p>Neþeles, <i>conj.</i> S. nevertheless, 1108, 1658.</p>

<p>Neue, <i>n.</i> S. fist, 2405. <i>Neues</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1917. V.
Jam.</p>

<p>Neure, <i>adv.</i> S. not, never, 80, 672; <i>neuere a polk</i>,
ne’er a pool, 2685. <i>Neuere kines</i>, of no kind, 2691.</p>

<p>Ney. <i>adv.</i> nigh, near to, nearly, 464, 640, 2619.</p>

<p>Neys. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nesh">Nesh</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Neyther" id = "gloss_Neyther">Neyþer</a>, Neþe,
<i>pron.</i> S. neither, not either, 458, 764, 2970, &amp;c.
<i>Noþer</i>, 2623. <i>Noyþer</i>, 2697.</p>

<p>Newhen, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>nehwan</i>] to approach, 1866. In the more
recent form to <i>neigh</i> it is used in several of the old Romances,
Chauc., and Minot.</p>

<p>Nicht, Nicth, <i>n.</i> S. night, 533, 575. <i>Niht</i>, 2669.
<i>Nith</i>, 404, 1247, 1754. <i>Nithes</i>, <i>g.&nbsp;c.</i> of night,
2100. <i>Nihtes</i>, <i>nithes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2353; <i>nihtes</i>,
2999.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Nime" id = "gloss_Nime">Nime</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
<i>pr. s.</i> take, <i>or</i> go, 1931. <i>Nim</i>, <i>imp.</i> take,
1336. <i>Nam</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> took, 900; went, 2930. <i>Neme</i>,
<i>pl.</i> went, 1207; cf. l.&nbsp;2201. <i>Nomen</i>, took, 2790.
<i>Nomen</i>, <i>Numen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> taken, 2265, 2581.
<i>Nimes</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> go ye, 2594; <i>nime</i>, go we, 2600. In
the first sense this verb is common in all the Glossaries, but in the
latter sense <i>To go</i> it occurs nowhere but in the Gl. to Rob.
Brunne, who, from being a Lincolnshire man, approaches nearer to the
language of the present poem than any other writer. [In N.E. to
<i>nim</i> is to walk with quick, short steps.]</p>

<p>Nis, <i>for</i> Ne is, is not, 462, 1998, 2244.</p>

<p>Nither-tale, <i>n.</i> S. night-time, 2025. <i>See</i> Chaucer, Prol.
l.&nbsp;97.</p>

<p>Noblelike, <i>adv.</i> S. nobly, 2640.</p>

<p>Nok, <i>n.</i> [Belg. <i>nock</i>] nook, corner, 820; <i>nouth a
ferthinges nok</i>, not the value of a farthing. The same phr. is in the
<i>Manuel des Pechés</i> of Rob. of Brunne, MS. Harl. 1701, fol. 39.</p>

<p>Nomen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nime">Nime</a>.</p>

<p>Non, <i>adj.</i> S. no, 518, 685, 1019; no one, 934, 974.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Note" id = "gloss_Note">Note</a>, <i>n.</i> S. a
nut, 419. <i>Nouthe</i>, 1332.</p>

<p>Noþer. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Neyther">Neyþer</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Nou" id = "gloss_Nou">Nou</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. now,
328, 1362, &amp;c. <i>Nu</i>, 2421, 2460, 2650, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Nout, Nouth, Nouht, <i>n.</i> or <i>adv.</i> S. not, naught, nothing,
not at all, 249, 505, 566, 648, 1733, 2051, 2822. <i>Nowt</i>,
<i>Nowth</i>, 770, 2168, 2737.</p>

<p>Nouthe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Note">Note</a>.</p>

<p>Noyþer. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Neyther">Neyþer</a>.</p>

<p>Nu. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nou">Nou</a>.</p>

<p>Numen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nime">Nime</a>.</p>

<p>Nytte. <i>v.</i> S. make use of, require for use, 941. A.S.
<i>nyttian</i>, <i>neotan</i>, G. <i>nützen</i>, Du. <i>nutten</i>.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_O" id = "gloss_O" href =
"#glossary">O</a>

<p class = "letter">
O. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_On">On</a>.</p>

<p>Of, <i>prep.</i> S. off, 130, 216, 603, 857, 1850, 2444, 2626, 2676,
2751, &amp;c. <i>Of londe</i>, out of the land, 2599. Sir Tr.</p>

<p>Offe, <i>prep.</i> S. of, 435. <i>Of</i>, 436.</p>

<p>Offrende, Dan. Fr. offering, 1386<ins class = "mycorr" title =
"period missing">.&nbsp;</ins></p>

<p>Ofte, <i>adv.</i> S. often, 226, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Ok. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ek">Ek</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_On" id = "gloss_On">On</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. one, 425,
1800, 2028, 2263, &amp;c.</p>

<p>On, <i>in</i> But on. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_But">But</a>.</p>

<p>On, <i>prep.</i> S. in, on. <i>On liue</i>, 281, 363, 694, 793
&amp;c. <i>O&nbsp;liue</i>, 2865. <i>On two</i>, 471, 1823, 2730, in
two; <i>a two</i>, 1413, 2643. <i>O&nbsp;londe</i>, 763, on, <i>or</i>
in land. <i>On knes</i>, 1211,
<span class = "pagenum">136</span>
<a name = "page136" id = "page136"> </a>
1302, 2710, on knees; <i>o knes</i>, 2252, 2796. <i>On brenne</i>, 1239,
in flame, on fire. <i>O&nbsp;nith</i>, 1251, in the night. <i>On
nithes</i>, 2048. <i>O&nbsp;worde</i>, 1349, in the world (<i>see</i>
<a href = "#gloss_Werd">Werd</a>). <i>O&nbsp;mani wise</i>, 1713, in many a
manner. <i>On gamen</i>, 1716, in sport. <i>On lesse hwile</i>, 1830, in
less time. <i>O&nbsp;bok</i>, 2307, 2311, on the book. <i>Wel o bon</i>,
2355, 2525, 2571, strong of body. <i>Iuele o bone</i>, 2505, lean. <i>On
hunting</i>, 2382. <i>O&nbsp;stede</i>, 2549, on steed. <i>Up-o the
dogges</i>, 2596, on the dogs. From these examples, added to those which
occur in every Glossary, it is evident the Sax. prep. <i>On</i> was
subsequently corrupted to <i>O</i> and <i>A.</i> <i>See</i> Tyrwh. and
Jam. <i>A nycht</i> in Barb. xix. 657, explained by the latter
<i>one</i> night, is according to the above rule <i>In the night</i>, as
confirmed by l.&nbsp;1251. Sir Tr. pp.&nbsp;47, 114. R. Glouc.</p>

<p>One, <i>adj.</i> S. alone, singly, 815, 936, 1153, 1710, 1742, 1973,
2433.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>There hue wonede al <i>one.</i></p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i>, 80.</p>

<p class = "continue"><i>See</i> Tyrwh. Gl., Chauc. v. <i>On</i>.</p>

<p>Ones, <i>adv.</i> S. once, 1295.</p>

<p>Onfrest, <i>v.</i> delay, 1337. From Su.-G. <i>fresta</i>, to delay,
A.S. <i>firstan</i>, from Su.-Goth. <i>frest</i> or <i>frist</i>, A.S.
<i>fyrst</i>, a space of time. Cf. Dan. and Sw. <i>first</i>, a truce.
<i>Frest</i>, delay, Barb. vii. 447.</p>

<p>Onlepi. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Anilepi">Anilepi</a>.</p>

<p>Onne, <i>prep.</i> S. on, 347, 1940.</p>

<p>Onon, <i>adv.</i> S. anon, speedily, 136, 447, 1964, 2790.</p>

<p>Ontil, <i>prep.</i> S. unto, for, 761.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Or" id = "gloss_Or">Or</a>, <i>adv.</i> S.
previously, before, 728, 1043, 1356, 1688, &amp;c. <i>Or outh longe</i>,
1789, before any long time.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Ore" id = "gloss_Ore">Ore</a>, <i>n.</i> S. favour,
grace, mercy, 153, 211, 2443, 2797. Ich hadde of hire milse an
<i>ore</i>. Hule and Nihtingale, l.&nbsp;1081. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;24.
K.&nbsp;Horn (ed. Lumby), 1509. <i>See</i> Tyrwhitt’s Note on Chauc.
C.&nbsp;T. 3724, and Ritson’s Note, Metr. Rom. V.&nbsp;iii. p.&nbsp;263.
A.S. <i>ár</i>.</p>

<p>Ore, <i>n.</i> S. oar, 718, 1871, &amp;c. <i>Ores</i>, <i>pl.</i>
711.</p>

<p>Osed <i>for</i> Hosed, 971.</p>

<p>Oth, <i>n.</i> S. oath, 2009, 2272, &amp;c. <i>Oþes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
2013, 2231, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Oþe <i>for</i> Oþer, 861, 1986, 2970.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Other" id = "gloss_Other">Oþer</a>, <i>conj.</i> S.
either, or, 94, 674, 787, &amp;c. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href =
"#gloss_Ayther" title = "spelled ‘Ayþer’">Ayther</a>.</p>

<p>Oþer, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>alter</i>] the other of two, second, 879.
<i>þe oþer day</i>, 1755, the following day.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Day hit is igon &amp; <i>oþer</i>,</p>
<p>Wiþute sail &amp; roþer.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i>, ed. Lumby, 187.</p>

<p class = "continue">So also R. Br. p. 169, and Wynt.</p>

<p>Oþer, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>alius</i>] other, 2490. <i>Oþre</i>,
<i>pl.</i> others, 1784, 2413, 2416.</p>

<p>Ouer-fare, <i>v.</i> S. to pass over, cease, 2063. <i>See</i> <a href
= "#gloss_Fare">Fare</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Ouer-go" id = "gloss_Ouer-go">Ouer-go</a>, <i>v.</i>
S. to be disregarded, 2220.</p>

<p>Ouer-gange, <i>v.</i> S. to get the superiority over, 2587.</p>

<p>Ouer-þwert, <i>adv.</i> S. across, 2822. <i>Ouerthuert</i>,
R.&nbsp;Br. p.&nbsp;241. <i>Overtwert</i>, Ly Beaus Desc. 1017.
<i>Overthwarte</i>, Syr Eglamore, B.&nbsp;iii. Chauc. C.&nbsp;T.
1993.</p>

<p>Oune, <i>adj.</i> S. own, 375, 2428.</p>

<p>Oure, <i>n.</i> bank, shore, 321. G. <i>ufer</i>. A.S. <i>ófer</i>.
Cf. “to þan castle of Deoure on þere sæ <i>oure</i>.” <i>La?amon</i>,
l.&nbsp;31117.</p>

<p>Outh, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>awiht</i>] any space of time, aught, 1189; cf.
l.&nbsp;1789; anything, 703. [<i>Outh douthe</i> = was worth anything,
was of any value.]</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_P" id = "gloss_P" href =
"#glossary">P</a>

<p class = "letter">
Palefrey, <i>n.</i> Fr. saddle-horse, 2060. <i>See</i> Gl. on Chauc.
in&nbsp;v. Pegge’s Anec. Engl. Lang. p.&nbsp;289.</p>

<p>Pappes, <i>n. pl.</i> Lat. breasts, 2132.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">137</span>
<a name = "page137" id = "page137"> </a>
<p>Parred, <i>part. pa.</i> confined, fastened in, barred in, 2439. We
have met with this word only in one instance, where Ritson leaves it
unexplained.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Yn al this [tyme] was sir Ywayn</p>
<p>Ful straitly <i>parred</i> with mekil payn.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Yw. and Gaw.</i> 3227.</p>

<p class = "continue">[It is undoubtedly equivalent to O.E.
<i>sperre</i>, or <i>spere</i>. Halliwell, s.v. <i>Parred</i>, quotes
“?e are <i>parred</i> in .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. ?e are so <i>spered</i> in.”
So, too, the Ital. <i>sbarra</i> is the Fr. <i>barre</i>. Cf. A.S.
<i>sparran</i>, O.N. <i>sperra</i>, Sc. <i>spar</i>. Hence the
derivation of <i>park</i>, O.E. <i>parrock</i>, an enclosure.]</p>

<p>Pastees, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. pasties, patés, 644.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ther beth bowris and halles,</p>
<p>Al of <i>pasteiis</i> beth the walles.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Land of Cokaygne</i>, MS. Harl. 913, f. 5.</p>

<p>Pateyn, <i>n.</i> Lat. the Plate used in the service of the Mass,
187.</p>

<p>Paþe, <i>n.</i> S. path, road, 2381, 2390. <i>Paþes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
268.</p>

<p>Patriark, <i>n.</i> Lat. patriarch, 428.</p>

<p>Payed, <i>part. pa.</i> Fr. satisfied, content, 184. Rits.
M.&nbsp;R., Web., R.&nbsp;Gl., R.&nbsp;Br. <i>Apaied</i>, Chauc.</p>

<p>Pelle, <i>v.</i> drive forth (<i>intr.</i>), hurry forth, 810. Deriv.
uncertain, unless it be connected with Lat. <i>pello</i>, Eng.
<i>impel.</i> Cf. Eng. <i>pelt</i>.</p>

<p>Peni, <i>n.</i> S. penny, 705, 2147. <i>Penies</i>, <i>pl.</i> 776,
1172.</p>

<p>Per, <i>n.</i> Fr. peer, equal, 989, 2241, 2792.</p>

<p>Pike, <i>v.</i> to pitch (used passively), 707. Teut. <i>pecken</i>,
Lat. <i>picare</i>. The verb in Saxon is not extant, but only the n.
<i>pic</i>.</p>

<p>Pine, <i>n.</i> S. pain, grief, 405, 540, 1374. Sir Tr. p. 12. V.
Jam.</p>

<p>Pine, <i>v.</i> S. to grieve, 1958.</p>

<p>Plat. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Plette">Plette</a>.</p>

<p>Plattinde, <i>part. pr.</i> tramping along, moving noisily <i>or</i>
hurriedly, 2282. From the beating noise of the feet, like Sc.
<i>platch</i> (q.v. in Jam.). <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Plette">Plette</a>.</p>

<p>Plawe, <i>v.</i> S. to play, 950. <i>Pleye</i>, 951.</p>

<p>Playces, <i>n. pl.</i> plaice, 896.</p>

<p>Pleinte, <i>n.</i> Fr. complaint, 134. <i>Pleynte</i>, 2961.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Plette" id = "gloss_Plette">Plette</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
[<i>plæettian</i>] to strike, 2444. <i>Plat</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> struck,
2755. <i>Plette</i>, 2626; <i>pl. plette</i>, hurried, moved noisily,
2613. [Cf. <i>Plattinde</i>, and note the double use of Sc.
<i>skelp</i>, to beat, to hurry, and O.E. <i>strike</i>, to beat, to
move along.]</p>

<p>Plith, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>pliht</i>] harm, 1370, 2002. La?am.
l.&nbsp;3897.</p>

<p>Poke, <i>n.</i> S. a bag, 555, 769. <i>Pokes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 780.</p>

<p>Poles, <i>n. pl.</i> S. pools, ponds of water, 2101.</p>

<p>Polk, <i>n.</i> S. pool, puddle, 2685. <i>Pow</i>, Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;171. <i>Pulk</i>, Somersetsh.</p>

<p>Pouere, Poure, <i>adj.</i> Fr. poor, 58, 101, 2457, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Pourelike, <i>adv.</i> poorly, 323.</p>

<p>Prangled, <i>part. pa.</i> compressed, 639. Cf. Du. <i>prangen</i>,
to pinch; Dan. <i>prange Seil</i>, to crowd sail.</p>

<p>Preie, <i>pr. t.</i> S. pray, 1440. <i>Prey</i>, <i>imp.</i> pray
(thou), 1343. <i>Preide</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> prayed, 209.</p>

<p>Prest, <i>n.</i> S. priest, 429, 1829. <i>Prestes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
2583.</p>

<p>Priken, <i>v.</i> S. to spur a horse, ride briskly, 2639.</p>

<p>Prud, <i>adj.</i> S. proud, 302.</p>

<p>Pulten, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> so reads the MS. l. 1023, instead of
<i>putten</i>. Both have the same signification. So in the Romance of
<i>Rob. of Cecyle</i>, Harl. MS. 1701, f.&nbsp;94, c. 1, <i>pulte</i>
occurs for <i>put</i>, placed, and <i>pylt</i> in R.&nbsp;Cœur
de&nbsp;L. 4085; pelte, Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;95. In the <i>imp.</i>
<i>Pult</i>
<span class = "pagenum">138</span>
<a name = "page138" id = "page138"> </a>
for <i>put</i>, <i>place</i>, is used in <i>Hending the Hende</i>, MS.
Digb. 86. In the signification of <i>drove forward</i>, which is nearer
to the sense we require, we find <i>pylte</i> in K.&nbsp;Horn, 1433, and
R.&nbsp;Glouc. Hence the Engl. word <i>pelt</i>. <i>See</i> Putten. Cf.
<i>Pult</i> in Gl. to <i>Will. of Palerne</i>.</p>

<p>Pund, <i>n. pl.</i> S. pounds, 1633.</p>

<p>Put, <i>n.</i> cast, throw, 1055. <i>But</i>, 1040.</p>

<p>Putten, <i>v.</i> to cast, throw, propel forward, 1033, 1044.
<i>Puten</i>, 1051. <i>Putte</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> cast, 1052.
<i>Putten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> cast, threw, 1023, 1031, 1844. From the
Fr. <i>bouter</i>, Teut. <i>buitten</i>, or Belg. <i>botten</i>, to
drive or propel forward, or, as others suggest, from the Br.
<i>pwtiaw</i>, which has the same meaning, or Isl. <i>potta</i>. From
the same root are derived both <i>Put</i> and <i>But</i>. Thus to
<i>butt</i> in Sc. is to drive at a stone in curling, and to <i>put</i>
in Yorksh. is to push with the horns. In the passage before us it is
applied to a particular game, formerly in great repute. <i>See</i>
<a href = "#textnote1022">Note on l.&nbsp;1022</a>. Cf. Ramsay’s Poems, ii.
106. The word is still retained in the North, and Sc. V. Jam. and
Brockett. See <i>But</i> and <i>Pulten</i>.</p>

<p>Putting, Puttinge, <i>n.</i> casting, 1042, 1057, 2324.</p>

<p>Pyment, <i>n.</i> <ins class = "mycorr" title = "text unchanged: usual form is ‘B. Lat.’">B.L.</ins> spiced wine, 1728. <i>See</i>
<a href = "#textnote1726">Note on l.&nbsp;1726</a>.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_Q" id = "gloss_Q" href =
"#glossary">Q</a>

<p class = "letter">
<a name = "gloss_Qual" id = "gloss_Qual">Qual</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
[<i>hwæl</i>] whale or grampus, 753. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Hwel">Hwel</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Quan" id = "gloss_Quan">Quan</a>, Quanne,
<i>adv.</i> S. when, 134, 204, 240, &amp;c. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Hwan">Hwan</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Quath" id = "gloss_Quath">Quath</a>, <i>pa. t.</i>
S. quoth, 606, 642, &amp;c. <i>Hwat</i>, 1650, 1878. <i>Wat</i>, 595.
<i>Quod</i>, 1888. <i>Quodh</i>, 1801. <i>Quot</i>, 1954, 2808.
<i>Couth</i>, 2606.</p>

<p>Queme, <i>adj.</i> S. agreeable, 130, 393. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob.
Br., R. Glouc., Gower, Chauc.</p>

<p>Quen, <i>n.</i> S. queen, 2760, 2783, &amp;c. <i>Quenes</i>,
<i>pl.</i> 2982.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Qui" id = "gloss_Qui">Qui</a>. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Hwi">Hwi</a>.</p>

<p>Quic, Quik, <i>adj.</i> S. alive, 612, 613, 1405, 2210, 2476,
&amp;c., <i>quik and ded</i>. This is the usual language of the
Inquisitiones post mortem, which commence at the early part of Henry
III. reign. For the usage of the term, <i>see</i> Gl. to Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;98. Yw. and Gaw. 668. Chron. of Engl. 762, &amp;c. The word is
preserved in the vulgar version of the Scriptures, and Creed.
<i>Quike</i>, quick, alert, 1348. <i>Al quic wede</i>, 2641. Cf.
l.&nbsp;2387.</p>

<p>Quiste, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>cwide</i>] bequest, will, 219, 365.
<i>Quede</i>, K.&nbsp;Alisaund. 8020.</p>

<p>Quod, Quodh, Quot. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Quath">Quath</a>.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_R" id = "gloss_R" href =
"#glossary">R</a>

<p class = "letter">
Radde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Rede">Rede</a>.</p>

<p>Ran. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Renne">Renne</a>.</p>

<p>Rang, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>ranc</i>] perverse, rebellious, 2561.</p>

<p>Rath, <i>n.</i> S. counsel; hence, an adviser, 75. <i>Dat. c.
rathe</i>, in the phrase <i>to rathe</i>, 2542; for the meaning of
which, <i>see</i> <a href = "#gloss_Red">Red</a>.</p>

<p>Raþe, <i>adv.</i> S. speedily, readily, quickly, 358, &amp;c. (In
l.&nbsp;1335, I prefer considering it as a verb.)</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Rathe" id = "gloss_Rathe">Rathe</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
[<ins class = "mycorr" title = "text reads ‘raedan’"><i>rædan</i></ins>]
to advise, 1335. A provincial pronunciation of <i>Rede</i>. In
l.&nbsp;2817, it is still broader, “Yif ye it wilen and ek
<i>rothe</i>.” In the same manner <i>Rode</i> is spelt, and was
undoubtedly pronounced <i>Rothe</i>, Ly Beaus Desc. 425, and
<i>Abode</i> is spelt <i>Abothe</i>, ib. 1118. Cf. ll. 693, 1681, 2585,
of the present poem, in all which instances the <i>d</i> in <i>rede</i>
has the sound of <i>th</i>.</p>

<p>Recke, <i>pr. t. subj.</i> S. may reck, may care, 2047, 2511. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;124, &amp;c.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Red" id = "gloss_Red">Red</a>, <i>n.</i> S. advice,
counsel, 180, 518, 826, 1194, 2871, &amp;c. <i>To rede</i>, lit. for a
counsel, i.e. advisable, 118, 693; spelt <i>to rathe</i>, 2542.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">139</span>
<a name = "page139" id = "page139"> </a>
<p><a name = "gloss_Rede" id = "gloss_Rede">Rede</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
direct, advise, 104, 148, 361, 687, &amp;c. <i>Radde</i>, <i>pa. t.</i>
advised, 1353. V. Jam. in&nbsp;v. and Hearne’s Gl. to R. Glouc.</p>

<p>Reft, Refte, Reftes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Reue">Reue</a>.</p>

<p>Regne, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> Fr. Lat. reign, assume the superiority,
2586. <i>Reng</i>, <i>Ring</i>, Sc. V. Jam. in&nbsp;v.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Renne" id = "gloss_Renne">Renne</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
run, 1161, 1904. <i>Ran on blode</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> 432. So in Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;176, <i>His heued ran on blod</i>; and in MS. Harl. 2253,
f.&nbsp;128,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Lutel wot hit any mon hou loue hym haueth y-bounden,</p>
<p>That for vs o the rode <i>ron</i>, ant bohte vs with is wounde.</p>
</div>

<p><a name = "gloss_Reue" id = "gloss_Reue">Reue</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
magistrate, 1627. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Greyue">Greyue</a>.</p>

<p>Reue, Reuen, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>reafian</i>] to take away, bereave,
rob, 480, 2590, 2991. <i>Refte</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> took away, bereaved,
2223, 2485. <i>Reftes</i>, <i>pa. t. 2 p.</i> tookest away, 2394.
<i>Reft</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> taken away, bereaved, 1367, 1672, 2483;
spoiled, 2004. Still used in the North.</p>

<p>Reures, <i>n. pl.</i> S. robbers, bereavers, 2104.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Alle bacbiteres wendet to helle,</p>
<p>Robberes &amp; <i>reueres</i> &amp; the monquelle.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>A lutel sermun</i>, MS. Cal. A. ix. f. 246, b.</p>

<p class = "continue">V. Jam. in v. <i>Reyffar</i>.</p>

<p>Reunesse, Rewnesse, <i>n.</i> S. compassion, 502, 2227.</p>

<p>Rewe, <i>v.</i> S. to have pity, to compassionate, 497, 967.
<i>Rewede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> (<i>impersonal</i>) 503.</p>

<p>Richelike, <i>adv.</i> S. richly, 421.</p>

<p>Ricth, Ricthe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Rith">Rith</a>, <a href =
"#gloss_Rithe">Rithe</a>.</p>

<p>Ricthwise, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>rihtwis</i>] righteous, just, 37.
Rits., Web. M.&nbsp;R., Rob. Br., Minot, Lynds., R.&nbsp;Hood. [MS.
<i>has</i> rirth wise.]</p>

<p>Riden, <i>v.</i> S. to ride, 10, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Rig, <i>n.</i> S. back, 1775. So in La?am. l. 6718. Burne he warp on
<i>rigge</i>.</p>

<p>Rike, <i>n.</i> S. kingdom, 290. <i>Heuene riche</i>, 133, 407.
<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Cunnriche">Cunnriche</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Rim" id = "gloss_Rim">Rim</a>, Rym, <i>n.</i> S. Fr.
rhyme, poem, 21, 2995, 2998. So Chauc. <i>Rime of Sire Thopas.</i> [The
modern false spelling <i>rhyme</i> is due to confusion of Eng.
<i>rime</i> with the Gk. <i>rhythm</i>.]</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Ringen" id = "gloss_Ringen">Ringen</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
to ring, 242, 1106. <i>Ringes</i>, <i>pr. t. sing.</i> ring, 390.
<i>Rungen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> rung, 1132.</p>

<p>Ringes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. rings of mail, 2740. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Brini">Brini</a>.</p>

<p>Rippe, <i>n.</i> fish-basket, 893. Hence a <i>Rippar</i>, B. Lat.
<i>riparius</i>, is a person who brings fish from the coast to sell in
the interior. V. Spelm. in&nbsp;v. Nares prefers the etymology of
<i>ripa</i>, but without reason. <i>Rip</i> is still provincial for an
osier basket. <i>See</i> Jam. and Moore. So also in a curious Latin and
English Vocabulary, written out by Sire John Mendames, Parson of
Bromenstrope [Broomsthorp, Co. Norf.] in the middle of the 15th cent.,
and now preserved in the valuable MSS. library of T.&nbsp;W. Coke, Esq.
<i>Cophinus</i> is explained <i>A&nbsp;beryng lepe</i>, or <i>ryppe</i>,
terms still retained in the county. Jam. gives Icel. <i>hrip</i>, a
basket.</p>

<p>Rith, Ricth, <i>n.</i> S. right, justice, inheritance, 36, 395, 1099,
1383, 2717.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Rith" id = "gloss_Rith">Rith</a>, <i>adj.</i> S.
right (<i>dexter</i>), 604, 1812, 2140, 2545, 2725.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Rithe" id = "gloss_Rithe">Rithe</a>, Ricthe,
<i>adj.</i> S. right (<i>rectus</i>), 772, 846, 1201, 2235, 2473.</p>

<p>Rith, Rithe, <i>adv.</i> S. rightly, 420, 1701, 2611, &amp;c.;
exactly, just, 872, 2494, 2506.</p>

<p>Ritte, <i>v.</i> to rip, make an incision, 2495.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>The breche adoun he threst,</p>
<p>He <i>ritt</i>, and gan to right.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 33.</p>

<p class = "continue">[Cf. Sw. <i>rista</i>, Dan. <i>riste</i>, to
slash, cut; G. <i>ritzen</i>. Perhaps connected also with Du.
<i>rijten</i>, G. <i>reissen</i>, to tear.]</p>

<span class = "pagenum">140</span>
<a name = "page140" id = "page140"> </a>
<p>Robben, <i>v.</i> S. to rob, 1958.</p>

<p>Rode, <i>n.</i> S. the rood, cross, 103, 431, 1357, &amp;c. V. Todd’s
Gl. Illustr. Chauc.</p>

<p>Rof, <i>n.</i> S. roof, 2082.</p>

<p>Rome, <i>v.</i> S. to roam, travel about, 64.</p>

<p>Rore, <i>v.</i> S. to roar, 2496, &amp;c. <i>Rorede</i>, <i>pa.
t.</i> roared, 2438.</p>

<p>Roser, <i>n.</i> Fr. rose-bush, 2919. Chauc., Pers. Tale, <i>De
luxuria</i>.</p>

<p>Rothe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Rathe">Rathe</a>.</p>

<p>Rowte, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>hrutan</i>] to roar, 1911. R. Cœur de&nbsp;L.
4304. V. Gl. Lynds. and Jam. in&nbsp;v. Cf. Icel. <i>hrjota</i>, Sw.
<i>ryte</i>. The word is still retained in the provinces. V. Brockett
and Wilbr.</p>

<p>Runci, <i>n.</i> B. Lat. a horse of burden, 2569. V. Du Cange and
Spelm. The word is common both in Fr. and Engl. writers. Cf. Span.
<i>Rozin-ante</i>.</p>

<p>Rungen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ringen">Ringen</a>.</p>

<p>Rym. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Rim">Rim</a>.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_S" id = "gloss_S" href =
"#glossary">S</a>

<p class = "letter">
Sal <i>for</i> Shall, 628.</p>

<p>Same <i>for</i> Shame, 1941. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Samen, <i>adv.</i> S. together, 467, 979, 1717, &amp;c. Web., Rits.
M.&nbsp;R., Rob. Br. So also in Sc. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Samened, <i>part. pa.</i> S. assembled, united, 2890. Web.,
R.&nbsp;Br. p.&nbsp;2.</p>

<p>Sare, <i>adv.</i> S. sore, sorrowfully, 401.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Sat" id = "gloss_Sat">Sat</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> S.
opposed, 2567. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_At-sitte"
title = "spelled ‘At-sitte’">Atsitte</a>. In Sc. is <i>Sit</i>,
<i>Sist</i>, to stop, from Lat. <i>sistere</i>. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Sautres, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. Lat. Psalters, Hymns for the Office of the
Dead, 244.</p>

<p>Sawe, <i>written for</i> sa we, i.e. say we, 338.</p>

<p>Sawe, Sawen, Say. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Se">Se</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Sayse" id = "gloss_Sayse">Sayse</a>, <i>v.</i> B.
Lat. to seise, give seisin or livery of land, 251, 2518. <i>Seysed</i>,
<i>pa. t.</i> seised, 2931, <i>part. pa.</i> 2513. Horn Childe, ap.
Rits. M.&nbsp;R. V.&nbsp;3, p.&nbsp;309.</p>

<p>Scabbed, Skabbed, <i>adj.</i> S. Lat. scabby, scurvy, 2449, 2505.</p>

<p>Scaþe, <i>n.</i> S. harm, injury, 1352. <i>Scaþes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
269. R.&nbsp;Br., V. Gl. <i>Skaith</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Sche" id = "gloss_Sche">Sche</a>, Scho, Sho,
<i>pron.</i> S. she, 112, 126, 649, 1721, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Schifte <i>for</i> Shrift, absolution, 1829.</p>

<p>Schoten, Shoten, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. shot, cast, 1838, 1864.
<i>Scuten</i>, 2431.</p>

<p class = "addition">
[<i>Shoten</i>, in l. 1838, means <i>rushed</i>, <i>darted</i>,
<i>flew</i>.]</p>

<p>Schulle, <i>n.</i> a plaice, 759. Sw. <i>skolla</i>, a plaice.
<i>See</i> Coleridge’s Glossarial Index.</p>

<p>Se (<i>the <b>S.</b> art.</i>) the, but perhaps a mistake of the
scribe, l.&nbsp;534, as it is not elsewhere used.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Se" id = "gloss_Se">Se</a>, <i>n.</i> S. sea, 535,
&amp;c.; <i>gen.</i> seis, 321.</p>

<p>Se, Sen, <i>v.</i> S. to see, 1021, 1273, &amp;c. <i>Sest</i>, <i>pr.
t. 2 p.</i> seest, 534. <i>Sen</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> see, 168, 1217.
<i>Sawe</i>, <i>Sowe</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> saw, 1182, 1323. <i>Say</i>,
881. <i>Sawen</i>, <i>Sowen</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 957, 1055, 2255.
<i>Sene</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> 656.</p>

<p>Seckes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. sacks, 2019.</p>

<p>Segges, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. [<i>seches</i>] 896. In Cotgr. the
<i>Seche</i> is explained the Sound, or Cuttle fish. The <i>Seches de
Coutance</i> were held in the highest estimation. V. Le Grand.
<i>See</i> also Jam. v. <i>Sye</i>.</p>

<p>Sei, <i>v.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Seyen">Seyen</a>.</p>

<p>Seis. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Se">Se</a>.</p>

<p>Seken, <i>v.</i> S. to seek, 1629. The reading is confirmed by an old
poem in MS. Digb. 86.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Sire, we ben <ins class = "mycorr"
title = "text unchanged: z for ? (yogh)?">knizttes</ins> fer i-fare,</p>
<p>For to <i>sechen</i> wide-ware.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La vie seint Eustace, qui out noun Placidas.</i></p>

<p>Selcouth, <i>n.</i> S. wonder, strange thing, 124, 1059.
<i>Selcuth</i>, 2119. It was in all probability originally
<span class = "pagenum">141</span>
<a name = "page141" id = "page141"> </a>
an <i>adj.</i> as <i>Selkuth</i>. Strange, wonderful, 1284.</p>

<p>Sele, <i>n.</i> S. seal, 755.</p>

<p>Seli, <i>adj.</i> S. simple, harmless, 477, 499. R. Gl., Chauc.</p>

<p>Selthe, <i>n.</i> S. success, 1338. A.S. <i>sélð</i>. [Cf.
<i>selehðe</i> in <i>La?am.</i> l.&nbsp;25136, and see <i>selehðe</i> in
Stratmann’s Dictionary of Old English. The line seems to be a proverb,
and the meaning is&mdash; “Rest and success are companions.” Goldborough
tells him to avoid delay, since rest may accompany success, but cannot
precede it.]</p>

<p>Sembling, <i>n.</i> Fr. assembling, 1018. It may also be compared
with the Su.-G. <i>samlung</i>, conventus.</p>

<p>Semes, <i>pr. t.</i> in the phrase, <i>hire semes</i> = it beseems
her, it becomes her, 2916. <i>Semede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> was suitable,
was fit, 976. See <i>Seem</i> in Wedgwood.</p>

<p>Sen, Sene. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Se">Se</a>.</p>

<p>Sendes, <i>pr. t.</i> sendeth, sends, 2392. <i>Sende</i>, <i>pa.
t.</i> sent, 136, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Serf-borw, <i>n.</i> S. surety, pledge, 1667. In MS. Soc. Antiq. No.
60, known by the name of <i>The Black Book of Peterborough</i>, is an
instrument in which many names both of Saxon and Danish origin appear as
the <i>Borhhanda</i>, or Sureties, otherwise called <i>Festermen</i>.
See Jam. and the Glossaries, for further examples.</p>

<p>Serganz, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. attendants, officers, 2088, 2091, 2116.
<i>Sergaunz</i>, 1929, 2361, 2371. <i>Seriaunz</i>, 2066. V. Spelm.
in&nbsp;v. <i>Servientes</i>, and Hickes, Thes. T.&nbsp;i.
p.&nbsp;148.</p>

<p>Serges. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Cerges">Cerges</a>.</p>

<p>Serk, <i>n.</i> S. shirt, 603. Emare, 501. R. Br.</p>

<p>Seruen, <i>v.</i> S. to serve, 1230.</p>

<p>Seruede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. deserved, 1914. Web. M. R. So in Sc. V.
Jam.</p>

<p>Sest. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Se">Se</a>.</p>

<p>Sette, <i>v.</i> S. to set, descend, 2671.</p>

<p>Sette, <i>pa. t.</i> S. set, placed, 2405; appointed, 2571.
<i>Setten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> set, 1211. <i>Sette</i>, <i>part.
pa.</i> set, placed, 2612.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Seyen" id = "gloss_Seyen">Seyen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
say, 2886. <i>Seyst</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> sayest, 2008. <i>Seyde</i>,
<i>pa. t. 3 p.</i> said, 117, &amp;c. <i>Seyden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i>
said, 376, 1213. <i>Seyden</i>, have said, 456. <i>Sey</i>, <i>part.
pa.</i> said, 2993.</p>

<p>Seysed. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sayse">Sayse</a>.</p>

<p>Seyst. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Seyen">Seyen</a>.</p>

<p>Seyt, <i>pr. t. s.</i> put for <i>sey it</i>, i.e. say it; or else
put for <i>seyth</i>, i.e. say, 647. So in Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;117,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>For mani men <i>seyt</i> ay whare.</p>
</div>

<p>Shaltou, shalt thou, 1800. <i>Shaltow</i>, 1322. <i>Shaltu</i>, 2180,
2186, 2882, 2901.</p>

<p>Shamelike, <i>adv.</i> S. shamefully, disgracefully, 2825.
<i>Schamliche</i>, Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;93<ins class = "mycorr" title =
"period missing">.&nbsp;</ins></p>

<p>Shankes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. legs, 1903. <i>Sconke</i>, La?am.
l.&nbsp;15215. <i>See</i> Rits. A.&nbsp;S. p.&nbsp;16, and Diss.
p.&nbsp;xxxi. <i>Schankis</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Shar, <i>pa. t.</i> S. share, cut, 1413. So in Am. and Amil. 2298,
Her throtes he <i>schar atvo</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Shauwe" id = "gloss_Shauwe">Shauwe</a>, Shawe,
<i>v.</i> S. to shew, 2206, 2784. <i>Sheu</i>, 1401.</p>

<p>Shel, Sheld, <i>n.</i> S. shield, 489, 624, 1653, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Shende, <i>v.</i> S. to ruin, destroy, 1422. Bevis of H. ap. Ellis,
M.&nbsp;R. V.&nbsp;2, p.&nbsp;99. Chauc. <i>Shent</i>, <i>pa. t.</i>
shamed, disgraced, 2749; <i>part. pa.</i> shend, 2845. The more common
sense of this verb is the latter. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Shere. Clearly miswritten for <i>she were</i>, 1250.</p>

<p>Sheu. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Shauwe">Shauwe</a>.</p>

<p>Shides, <i>n. pl.</i> S. It here expresses pieces of wood cleft at
the end, 917. In Doug. Virg. <i>Schide</i> signifies a billet of wood,
223, 10;
<span class = "pagenum">142</span>
<a name = "page142" id = "page142"> </a>
or a chip, splinter, 207, 8. So in <i>Rauf Coilzear</i>, st. 39,
Schaftes of schene wode they scheueride in <i>schides</i>. So also in
P.&nbsp;Pl. The word is preserved in Lanc. This custom of skinning eels
by inserting the head in a cleft stick, is still practised, we are
informed, in the fish markets.</p>

<p>Shir, <i>adj.</i> S. bright, 588, 916, 1253, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Shireue, <i>n.</i> S. sheriff, 2286. <i>Shireues</i>, <i>pl.</i>
266.</p>

<p>Sho, <i>pron.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sche">Sche</a>.</p>

<p>Sho, <i>v.</i> S. to shoe, 1138.</p>

<p>Shof, <i>pa. t.</i> S. shoved, pushed, 871, 892.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Shol" id = "gloss_Shol">Shol</a>, <i>1 p. s.</i> (if
I) shall, 1782. <i>Sal</i>, I shall, 628. <i>Shole</i>, <i>pl.</i>
shall, 562, 645, 1788. <i>Shul</i>, 328. <i>Sholen</i>, 621, 1127, 1230,
&amp;c. <i>Shulen</i>, 731, 747, &amp;c. <i>Shoren</i> (so in MS.),
1640. <i>Sule</i>, shall ye, will ye, 2419. <i>Shude</i>, I should,
1079. <i>Sholdest</i>, shouldst, 2712. <i>Sholden</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1020,
1195. <i>Shulden</i>, 941.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Sholdre" id = "gloss_Sholdre">Sholdre</a>, <i>n.</i>
S. shoulder, 2738. <i>Shuldre</i>, 604, 1262. <i>Shudre-blade</i>, 2644.
<i>Sholdres</i>, <i>pl.</i> shoulders, 1647, 1818. <i>Shuldren</i>,
982.</p>

<p>Shon, <i>n. pl.</i> S. shoes, 860, 969.</p>

<p>Shop, <i>qu.</i> Shok, shook, struck, destroyed, 1101. But Sewel
gives Du. <i>schoppen</i>, to strike. Cf. Eng. <i>chop</i>.</p>

<p>Shotshipe, n. S. [<i>scot</i>, symbolum, <i>scipe</i>, societas] An
assembly of persons who pay pecuniary contribution or reckoning,
2099.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>For al Sikelines quiden</p>
<p><i>Sotscipe</i> heo heolden,</p>
<p>And swa longe swa beoð æuere,</p>
<p>Ne scal hit stonde næuere.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 23177.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. <i>sotschipes</i>, <i>pl.</i> in Leg. of St.
Kath. MS. Cott. Tit. D 18, fol. 144&nbsp;<i>b</i>. <i>See</i> Nares,
<i>v.</i> <i>Shot-clog</i>.</p>

<p>Shrede, <i>n.</i> S. a fragment, piece cut off, 99. [As it was given
off the “board,” to “feed the poor,” it must mean a piece of bread or
meat. Correct “<i>shrede</i> = clothing” in Coleridge’s Glossarial
Index.]</p>

<p>Shres, <i>n.</i> S. shears, 857.</p>

<p>Shride, <i>v.</i> S. to clothe (himself), 963. <i>Shrid</i>, <i>part.
pa.</i> clothed, 978.</p>

<p>Shriue, Shriuen, <i>v.</i> S. to confess, make confession, 362, 2598.
<i>Shriue</i>, <i>Shriuen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> 364, 2489.</p>

<p>Shrud, <i>n.</i> S. clothing, 303.</p>

<p>Shude, Shul, Shulen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Shol">Shol</a>.</p>

<p>Shuldre, Shuldren. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Sholdre">Sholdre</a>.</p>

<p>Shuldreden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. shouldered, 1056.</p>

<p>Sibbe, <i>adj.</i> S. related, allied, 2277. Sir Tr. p. 44.
<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Fremde">Fremde</a>.</p>

<p>Siden, <i>n. pl.</i> S. sides, 371.</p>

<p>Sike, <i>v.</i> S. to sigh, 291.</p>

<p>Siking, <i>n.</i> S. sighing, 234.</p>

<p>Sikerlike, <i>adv.</i> S. surely, 422, 625, 2301, 2707, 2871.
<i>Sikerly</i>, Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;35, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Sikernesse, <i>n.</i> S. surety, security, 2856. R. Glouc.,
R.&nbsp;Br., Chauc.</p>

<p>Simenels, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. 779, a finer sort of bread, “q. a
<i>simila</i> h.&nbsp;e. puriori farinæ parte.” <i>Spelm.</i> Assis.
pan. 51 Hen. III. <i>Symnellus</i> vero de quadrante ponderabit 2 sol.
minus quam Wastellum. It elsewhere appears to be a sort of cake, or
cracknel. So in the <i>Crieries de Paris</i>, v. 163, Chaudes tartes et
<i>siminiaus</i>. V. Nares in&nbsp;v.</p>

<p>Sinne, <i>n.</i> S. fault, 1976. <i>Ne for loue ne for sinne</i>,
2375. <i>Wolde he nouth for sinne lette</i>, 2627. Traces of this phrase
may be elsewhere found:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Neyther for <i>love</i> nor yet for <i>awe</i></p>
<p>Lyuinge man none than they saw.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Degore</i>, c. iv.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Maboun and Lybeauus</p>
<p>Faste togedere hewes,</p>
<p class = "indent">And stente <i>for no synne</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Ly Beaus Desc.</i> 1957.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">143</span>
<a name = "page143" id = "page143"> </a>
<p><a name = "gloss_Sire" id = "gloss_Sire">Sire</a>, Syre, <i>n.</i>
Fr. The term in ll. 310, 1229, is used not only to express respect, but
command. A parallel passage is in R.&nbsp;Cœur de&nbsp;L. 2247. It
simply means <i>Sir</i>, ll. 909, 2009.</p>

<p>Site, <i>v.</i> S. to sit, 2809. <i>Sittes</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i>
sittest, 1316. <i>Sitten</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> sit, 2098. <i>Site on
knes</i>, i.e. kneel, 2708.</p>

<p>Siþe, Siþen, <i>adv.</i> S. then, afterwards, after, 399, 472, 1414,
1814, 1988, &amp;c.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Sithe" id = "gloss_Sithe">Siþe</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
time, 1052. <i>Siþe</i>, <i>Siþes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 213, 778, 1737, 2189.
<i>Syþe</i>, <i>Syþes</i>, 2162, 2843. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;55, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Sket, <i>adv.</i> quickly, soon, 1926, 1960, 2303, 2493, 2513, 2574,
2736, 2839. Sir Tr. pp.&nbsp;36, 40, &amp;c.; Ly Beaus Desc. 484;
K.&nbsp;Alisaund. 3047; R.&nbsp;Cœur de&nbsp;L. 806; Rom. of Merlin, ap.
Ellis, M.&nbsp;R. V.&nbsp;i. p.&nbsp;228. [Icel. <i>skjótt</i>, quickly,
from <i>skjótr</i>, quick, swift. The adj. is still preserved in the
surname Skeat <i>or</i> Skeet.]</p>

<p>Skirming, <i>n.</i> Fr. skirmishing, 2323. Web. M. R. <i>See</i>
<a href = "#textnote2320">Note on l.&nbsp;2320</a>.</p>

<p>Slawe, Slawen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Slo">Slo</a>.</p>

<p>Slenge, <i>v.</i> S. to sling, cast out, 2435. <i>Slenget</i>,
<i>part. pa.</i> slung, 1923.</p>

<p>Slepes, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> sleepest, 1283.</p>

<p>Sleie, Sley, <i>adj.</i> skilful, expert, 1084, 2116. Sir Tr.
pp.&nbsp;23, 28; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.&nbsp;R. V.&nbsp;3,
p.&nbsp;296; Emare, 67; R. Glouc. p.&nbsp;350; Barb. xix. 179; Doug.
137, 12. Jamieson derives it from Su.-G. <i>slug</i>, Isl. <i>slægr</i>.
Cf. Sw. <i>slug</i>.</p>

<p>Slike, <i>adv. or perhaps adj.</i> smoothly, or smooth, 1157.
“<i>Slyke</i>, or smothe. <i>Lenis</i>.” Prompt. Parv.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Slo" id = "gloss_Slo">Slo</a>, <i>n.</i> S. sloe,
berry, 849, 2051.</p>

<p>Slo, <i>v.</i> S. to slay, 512, 1364, 1412, &amp;c. <i>Slou</i>,
2543. <i>Slos</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> slayest, 2706. <i>Slos</i>,
<i>imp. pl.</i> strike ye, 2596. <i>Slou</i>, <i>Slow</i>, <i>pa. t.</i>
slew, 501; struck, 2633. <i>Slowe</i>, <i>Slowen</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i>
slew, 2414, 2427, 2432; struck, fought, 2683. <i>Slawe</i>,
<i>Slawen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> slain, 1803, 1928, 2000, &amp;c. In
l.&nbsp;2747 (as in 2596, 2633, 2683) it has only the sense of
<i>struck</i>, wounded, agreeably to the signification of the original
word, <i>sleán</i>, <i>sleáhan</i>, Cædere, ferire.</p>

<p>Smerte, <i>adj. pl.</i> S. painful, 2055.</p>

<p>Smerte, <i>v.</i> S. to smart, 2647.</p>

<p>Smot, <i>pa. t.</i> S. smote, 2654.</p>

<p>So, a large tub, 933. See <i>So</i> in Halliwell. Dan. <i>saa</i>, a
pail.</p>

<p>So, <i>conj.</i> S. as, 279, 349, <i>et pass.</i></p>

<p>Softe, <i>adj.</i> S. of a mild disposition, 991.</p>

<p>Softe, <i>adv.</i> S. gently, 2618.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Somdel" id = "gloss_Somdel">Somdel</a>, <i>adj.</i>
S. somewhat, in some measure, 240. <i>Sumdel</i>, 450, 497, 1054, 2306,
2950. Web., R.&nbsp;Gl., Chauc.</p>

<p>Sond, <i>n.</i> S. sand, 708, 735.</p>

<p>Sone, <i>n.</i> S. son, 660, 839. <i>Sones</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2980.</p>

<p>Sone, <i>adv.</i> S. soon, 78, &amp;c.; so soon as, 1354.</p>

<p>Sor, <i>n.</i> S. sorrow, 234. <i>Sorwe</i>, 1374; pain, sore,
1988.</p>

<p>Sor, <i>adj.</i> S. sore, detestable, 2229. [Perhaps it should be
<i>sori</i>.]</p>

<p>Sorful, <i>adj.</i> S. sorrowful, 151, 2541.</p>

<p>Sori, <i>adj.</i> S. sorrowful, 151, 477.</p>

<p>Soth, Sothe, <i>n.</i> S. truth, 36, 647, 2008, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Soþlike, <i>adv.</i> S. truly, 276.</p>

<p>Soupe, <i>v.</i> Fr. to sup, 1766.</p>

<p>Southe, <i>pa. t.</i> S. sought, 1085.</p>

<p>Sowe, Sowen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Se">Se</a>.</p>

<p>Sowel, <i>n.</i> victuals, 767, 1143, 2905. Properly, anything eaten
with bread as a relish. See <i>Sool</i> in Halliwell. Dan.
<i>suul</i>.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">144</span>
<a name = "page144" id = "page144"> </a>
<p>Span-newe, <i>adj.</i> quite new, 968. This is the earliest instance
on record of the use of this word. For its disputed etymology see Jam.,
Nares, Todd’s Johns., and Thoms. Etymons; but especially Wedgwood’s
Etym. Dict. <i>Span</i> = chip; <i>Span-new</i>, chip-new. A.S.
<i>spón</i>. It occurs in Chauc. Troil. iii. 1671.</p>

<p>Sparkede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. sparkled, 2144.</p>

<p>Spede, <i>v.</i> S. to speed, prosper, 1634.</p>

<p>Speke, <i>n.</i> S. speech, 946.</p>

<p>Speke, Speken, <i>v.</i> S. to speak, 326, 369, 548, 1070, &amp;c.
<i>Spak</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> spoke, 2389, 2968. <i>Speken</i>, <i>part.
pa.</i> spoken, 2369.</p>

<p>Spelle, <i>n.</i> S. story, relation, 338. K. Horn, 951.</p>

<p>Spelle, <i>v.</i> S. to relate, tell forth, 15, 2530.</p>

<p>Spen <i>for</i> Spent, 1819.</p>

<p>Sperd, Sperde, <i>part. pa.</i> S. barred, bolted, 414, 448. Still
common in the North. V. Brockett.</p>

<p>Spille, <i>v.</i> S. to perish, 2422. <i><ins class = "mycorr" title
= "printed as roman (non-italic)">Of</ins> limes spille</i>, 86, suffer
the loss of limbs. K.&nbsp;Horn, 202. Web., Chauc.</p>

<p>Spired, <i>part. pa.</i> S. speered, inquired, 2620. V. Jam.
in&nbsp;v.</p>

<p>Spore, <i>n.</i> S. spur, 2569.</p>

<p>Sprauleden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. sprawled, 475.</p>

<p>Sprong, <i>pa. t.</i> S. sprung, 959. <i>See</i> the Note.
<i>Sprongen</i>, 869. <i>Sprungen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> risen, 1131.</p>

<p>Sprote, <i>n.</i> S. sprout, 1142. A.S. <i>sprote</i>, a sprig,
sprout.</p>

<p>Spuse, Spusen, <i>v.</i> S. to espouse, marry, 1123, 1170, 2875.
<i>Spusede</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> espoused, 2887. <i>Spused</i>,
<i>part. pa.</i> 1175, 2928. <i>Spuset</i>, 1266.</p>

<p>Spusing, <i>n.</i> S. espousals, marriage, 1164, 1177, 2886.</p>

<p>Stac, <i>n.</i> S. 814. [This I believe to mean simply a stack, or
heap, like the Dan. <i>stak</i>, Sw. <i>stack</i>. I add Sir F. Madden’s
note in the edition of 1828.] A&nbsp;stack, or, more properly,
<i>stick</i> of fish, a term applied to eels when strung on a row, ‘sic
dicta, quod trajecta vimine (quod <i>stic</i> dicimus) connectebantur.’
<i>Spelm.</i> A&nbsp;<i>stica</i> consisted of 25 eels, and 10
<i>Sticæ</i> made a <i>Binde</i>. Glanv. lib. 2, c. 9.</p>

<p>Stalworþi, Stalworþe, Stalwrthe, adj. S. strong, valiant, courageous,
24, 904, 1027, &amp;c. <i>Stalworþeste</i>, <i>sup.</i> 25.</p>

<p>Stan-ded, <i>adj.</i> S. dead as a stone, completely dead, 1815.
<i>Stille als a ston</i>, 928. Cf. K. of Tars, 549; Erle of Tol. 754;
Launfal, 357. <i>See</i> Gl. to <i>Partenay</i>.</p>

<p>Star, <i>n.</i> Icel. a species of sedge, 939. Icel. <i>stör</i>; Sw.
<i>starr</i>; Dan. <i>stær</i>. <i>See</i> the Note.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Stareden" id = "gloss_Stareden">Stareden</a>, <i>pt.
t. pl.</i> 1037. <i>Probably miswritten for</i> Stradden, contended. Cf.
Su.-Goth. and Sw. <i>strida</i>, to contend.</p>

<p>Starinde, <i>part. pr.</i> staring, 508.</p>

<p>Stark, <i>adj.</i> S. stiff, stout, strong, 341, 380, 608, &amp;c. V.
Jam. in&nbsp;v.</p>

<p>Stede, <i>n.</i> S. steed, horse, 10, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Stede, <i>n.</i> S. place, 142, 744. <i>Stedes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
1846.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Stem" id = "gloss_Stem">Stem</a>, <i>n.</i> S. a ray
of light, beam, 591. It is equivalent to <i>Glem</i>, l.&nbsp;2122.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Therewith he blinded them so close,</p>
<p>A <i>stime</i> they could not see.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>R. Hood</i>, <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> 112.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. Brockett’s Gl. in v. <i>Stime</i>.</p>

<p>Sternes, <i>n. pl.</i> stars, 1809. <i>Ageyn þe sternes</i> = exposed
to the sky, or to the open air.</p>

<p>Stert, <i>n.</i> S. leap, 1873. Chaucer has <i>at a stert</i> for
immediately, C.&nbsp;T. 1707.</p>

<p>Stert, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>steort</i>, cauda] tail, 2323. <i>Start</i>
is still retained in the North.</p>

<p>Steuene, <i>n.</i> S. voice, 1275.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">145</span>
<a name = "page145" id = "page145"> </a>
<p>Sti, <i>n.</i> S. road, way, 2618. Sir Tr. p. 192; Yw. and Gaw. 599;
Emare, 196; Sevyn Sages, 712; R.&nbsp;Br. Chaucer uses <i>stile</i> in
the same sense, C.&nbsp;T. 12628, and Minot, p.&nbsp;5, in both which
passages the respective Editors have made the same mistake in explaining
it. [Cf. G. <i>steg</i>, a pass.]</p>

<p>Stille, <i>adj.</i> S. quiet, 955, 2309.</p>

<p>Stille, <i>adv.</i> S. in a low voice, secretly, 2997. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;55; K.&nbsp;Horn, 315.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Stirt" id = "gloss_Stirt">Stirt</a>, Stirte, <i>pa.
t.</i> S. started, leaped, 398, 566, 873, 1049, &amp;c. <i>Stirte</i>,
<i>Stirten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> started, hurried, 599, 1964, 2609.
Derived by Skinner from S. <i>astirian</i>, movere, by Jam. from Teut.
<i>steerten</i>, volare. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Astirte">Astirte</a>. Cf. G. <i>stürzen</i>; and see
<i>Start</i> in Wedgwood.</p>

<p>Stith, <i>n.</i> S. anvil, 1877. Chauc. Still provincial. V. Moore,
and Brockett.</p>

<p>Stiward, <i>n.</i> S. steward, 666.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Stonden" id = "gloss_Stonden">Stonden</a>, <i>n.</i>
S. to stand, 689. <i>Stondes</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> standeth, stands,
2240, 2983. <i>Stod</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> stood, 591, 679. <i>Stoden</i>,
<i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1037.</p>

<p>Stor, <i>adj.</i> S. hardy, stout, 2383. La?am. l. 9126; Yw. and Gaw.
1297; Chron. of Engl. 464; Sq. of Lowe D. 658; Ly Beaus Desc. 1766.
<i>Steir</i>, <i>Sture</i>, Sc. ap. Jam. Cf. Sw. <i>stor</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Stra" id = "gloss_Stra">Stra</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
straw, 315, 466. A.S. <i>streow</i>, <i>streaw</i>. Cf. <a href =
"#gloss_Strie">Strie</a>.</p>

<p>Strenes, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> S. begets, 2983. From <i>streónan</i>,
gignere. Cf. K.&nbsp;Alisaund. 7057.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Strie" id = "gloss_Strie">Strie</a>, <i>n.</i> a
straw, 998. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Stra">Stra</a>.</p>

<p>Strout, <i>n.</i> dispute, contention, 1039. Cf. A.S. <i>strúdan</i>,
and <i>Strother</i> in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.</p>

<p>Stroute, <i>v.</i> S. to make a disturbance, 1779. Bosworth explains
A.S. <i>strúdan</i>, <i>strútian</i>, as having originally the sense to
bustle about.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Stunde" id = "gloss_Stunde">Stunde</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
short space of time, 2614. V. Gl. to R. Glouc. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Vmbestonde">Vmbestonde</a>.</p>

<p>Sturgiun, Sturgun, <i>n.</i> sturgeon, 753, 1727. Cf. Sw.
<i>stör</i>, Dan. <i>stör</i>.</p>

<p>Suere, Suereth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sweren">Sweren</a>.</p>

<p>Suete, <i>adj.</i> S. sweet, 1388. Cf. l. 2927.</p>

<p>Sueyn, Sweyn, <i>n.</i> S. swain, villain, 343, 1328, &amp;c.
<i>Sweynes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 371, 2195. It is generally used in opposition
to <i>knight</i>.</p>

<p>Svich, <i>adj.</i> S. such, 60.</p>

<p>Suilk, <i>adj.</i> such (things), 644. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Swilk">Swilk</a>.</p>

<p>Sule. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Shol">Shol</a>.</p>

<p>Sumdel. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Somdel">Somdel</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Sunne-bem" id = "gloss_Sunne-bem">Sunne-bem</a>,
<i>n.</i> S. sun-beam, 592, 2123.</p>

<p>Swerd, <i>n.</i> S. sword, 1759, &amp;c. <i>Swerdes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
1769, 2659.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Sweren" id = "gloss_Sweren">Sweren</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
to swear, 494. <i>Suereth</i>, <i>pr. t. s.</i> swear, 647. <i>Swor</i>,
<i>pa. t.</i> swore, 398, 2367. <i>Suere</i>, <i>pr. subj. 2
p.&nbsp;s.</i> 388.</p>

<p>Swike, <i>n.</i> S. deceiver, traitor, 423, 551, 626, 1158, 2401,
2451, &amp;c. <i>Swikes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2834, 2990. La?am.
l.&nbsp;12942; R.&nbsp;Gl. p.&nbsp;105.</p>

<p>Swikel, <i>adj.</i> S. deceitful, 1108.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>For alle þine witien</p>
<p>Beoð swiðe <i>swikele</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 15848.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Hoe beth of <i>swikele</i> kunne</p>
<p>Ther mide the witherwinne.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>The sawe of Seint Bede</i>, MS. Digb. 86.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He was <i>suikel</i>, fals, ant fel.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Chron. of Engl.</i> 791.</p>

<p>Swilen, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>swilian</i>, Ps. vi. 6] to wash, 919. It
occurs also in Rob. of Brunne’s <i>Handling Sinne</i>, l.&nbsp;5828.
Still provincial.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Swilk" id = "gloss_Swilk">Swilk</a>, <i>adj.</i> S.
such, 1118, 1625, 2123, 2684, 2783. <i>Suilk</i>, 644.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">146</span>
<a name = "page146" id = "page146"> </a>
<p><a name = "gloss_Swinge" id = "gloss_Swinge">Swinge</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
to beat, chastise (used <i>passively</i>), 214. <i>Swngen</i>, <i>part.
pa.</i> beaten, 226. La?am. l.&nbsp;21070. So in <i>Syr Bevys</i>,
C.&nbsp;ii. All at ones on him they <i>swonge</i>. In the North the verb
retains the same meaning; v. Brockett.</p>

<p>Swink, <i>n.</i> S. labour, 770, 801, 2456.</p>

<p>Swinken, <i>v.</i> S. to labour, 798. <i>Swank</i>, <i>pa. t.</i>
laboured, 788.</p>

<p>Swire, <i>n.</i> S. neck, 311. Formerly in universal use, and still
preserved in the provinces.</p>

<p>Swiþe, Swyþe, <i>adv.</i> S. very, exceedingly, 110, 217, 341.
Quickly, 140, 682, 690; <i>ful swithe</i>, 2436, appears a pleonasm.
<i>Swithe forth and rathe</i>, quickly forth, and soon, 2594.</p>

<p>Swot, <i>n.</i> S. sweat, perspiration, 2662. The word has the same
meaning in Cædmon, f.&nbsp;24, ed. Thorpe, p.&nbsp;31, l.&nbsp;8, which
seems to contradict Mr Price’s assertion to the contrary, in Warton’s
Hist. Engl. Poetr. p.&nbsp;lxxi., ed. 1840.</p>

<p>Swngen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Swinge">Swinge</a>.</p>

<p>Syre. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sire">Sire</a>.</p>

<p>Syþe, Syþes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sithe">Siþe</a>.</p>

<p>Syþe, <i>n.</i> S. scythe, 2553, 2699.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_T" id = "gloss_T" href =
"#glossary">T</a>

<p class = "letter">
Tabour, <i>n.</i> Fr. tabor, 2329.</p>

<p>Tale, <i>n.</i> S. number, 2026.</p>

<p>Taleuaces, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. large shields, 2323. <i>See</i> the Note
on l.&nbsp;2320.</p>

<p>Tarst (<i>so in</i> MS.), 2688; almost certainly an error for
<i>faste</i>, which appears in the next line. Also, the movements of
Godard are compared to the course of lightning.</p>

<p>Tauhte, <i>pt. s.</i> committed, 2214, probably an error for
<i>bitauhte</i>. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Bitaken">Bitaken</a>.</p>

<p>Tel, <i>n.</i> S. deceit, reproach, 191, 2219. A.S. <i>tálu</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Telle" id = "gloss_Telle">Telle</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
count, number, 2615. <i>Told</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> numbered, esteemed,
1036.</p>

<p>Tene, <i>n.</i> S. grief, affliction, 729.</p>

<p>Tere, <i>v.</i> S. to tar (used passively), 707.</p>

<p>Teth, <i>n. pl.</i> S. teeth, 2406.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Teyte" id = "gloss_Teyte">Teyte</a>, <i>adj.</i> S.
1841, 2331. [Explained “lively” by Coleridge, Stratmann, and Morris, as
if from Icel. <i>teitr</i>, hilaris. This I believe to be completely
wrong. The word occurs in Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 871, with
reference to <i>tight</i> lasses, and in l.&nbsp;1841 of Havelok we have
a reference to <i>tight</i> lads. In l.&nbsp;2331 it may also mean
<i>flawless</i>, staunch. “<i>Theet</i>, <i>adj.</i> water-tight. O.N.
<i>þiettr</i> or <i>þéttr</i>, densus, solidus. O.Sw. <i>thæter</i>, Sw.
Dial, <i>tjett</i> or <i>tjætt</i>, Dan. <i>tætt</i>, Germ.
<i>dicht</i>. Ihre gives .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. <i>ett tätt fat</i>, a
flawless vessel. ‘<i>Thyht</i>, hool fro brekynge, not brokyn.
<i>Integer</i>, <i>solidus</i>. Prompt. Parv.’” Atkinson’s Glossary of
the Cleveland dialect.]</p>

<p class = "addition">
[<i>Teyte</i> may mean <i>lively</i>. My explanation is not generally
accepted.]
<span class = "mynote">
See <a href = "#endnote">Endnote</a>.</span></p>

<!-- Skeat is backing down -->

<p>Þa, <i>written for</i> þat, 175.</p>

<p>Þan, Þanne, <i>adv.</i> S. then, 51, 1044, &amp;c.; when, 226, 248,
<i>et sæpius</i>; than if (<i>quàm</i>), 944, 1867.</p>

<p>Þar, <i>adv.</i> where (?) 130. <i>See</i> the Note; and cf. <a href
= "#gloss_Ther"><i>Þer</i></a>.</p>

<p>Þare, <i>adv.</i> S. there, 2481, 2739. Cf. þer, þore.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Tharne" id = "gloss_Tharne">Þarne</a>, <i>v.</i> to
lose, be deprived of, 2492, 2835. <i>Þarnes</i>, <i>pr. t.</i> wants, is
deprived of, 1913. <i>Þarned the ded</i>, 1687; [clearly miswritten for
<i>þoled þe ded</i>, suffered death. The scribe was thinking of
<i>þarned þe lif</i>; cf. l.&nbsp;2492.] The verb only exists in the
Sax. in the pt.&nbsp;t. <i>þærnode</i>, Chron. Sax. p.&nbsp;222, ed.
Gibs., which is derived by Lye from the Cimbr. <i>At thuerna</i>, or
<i>thorna</i>, diminui, privari. V. Hickes Thes. <span class =
"smallroman">I.</span> p.&nbsp;152. [I.e. it is from the root of the Sw.
<i>tarfva</i>, Icel. <i>thurfa</i>, Goth. <i>thaurban</i>, with the
<i>f</i> dropped, and
<span class = "pagenum">147</span>
<a name = "page147" id = "page147"> </a>
with the addition of the <i>passive</i> or <i>neuter</i>
infinitive-ending denoted by <i>-ne</i>, like <i>-na</i> in Sw.,
<i>-nan</i> in Mœso-Gothic. See <i>þarrnenn</i> in Gl. to Ormulum.]</p>

<p>Þas, <i>read</i> Was, 1129. [As þ at the beginning of a word is never
put for <i>t</i>, it is not = Sc. <i>tas</i>, takes, as some have
suggested.]</p>

<p>Þaue, v. S. [<i>þafian</i>] to grant, 296; bear, sustain, 2696.
Ormulum, 5457.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Thayn" id = "gloss_Thayn">Thayn</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
nobleman, 2184. <i>Thein</i>, 2466. <i>Thaynes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2260.
<i>Theynes</i>, 2194. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Kayn">Kayn</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_The" id = "gloss_The">Þe</a>, <i>n.</i> S. thigh,
1950. <i>Þhe</i>, 1984. <i>Þes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1903. <i>Þhes</i>,
2289.</p>

<p>Þe, <i>adv.</i> S. (<i>written for</i> þer), there, 142, 476, 863,
933. <i>Þe with</i>, therewith, 639. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Ther">Þer</a>.</p>

<p>Þe, <i>conj.</i> S. though, 1682. <i>Þei</i>, 1966. <i>Þey</i>, 807,
992, 1165, 2501. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Thou">Þou</a>.</p>

<p>Þede, <i>n.</i> S. country, dwelling, 105; place, 2890. Web., Le Bone
Flor. 246. R.&nbsp;Br. p.&nbsp;18. V. Jam.</p>

<p>Þef, <i>n.</i> S. thief, 2434. <i>Þeues</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1780.</p>

<p>Þei, <i>pron.</i> S. they, 1020, 1195, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Þei, Þey, <i>conj.</i> though. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_The">Þe</a>.</p>

<p>Þenke, <i>pr. subj.</i> S. think, 2394. <i>Þenkeste</i>, <i>pr. t. 2
p.</i> thinkest thou, 578.</p>

<p>Þenne, <i>adv.</i> S. thence, 1185. [Perhaps in l. 777, we should put
the comma after <i>þenne</i>; “when he came thence,” &amp;c.]</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Ther" id = "gloss_Ther">Þer</a>, <i>adv.</i> S.
where, 318, 448, &amp;c.; there, <i>passim</i>; the place whence, 1740.
<i>Þerinne</i>, therein, 535, &amp;c. <i>Þerhinne</i>, 322.
<i>Þerof</i>, <i>Þeroffe</i>, thereof, 372, 466, 1068, &amp;c.
<i>Þerþoru</i>, by that means, 1098. <i>Þertil</i>, <i>Þerto</i>,
thereto, 396, 1041, 1045. <i>Þerwit</i>, <i>Þerwith</i>, therewith,
1031, 1046. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_The">Þe</a>, <a href =
"#gloss_Thore">Þore</a>.</p>

<p>Þere, <i>pron.</i> S. their, 1350.</p>

<p>Þerl <i>for</i> Þe erl, the earl, 178.</p>

<p>Þertekene, 2878. [Coleridge’s Glossarial Index has “Thertekene = mark
thereto. A.S. <i>tácnian</i>.” But this is a very awkward phrase, and I
should prefer to suppose <i>þer-tekene</i> = by the token, i.e. in
token. <i>Tekene</i> answers to the Sw. <i>tecken</i>, a token; and
<i>þer</i> is found as a prefix in <i>P.&nbsp;Plowman</i> in the phr.
<i>þer-while</i> = <i>þe while</i>, i.e. in the time that. The only
difficulty is that <i>þer</i> is properly feminine (A.S. <i>þære</i>),
whilst <i>tecken</i> in Sw. and <i>tácen</i> in A.S. are neuter. <i>In
tokne</i> (= in token) occurs in Shoreham’s poems, ed. Wright, 131.]</p>

<p>Þet, <i>conj.</i> S. that (<i>quòd</i>), 330.</p>

<p>Þet, <i>pron.</i> S. that, 879.</p>

<p>Þeþe, Þeþen, <i>adv.</i> S. thence, 2498, 2629.</p>

<p>Þeu, Þewe, <i>n.</i> S. in a servile condition or station, 262, 2205.
R.&nbsp;Gl.</p>

<p>Þewes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. manners, 282. La?am., Rits. M. R., Web.,
P.&nbsp;Plowm., Chauc., Gl. Lynds., Percy, A. R.</p>

<p>Þi. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Forthi">Forþi</a>.</p>

<p>Þi <i>for</i> Þy, thy, 2725.</p>

<p>Þider, <i>adv.</i> S. thither, 850, 1012, 1021, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Þigge, v. S. [<i>þicgan</i>] to beg, 1373. This word is chiefly
preserved in the Sc. writers. Wall. ii. 259; Doug. Virg. 182, 37;
Evergreen, ii. 199; Bannatyne Poems, p.&nbsp;120, V. Jam. in&nbsp;v.,
who derives it from Su.-G. <i>tigga</i>, Alem. <i>thigen</i>, petere.
[See <i>tigga</i> in Ihre. “Thyggynge or beggynge, <i>Mendicacio</i>.”
Prompt. Parv.]</p>

<p>Þis <i>for</i> þise, these, 1145.</p>

<p>Þisternesse, <i>n.</i> S. darkness, 2191.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Dalden from þan fihte</p>
<p>Al bi <i>þustere</i> nihte.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 7567; cf. <i>Gen. and Ex.</i>, 58.</p>

<p>Thit, <i>pp.</i> 2990. [The rime shews that the <i>i</i> is long;
and, whether
<span class = "pagenum">148</span>
<a name = "page148" id = "page148"> </a>
the <i>th</i> is sounded like <i>t</i>, or (which is more likely) the
word should have been written <i>tiht</i> or <i>tith</i>, we may be
tolerably confident that it is equivalent to the O.E. <i>tight</i> or
<i>ti?t</i>, a pp. signifying <i>intended</i>, <i>purposed</i>,
<i>designed</i>, which is the exact sense here required. Stratmann gives
five instances of it, of which one is&mdash; “To brewe the Crystene
mennys banys Hy hadden <i>tyght</i>;” Octovian, 1476.]</p>

<p>Þo, <i>pron.</i> S. those, 1918, 2044.</p>

<p>Þo, <i>pron.</i> thou. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Thu">Þu</a>.</p>

<p>Þo, <i>adv.</i> S. then, 930; when, 1047. <i>Thow</i>, 1669.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Thore" id = "gloss_Thore">Þore</a>, <i>adv.</i> S.
there, 741, 922, 1014, &amp;c. <i>Þortil</i>, thereto, 1443.
<i>Þorwit</i>, therewith, 100. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_The">Þe</a>,
<a href = "#gloss_Ther">Þer</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Thoru" id = "gloss_Thoru">Þoru</a>, <i>adv.</i> S.
through, 627, 774, 848, &amp;c. <i>Þoruth</i>, 1065, 2786. <i>Þorw</i>,
264, 367, 2646. <i>Þuruth</i>, 52.</p>

<p>Þoruthlike, <i>adv.</i> S. throughly, 680.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Thou" id = "gloss_Thou">Þou</a>, <i>conj.</i> S.
though, 124, 299, &amp;c. <i>Þo</i>, 1020. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_The">Þe</a>.</p>

<p>Þoucte, <i>pa. t.</i> S. thought, 504, 507, &amp;c. <i>Þouthte</i>,
1073. <i>Þowthe</i>, 1869. <i>Þouthe</i>, 1166. <i>Þat god thoucte</i>,
256, that seemed good. Cf. Sir Tr. pp.&nbsp;30, 36. And so in MS.
Vernon, Bodl.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Riche metes was forth brouht</p>
<p>To all men <i>that gode thouht</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Disp. betw. a Crystene mon and a Jew</i>, f. 301.</p>

<p class = "continue">[Or, if we read “þat god <i>him</i> þoucte,” this
would mean “that seemed good <i>to him</i>;” cf. l.&nbsp;197.]</p>

<p>Þouth, <i>n.</i> S. thought, 122, 1190.</p>

<p>Þral, <i>n.</i> S. slave, villain, 527, 684, 1097, 1158, 2564, 2589.
In an opprobious sense, 1408. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;175.</p>

<p>Þrawe, <i>n.</i> S. space of time, moment, 276, 1215. Web., Rits.
M.&nbsp;R., Rob. Br., Doug. Virg. <i>Þrow</i>, Chauc., Gower,
&amp;c.</p>

<p>Þredde, Þridde, <i>adj.</i> S. third, 867, 2633.</p>

<p>Þrette, <i>pa. t.</i> S. threatened, 1163.</p>

<p>Þrie, 730. [In the former edition it is glossed “trouble, affliction;
apparently the same as <i>Tray</i> or <i>Treye</i>;” cf. A.S.
<i>tréga</i>. But this renders the construction difficult, nor is it
clear that <i>treye</i> and <i>þrie</i> can be identified. Without
doubt, the usual meaning of <i>þrie</i> is <i>thrice</i>, which is
easily construed, only it remains to be shewn why <i>thrice</i> should
be introduced; unless perhaps it signifies <i>in a threefold
degree.</i>]</p>

<p>Þrinne, <i>num.</i> S. three, 716, 761, 1977, 2091.</p>

<p>Þrist, Þristen, <i>v.</i> S. to thrust, 1152, 2019, 2725.
<i>Þrist</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> thrust, 638.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Thu" id = "gloss_Thu">Þu</a>, <i>pron.</i> S. thou,
527, &amp;c. <i>Þou</i>, 527, &amp;c. <i>Þo</i>, 388. <i>Þw</i>
(<i>read</i> þat þw <i>instead of</i> þw that?), 1316. <i>Tow</i>, 1322.
<i>Tu</i>, 2903. It is often joined to the verb which precedes, as
<i>Shaltow</i>, <i>Wiltu</i>, &amp;c. The <i>gen.</i> is <i>þin</i>,
1128; the <i>acc.</i> is <i>þe</i>, 529.</p>

<p>Þurte, <i>pt. t. s.</i> need, might, 10. [It answers to the A.S.
<i>þurfan</i>, <i>pt. t.</i> <i>ic þorfte</i>, Icel. <i>þurfa</i>,
<i>pt. t.</i> <i>þurfti</i>, Mœso-Goth. <i>þaurban</i>, <i>pt. t.</i>
<i>þaurfta</i>. <i>See</i> Ormulum, l.&nbsp;16164, and Sir F. Madden’s
note to <i>þort</i> in Gl. to <i>Will. of Palerne</i>.]</p>

<p>Þuruth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Thoru">Þoru</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Thus" id = "gloss_Thus">Þus</a> <i>for</i> Þis, 785,
2586. (<i>In comp.</i> þus-gate.)</p>

<p>Tid, <i>n.</i> S. time, hour, 2100.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Til" id = "gloss_Til">Til</a>, <i>prep.</i> S. to,
141, 762, 864, &amp;c. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Intil">Intil</a>,
<a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Ther"
title = "under ‘Þer’">Þertil</a>.</p>

<p>Til, <i>v.</i> S. to tell, 1348.</p>

<p>Tilled, <i>part. pa.</i> S. obtained, acquired (lit. drawn, taken),
438. V. Gl. R.&nbsp;Br. in&nbsp;v. <i>tille</i>, and see quotation under
<i>Goddot</i>.</p>

<p>Tinte, <i>pa. t.</i> S. lost, 2023. Sir Tr. p. 104. V. Jam.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">149</span>
<a name = "page149" id = "page149"> </a>
<p>Tirneden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. turned, 603.</p>

<p>Tiþandes, <i>n. pl.</i> Icel. tidings, 2279.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_To-" id = "gloss_To-">To-</a>, in composition with
verbs, is usually augmentative, or has the force of the Lat.
<i>dis-</i>. <i>To-brised</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> very much bruised, 1950.
(<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Brisen">Brisen</a>.) <i>To-cruhsse</i>,
<i>inf.</i> crush in pieces, 1992. <i>To-deyle</i>, <i>inf.</i> divide,
2099. (<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Deled">Deled</a>.) <i>To-drawen</i>,
<i>part. pa.</i> dragged or pulled to death, 2001. (<i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Drou">Drou</a>.) <i>To-frusshe</i>, <i>inf.</i> break in pieces,
1993. <i>To-hewen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> hewn in pieces, 2001.
<i>To-riuen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> torn <i>or</i> riven in pieces, 1953.
<i>To-rof</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> burst open, 1792. <i>To-shiuere</i>,
<i>inf.</i> shiver in pieces, 1993. <i>To-shiuered</i>, <i>part. pa.</i>
shivered to pieces, 2667. <i>To-tere</i>, <i>inf.</i> tear in pieces,
1839. <i>To-torn</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> torn in pieces, 1948, 2021.
<i>To-tusede</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. In
one case only we find it to be merely the prep. <i>to</i> in
composition; viz. in <i>To-yede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> went to, 765.
(<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yede">Yede</a>.) [<i>See</i> note on this
prefix in Gloss. to <i>William of Palerne</i>.]</p>

<p>To, <i>adv.</i> S. too, 303, 689, 691, &amp;c.</p>

<p>To, <i>n.</i> S. toe, 1743, 1847, &amp;c. <i>Tos</i>, <i>pl.</i> 898,
2163.</p>

<p>To, <i>num.</i> S. two, 2664.</p>

<p>To, <i>prep.</i> follows its case in ll. 197, 325, 526.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_To-frusshe" id = "gloss_To-frusshe">To-frusshe</a>,
<i>v.</i> Fr. [<i>froisser</i>] to dash or break in pieces, 1993.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>The Sarezynes layde on with mace,</p>
<p>And al <i>to-frussched</i> hym in the place.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>R. Cœur de L.</i> 5032. Cf. 5084.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>He suld sone be <i>to-fruschyt</i> all.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Barb.</i> x. 597.</p>

<p class = "continue">So also Doug. Virg. 51, 53. V. Jam. in v.
<i>Frusch</i>.</p>

<p>Togidere, Togydere, <i>adv.</i> S. together, 1128, 1181, 2683,
2891.</p>

<p>Tok, <i>pa. t.</i> S. took, 354, 467, 537. <i>Toke</i>, <i>pa. t. 2
p.</i> 1216. <i>Token</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1194, <i>Token under
fote</i>, 1199.</p>

<p>Told. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Telle">Telle</a>.</p>

<p>Totede, <i>pa. t.</i> peeped, looked, 2106. This verb is thrice found
in P.&nbsp;Ploughman’s Crede, ll. 142, 168, 339. Although it would
appear a rare word from its not appearing in Hearne, Ritson, or Weber,
yet in later times it, occurs often, and is instanced by Jamieson from
Patten’s Account of Somerset’s Expedicion, p.&nbsp;53, and by Nares from
Hall, Latimer, Spenser, and Fairfax. It also occurs four times in the
<i>Ancren Riwle</i>, ed. Morton, 1853. In Sc. it is pronounced
<i>Tete</i>, which is derived by Jam. from the same stock as Su.-G.
<i>titt-a</i>, explained by Ihre, “Per transennam veluti videre, ut
solent curiosi, aut post tegmina latentes.” V. the authorities quoted,
Todd’s Johns. and Wilbr. Gl. [Cf. Sw. <i>titta</i>; Dan. <i>titte</i>,
to peep; Dan. <i>tittelege</i>, to play at bopeep.]</p>

<p>To-tusede, <i>part. pa.</i> entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948.
<i>See</i> Nares, in&nbsp;v. <i>Tose</i>, and <i>Tousle</i>,
<i>Toozle</i>, in Jam., Brockett, &amp;c. Cf. G. <i>zausen</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Toun" id = "gloss_Toun">Toun</a>, <i>n.</i> S. town,
1750, &amp;c. <i>Tun</i>, 764, 1001, &amp;c. <i>Tunes</i>, <i>pl.</i>
1444, 2277.</p>

<p>Tour, <i>n.</i> Fr. tower, 2073.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Tre" id = "gloss_Tre">Tre</a>, <i>n.</i> S. a bar or
staff of wood, 1022, 1821, 1843, 1882, &amp;c. <i>Dore-tre</i>, 1806,
1968, bar of the door.</p>

<p>Trewe, <i>adj.</i> S. true. 1756.</p>

<p>Tristen, <i>v.</i> to trust, 253.</p>

<p>Tro. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Trowe">Trowe</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Trome" id = "gloss_Trome">Trome</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
[<i>truma</i>] a troop, company, 8.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Heo makeden heore sceld-<i>trome</i></p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 9454.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Bisydes stondeth a feondes <i>trume</i>,</p>
<p>And waileth hwenne the saules cume.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Les Unze peyne</i>, &amp;c. MS. Coll. Jes. 29.</p>

<p class = "continue">The same mode of expression used above occurs
lower down, l. 24,
<span class = "pagenum">150</span>
<a name = "page150" id = "page150"> </a>
“A stalworþi man in a <i>flok</i>,” which is also found in La?amon,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Cador ther wes æc,</p>
<p>þe kene wes on <i>flocke</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
&mdash;l. 23824.</p>

<p class = "continue">And in <i>Sir Guy</i>, H. iii.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Then came a knight that hight Sadock,</p>
<p>A doughty man in every <i>flock</i>.</p>
</div>

<p>Trone, <i>n.</i> Lat. throne, 1316.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Trowe" id = "gloss_Trowe">Trowe</a>, <i>n.</i> S. to
believe, trust, 1656. <i>Tro</i>, 2862. <i>Trowede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i>
believed, 382. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;41.</p>

<p>Trusse, <i>v.</i> Fr. [<i>trousser</i>] to pack up, to truss, 2017.
R.&nbsp;Gl. Hence to <i>make ready</i>, K.&nbsp;Alisaund. 7006. Minot,
p.&nbsp;50, which Ritson was unable to explain.</p>

<p>Tuenti, <i>num.</i> S. twenty, 259.</p>

<p>Tumberel, <i>n.</i> a porpoise, 757. In Spelm. <i>Timberellus</i> is
explained, a small whale, on the authority of Skene, Vocab. Jur. Scot.
L. Forest, <i>Si quis cetum</i>. In Cotgr. also we find “<i>Tumbe</i>,
the great Sea-Dragon, or Quadriver; also the Gurnard, called so at
Roan.” [But the Sw. <i>tumlare</i>, a porpoise, <i>lit.</i> a tumbler,
suggests that the name may be given from its <i>tumbling</i> or
<i>rolling</i>. The Dan. <i>tumler</i>, however, is a dolphin.]</p>

<p>Tun. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Toun">Toun</a>.</p>

<p>Turues, <i>n. pl.</i> S. turf, peat, 939. Chauc. C. T. 10109. V.
Spelm. in&nbsp;v. and Jennings’ Somersetsh. Gl.</p>

<p>Twel <i>for</i> Twelve, 2455.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_U" id = "gloss_U" href =
"#glossary">U</a>

<p class = "letter">
Ueneysun, <i>n.</i> Fr. venison, 1726.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Vmbestonde" id = "gloss_Vmbestonde">Vmbestonde</a>,
<i>adv.</i> S. for a while, formerly, 2297.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>&amp; heo seilede<i>n</i> forth,</p>
<p>þæt inne sæ heo comen,</p>
<p>þa <i>vmbe stunde</i></p>
<p>ne sæge heo noht of londe.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 11967.</p>

<p class = "continue">It is equivalent to <i>umbe-while</i> or
<i>vmwhile</i>, Sc. <i>umquhile</i>. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Stunde">Stunde</a>.</p>

<p>Umbistode, <i>pa. t.</i> S. stood around, 1875. <i>See</i> <ins class
= "mycorr" title = "no Glossary entry">Bistode</ins>, <a href =
"#gloss_Stonden">Stonden</a>.</p>

<p>Vn-bi-yeden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. surrounded, 1842. <i>See</i>
<a href = "#gloss_Yede">Yede</a>.</p>

<p>Vnblithe, <i>adj.</i> S. unhappy, 141. Sir Tr. p. 171.</p>

<p>Unbounden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. unbound, 601.</p>

<p>Underfong, <i>pa. t.</i> S. understood, 115. This sense of the verb
is not found elsewhere. It is in the present poem synonymous with
<i>Understod</i> (as Lat. <i>accipere</i>, <i>percipere</i>).</p>

<p>Understonde, <i>v.</i> S. to receive, 2814. <i>Understod</i>, <i>pa.
t.</i> received, 1760. <i>Understonde</i>, <i>pr. subj.</i> receive,
1159. So in K.&nbsp;Horn, 245, ed. Rits.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Horn child thou <i>vnderstond</i>,</p>
<p>Tech him of harpe and song.</p>
</div>

<p class = "continue">where the MS. Laud 108 reads <i>vnderfonge</i>.
See Lumby’s ed. l.&nbsp;239.</p>

<p>Unker, <i>pron. g. c. dual.</i> S. of you two, 1882.</p>

<p>Vnkeueleden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. ungagged, 601. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Keuel">Keuel</a>.</p>

<p>Unkyndelike, <i>adv.</i> S. unsuitably, 1250.</p>

<p>Vnornelike, <i>adj.</i> S. basely, or degradingly, 1941. The only
word in the Sax. remaining to which it can be referred, is
<i>unornlic</i>, tritus, Jos. 9. 5. The following instances also
approach the same stock:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ne speke y nout with Horne,</p>
<p>Nis he nout so <i>vnorne.</i></p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. Horn</i>, 337.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Mi stefne is bold &amp; no?t <i>vnorne</i>,</p>
<p>Ho is ilich one grete horne,</p>
<p>&amp; þin is ilich one pipe.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Hule and Ni?tingale</i>, l. 317.</p>

<p class = "continue">[Ihre shews that Icel. and Su.-Goth. <i>orna</i>
mean to acquire vital heat, to grow warm. Hence <i>unorne</i> means
unfervent, spiritless, feeble, old. Thus, in the <i>Hule and
Ni?tingale</i> it means <i>feeble</i>, <i>weak</i>; in Jos. 9.&nbsp;5,
it is used of <i>old, worn-out</i> shoes. In the Ormulum, <i>unnorne</i>
occurs frequently, in the sense
<span class = "pagenum">151</span>
<a name = "page151" id = "page151"> </a>
of <i>poor</i>, <i>mean</i>, <i>feeble</i>; see ll. 827, 3668; also
<i>unnornelig</i>, meaning <i>meanly</i>, <i>humbly</i>,
<i>obscurely</i>, in ll. 3750, 4858, 7525, 8251.]</p>

<p>Unride, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>ungereod, ungerydu</i>] It is here used in
various significations, most of which, however, correspond to the senses
given by Somner. Large, cumbersome (of a garment), 964; unwieldy (of the
bar of a door), 1795; deep, wide (of a wound), 1981, 2673; numerous,
extensive (of the nobility), 2947. <i>Unrideste, sup.</i> deepest,
widest, 1985. In the second sense we find it in Sir Tristr.
p.&nbsp;167,</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Dartes wel <i>unride</i></p>
<p>Beliagog set gan.</p>
</div>

<p class = "continue">And in <i>Guy of Warwick</i>, ap. Ellis, M. R. V.
2, p.&nbsp;79.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>A targe he had ywrought full well,</p>
<p>Other metal was ther none but steel,</p>
<p class = "indent">A mickle and <i>unrede</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "continue">In the fourth sense we have these examples:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Opon Inglond for to were</p>
<p>With stout ost and <i>unride</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Horn Childe</i>, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 283.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Schir Rannald raugh to the renk ane rout wes <i>unryde</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Gaw. and Gol.</i> ii. 25.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>The soudan gederet an ost <i>unryde</i>.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>K. of Tars</i>, 142.</p>

<p class = "continue">Cf. also <i>Sir Guy</i>, Ee. <span class =
"smallroman">IV.</span> in Garrick’s Collect. ‘Ameraunt drue out a
swerde <i>unryde</i>.’ In the sense of huge, or unwieldy, we may also
understand it in Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;148, 164; Guy of Warw. ap. Ell.
M.&nbsp;R. V.&nbsp;2, p.&nbsp;78; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V.&nbsp;3,
p.&nbsp;295. In R. Brunne, p.&nbsp;174, it expresses loud, tremendous.
Sir W. Scott and Hearne are both at fault in their Glossaries, and even
Jamieson has done but little to set them right, beyond giving the true
derivation, and then, under the cognate word <i>Unrude</i>, Doug. Virg.
167, 35, &amp;c., errs from pure love of theory.</p>

<p>Vnrith, <i>n.</i> S. injustice, 1369.</p>

<p>Unwrast, Unwraste, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>unwræste</i>] feeble,
worthless, 2821; rotten, 547. This word occurs in the Saxon Chron.
168,&nbsp;4 (ed. Thorpe, p.&nbsp;321), applied to a rotten ship, and
this appears to have been the original meaning. The sense in which it
was subsequently used may be learnt by comparing La?am. ll. 13943,
29609; R.&nbsp;Gl. p.&nbsp;586; Chron. of Engl. 662, 921; Ly Beaus Desc.
2118 (not explained by Rits.); K.&nbsp;Alisaund. 878; R.&nbsp;Cœur
de&nbsp;L. 872, and Sevyn Sages, 1917. It is not found in Jam. Cf. A.S.
<i>wræst</i>, firm.</p>

<p>Uoyz, <i>n.</i> Lat. voice, 1264.</p>

<p>Vre, <i>pron.</i> S. our, 13, 596, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Vt, <i>prep.</i> S. out, 89, 155, &amp;c. <i>Uth</i>, 346, 1178.</p>

<p>Ut-bidde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Bidd">Bidd</a>.</p>

<p>Ut-drawe, Ut-drawen, Vt-drow, Ut-drowen. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Drou">Drou</a>.</p>

<p>Uten, <i>prep.</i> S. out, exhausted, 842; without, foreign, as in
<i>Uten-laddes</i>, 2153, 2580, foreigners.</p>

<p>Ut-lede. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lede">Lede</a>.</p>

<p>Utrage, <i>n.</i> S. outrage, 2837.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_W" id = "gloss_W" href =
"#glossary">W</a>

<p class = "letter">
W. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hw">Hw</a>.</p>

<p>Wa, <i>n.</i> S. woe, wail, 465.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wade" id = "gloss_Wade">Wade</a>, <i>v.</i> S. Lat.
to pass, go, 2645. <i>Wede</i>, 2387, 2641. Vid. Nares.</p>

<p>Wagge, <i>v.</i> S. to wield, brandish, 89.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Waiten" id = "gloss_Waiten">Waiten</a>, Wayte,
Wayten, <i>v.</i> Fr. to watch, 512, 1754, 2070. Chauc. Cf. O.Fr.
<i>gaiter</i>.</p>

<p>Waken, <i>v.</i> S. to watch, 630. <i>Waked</i>, <i>part. pa.</i>
watched, kept awake, 2999. <i>See</i> R.&nbsp;Br., Sq. of L. D. 852.
Chauc.</p>

<p>Wakne, <i>v.</i> S. to wake, awaken, 2164.</p>

<p>Wan, <i>adv.</i> S. when, 1962.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">152</span>
<a name = "page152" id = "page152"> </a>
<p>War, <i>adj.</i> S. aware, wary, 788, 2139.</p>

<p>Warie, <i>v.</i> S. to curse, 433. <i>Waried</i>, <i>part. pa.</i>
cursed, 434. Emare, 667. <i>Wery</i>, Minot, p.&nbsp;7. <i>Warrie</i>,
Chauc. <i>See</i> Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Warp, <i>pa. t.</i> S. threw, cast, 1061.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Al swa feor swa a mon</p>
<p>Mihte <i>werpe<sup>n</sup></i> ænne stan.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>La?am.</i> l. 17428.</p>

<p class = "continue">So in Sc. Doug. Virg. 432, and Barb. iii. 642. V.
Jam.</p>

<p>Washen, <i>v.</i> S. to wash, 1233.</p>

<p>Waste <i>for</i> Was þe, 87.</p>

<p>Wastel, <i>n.</i> Fr. cake, or loaf made of finer flour, 878.
<i>Wastels</i>, <i>pl.</i> 779. <i>See</i> Todd’s Illustr. of Chauc.,
who derives the name from <i>wastell</i>, the vessel or basket in which
the bread was carried. V. Du Cange, Spelm. Jam. In Pegge’s Form of Cury,
p.&nbsp;72, 159, we meet with <i>Wastels yfarced</i>.</p>

<p>Wat, <i>pron.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hwat">Hwat</a>.</p>

<p>Wat, <i>v.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Quath">Quath</a>.</p>

<p>Wat, <i>pp.</i> known, 1674. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Wot">Wot</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wawe" id = "gloss_Wawe">Wawe</a>, <i>n.</i> S. wall,
474, 2470. The phrase <i>bith wawe</i>, 474, is also found in Rits.
A.&nbsp;S. p.&nbsp;46, which is left unexplained by the Editor, and is
badly guessed at by Ellis. By the aid of Moor’s Suffolk Gl. we are
enabled to ascertain the meaning of an expression which is not yet
obsolete. “By the walls.” Dead and not buried. “A’ lie bi’ the walls”
&mdash;said, I believe, only of a human subject. [This remark only
applies to l.&nbsp;474. In ll. 1963, 2470, the phrase refers to the
benches placed round the walls in the great hall, whereon men slept at
night, and sat in council by day.] <i>Wowe</i>, 1963, 2078. Still so
pronounced in Lanc., &amp;c.</p>

<p>Waxen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wex">Wex</a>.</p>

<p>Wayke, <i>adj. pl.</i> S. weak, 1012.</p>

<p>Wayte, Wayten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Waiten">Waiten</a>.</p>

<p>We, 115, 287, 392, 772. Apparently an error of the scribe for
<i>wel</i>, but its frequent repetition may cause it to be doubted,
whether the <i>l</i> may not have been purposely dropped.</p>

<p>Wede, <i>v.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wade">Wade</a>.</p>

<p>Wede, <i>n.</i> S. clothing, garments, 94, 323, 861. In very general
use formerly, and still preserved in the phrase, a widow’s
<i>weeds</i>.</p>

<p>Weddeth <i>for</i> Wedded, 1127.</p>

<p>Wei, Weie, <i>n.</i> S. way, road, 772, 952.</p>

<p>Weilawa, Weilawei, <i>interj.</i> S. woe! alas! 462, 570. <i>See</i>
Gl. Sir Tr., Rits. M.&nbsp;R., and Chauc. [A.S. <i>wá la wá</i>, woe,
lo! woe; now corrupted into <i>wellaway</i>.]</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wel" id = "gloss_Wel">Wel</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. full,
<i>passim.</i> <i>Wel sixti</i>, 1747; <i>wel o-bon</i>. <i>See</i> On.
<i>Wel with me</i>, 2878. <i>Wol</i>, 185.</p>

<p>Wel, <i>n.</i> S. weal, wealth, prosperity (<i>for wel ne for
wo</i>), 2777.</p>

<p>Welde, <i>v.</i> S. to wield, govern (a kingdom), 129, 175; (a
weapon), 1436; (possessions), 2034. <i>Weldes</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i>
wieldest, governest, 1359.</p>

<p>Wende, <i>v.</i> S. to go, 1346, 1705, 2629. <i>Wenden</i>, <i>pr. t.
pl. subj.</i> 1344. <i>Wende</i>, <i>pr. t. pl. 2 p.</i> go, 1440.
<i>Wend</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> turned, 2138.</p>

<p>Wene, <i>v.</i> S. <i>pres. sing</i>, ween, think, 655, 840, 1260,
&amp;c. <i>Wenes</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> thinkest, 598. <i>Wenestu</i>,
1787, thinkest thou. <i>Wend</i>, <i>Wende</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> thought,
374, 524, 1091, 1803, &amp;c. <i>Wenden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1197,
2547.</p>

<p>Wepen, <i>pr. t.</i> or <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. weep, wept, 401.</p>

<p>Wepne, <i>n.</i> S. weapon, 89, 490, 1436, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Wer <i>for</i> Were, 1097.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Werd" id = "gloss_Werd">Werd</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
world, 1290, 2241, 2335, 2792, 2968. <i>O worde</i>, in the
<span class = "pagenum">153</span>
<a name = "page153" id = "page153"> </a>
world, 1349. Cf. <i>Ward</i> = world, in <i>Lancelot of the Laik</i>,
and <i>Gen. and Exod.</i> ed. Morris, ll. 280, 591.</p>

<p>Were, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>werian</i>] to defend, 2152, 2298. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;156; Yw. and Gaw. 2578; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.&nbsp;R.,
V.&nbsp;3, p.&nbsp;289; K. of Tars, 189; Chauc. C.&nbsp;T. 2552, V.
Note, p.&nbsp;182. <i>Werie</i>, K.&nbsp;Horn, ed. Lumby, 785, Web.,
Minot, Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Were, should be, 2782. <i>Weren</i>, <i>3 p. pl.</i> were, 156,
&amp;c.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Weren" id = "gloss_Weren">Weren</a>, 784. Sir F.
Madden says&mdash;Garnett conjectured <i>weirs</i> or dams, from Isl.
<i>ver</i>. [If <i>weren</i> be really a plural noun, I should prefer to
translate it by <i>pools</i>; cf. A.S. <i>wær</i>, Icel. <i>ver</i>,
Su.-Go. <i>wär</i>. Ihre says&mdash; “<i>Wär</i>, locus, ubi congregari
amant pisces, ut solent inter brevia et vada. Isl. <i>ver</i>,
<i>fiskaver</i>. A.S. id. unde <i>ver-hurde</i> apud Bens. custos septi
piscatorii, Angl. <i>wier</i>, <i>wear</i>, &amp;c.” See <i>wer</i> in
Stratmann. In this case the line means&mdash; “in the sea-pools he often
set them,” and the note on the line (q.v.) is wrong.]</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Werewed" id = "gloss_Werewed">Werewed</a>, <i>part.
pa.</i> S. worried, killed, 1915. [We should probably insert a mark of
interrogation, thus&mdash; “Hwat dide he? þore were<i>n</i> he werewed,”
i.e. “What did they effect? There were they slain.” Spelt <i>wirwed</i>,
1921. Cf. Du. <i>worgen</i>, and see Jam. s.v. <i>Wery</i>, and
<i>Worry</i> in Atkinson’s Gl. of Cleveland dialect.]</p>

<p>Werne, v. S. to refuse, deny, 1345. <i>Werne</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p. s.
subj.</i> refuses, forbids, 926. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;88; K.&nbsp;Horn, 1420,
&amp;c.</p>

<p>Wesseyl, <i>n.</i> S. wassail, 1246.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wesseylen" id = "gloss_Wesseylen">Wesseylen</a>,
<i>pr. t. pl.</i> wassail, 2098. <i>Wosseyled</i>, <i>part. pa.</i>
1737. <i>See</i> Rits. A.&nbsp;S. Diss. p.&nbsp;xxxiii. n. Hearne’s Gl.
to R. Glouc. in&nbsp;v. <i>Queme and Wasseyl</i>, Selden’s Notes on
Drayton’s Polyolb. p.&nbsp;150, and Nares.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wex" id = "gloss_Wex">Wex</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> S.
waxed, grew, 281. <i>Waxen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> grown, 302, 791.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wicke" id = "gloss_Wicke">Wicke</a>, Wike, Wikke,
<i>adj.</i> S. wicked, vile, 66, 319, 425, 665, 688, &amp;c. <i>Swithe
wicke</i>, 965, very mean. <i>Swiþe wikke cloþes</i>, 2458, very mean
clothing. <i>Wicke wede</i>, 2825, mean clothing.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wicth" id = "gloss_Wicth">Wicth</a>, With, <i>n.</i>
S. [<i>wiht</i>] whit, bit, small part, 97, 1763, 2500. La?am.
l.&nbsp;15031; Sevyn Sages, 293. ‘The loue of hire ne lesteth no
<i>wyht</i> longe,’ MS. Harl. 2253, f.&nbsp;128.</p>

<p>Wicth, With, <i>adj.</i> courageous, stout, active, 344, 1008, 1064,
1651, 1692, &amp;c. <i>Wicteste</i>, <i>sup.</i> 9. An epithet used
universally by the ancient poets, and to be found in every Gloss. merely
differing in orthography, as spelt <i>Waite</i>, <i>Wate</i>,
<i>Wight</i>, <i>Wich</i> &amp;c. [Sir F. Madden suggests a derivation
from A.S. <i>hwæt</i> (Icel. <i>hvátr</i>), acute, brave. Wedgwood
suggests Sw. <i>vig</i>, nimble. Cf. Su.-Goth. <i>wig</i>, Icel.
<i>vigr</i>, fit for <i>war</i> (A.S. <i>wig</i>).]</p>

<p>Wider, <i>adv.</i> S. whither, where, 1139.</p>

<p>Widuen, Wydues, <i>n. pl.</i> S. widows, 33, 79.</p>

<p>Wif, <i>n.</i> S. wife, 2860; woman, 1713. <i>Wiues</i>, <i>pl.</i>
2855.</p>

<p>Wike, Wikke. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wicke">Wicke</a>.</p>

<p>Wil, <i>adv.</i> S. while, 6.</p>

<p>Wil, <i>adj.</i> lost in error, uncertain how to proceed, 863; at a
loss, without experience, 1042. Wynt. vi. 13, 115. V. Jam. who derives
it from Su.-G. <i>wild</i>, Isl. <i>villr</i>. It is radically the same
with <i>wild</i>.</p>

<p>Wile, will, 352, 485, &amp;c. <i>Wilte</i>, 528, 1135, wilt thou;
<i>Wiltu</i>, 681, 905. <i>Wilen</i>, <i>pl.</i> 732, 920, 1345, 2817,
&amp;c.</p>

<p>Wille, <i>n.</i> S. will, 528.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wimman" id = "gloss_Wimman">Wimman</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
woman, 1139, 1168, &amp;c. <i>Wman</i>, 281. <i>Wymman</i>, 1156.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">154</span>
<a name = "page154" id = "page154"> </a>
<p>Win, <i>n.</i> S. wine, 1729. <i>Wyn</i>, 2341.</p>

<p>Winan, <i>v.</i> S. to get to, arrive at, 174. V. Gl. to <i>Will. of
Palerne</i>.</p>

<p>Winne, <i>n.</i> S. joy, gain, 660, 2965. <i>Muchere winne</i>,
La?am. l.&nbsp;10233. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.&nbsp;R., V.&nbsp;3,
p.&nbsp;294.</p>

<p>Wirchen, <i>v.</i> S. to work, cause, 510.</p>

<p>Wirwed. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Werewed">Werewed</a>.</p>

<p>Wis, <i>adj.</i> S. wise, prudent, 180, 1421, 1635; skilled, 282.</p>

<p>Wislike, <i>adv.</i> S. wisely, 274.</p>

<p>Wisse, <i>v.</i> S. to direct, ordain, advice, 104, 361. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;29; K.&nbsp;Horn, Chron. of Engl. 499; Chauc., Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Wissing, <i>n.</i> S. advice, or conduct, 2902.</p>

<p>Wiste, <i>pa. t.</i> S. knew, 115, 358, 541, &amp;c. <i>Wisten</i>,
<i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1184, 1187, 1200, &amp;c.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wit" id = "gloss_Wit">Wit</a>, <i>prep.</i> S. with,
52, 505, 701, 905, 1090, 2517, &amp;c.; by, 2489. <i>Wituten</i>, 179,
247, 2860, without. <i>Withuten</i>, 425, except. <i>With than</i>,
provided that, 532. <i>With that</i>, 1220.</p>

<p>Wite, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>wítan</i>, decernere] <i>pres. subj. or
imp.</i> decree, ordain, 19, 1316.</p>

<p>Wite, <i>v.</i> S. <i>pres. subj. or imp.</i> preserve, guard,
defend, 405, 559. R.&nbsp;Gl. p.&nbsp;98, 102. So in the <i>Carmen inter
Corpus &amp; Animam</i>, MS. Digb. 86.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>The king that al this world shop thoru his holi mi?tte,</p>
<p>He <i>wite</i> houre soule from then heuele wi?tte.</p>
</div>

<p class = "continue">And in the French Romance of Kyng Horn, MS. Harl.
527, f. 72, b. c. 2.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Ben iurez <i>Wite God</i>, kant auerez beu tant,</p>
<p>Kant le vin uus eschaufe, si seez si iurant.</p>
</div>

<p>Wite, Witen, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>witan</i>, cognoscere] to know, 367,
625, 2201, 2786; to recollect, 2708. <i>Wite</i>, <i>pr.&nbsp;t. pl.
2&nbsp;p.</i> know, 2808; <i>imp. 3 p. wite</i>, know, 517. <i>Wite</i>,
<i>3&nbsp;p. s. subj.</i> (if) he know, 694. <i>Witen</i>,
<i>pr.&nbsp;t. pl. 2&nbsp;p.</i> know, 2208. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Wot">Wot</a>.</p>

<p>With, <i>conj.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wit">Wit</a>.</p>

<p>With, <i>n.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wicth">Wicth</a>.</p>

<p>With, <i>adj.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wicth">Wicth</a>.</p>

<p>With, <i>adj.</i> S. white, 48, 1144.</p>

<p>With-sitten, <i>v.</i> S. to oppose, 1683. R. Br., Web.</p>

<p>Wlf, <i>n.</i> S. wolf, 573.</p>

<p>Wluine, <i>n.</i> S. she-wolf, 573. Dan. <i>ulfinde</i>, a
she-wolf.</p>

<p>Wman. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wimman">Wimman</a>.</p>

<p>Wnden, <i>part. pa.</i> S. wound, 546.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wo" id = "gloss_Wo">Wo</a>, <i>pron.</i> S. who,
whoso, 76, 79, &amp;c. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hwo">Hwo</a>.</p>

<p>Wo, <i>n.</i> S. woe, sorrow, 510, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Wod, <i>adj.</i> S. mad, 508, 1777, 1848, &amp;c. <i>Wode</i>,
<i>pl.</i> 1896, 2361.</p>

<p>Wok, <i>pa. t.</i> S. awoke, 2093.</p>

<p>Wol. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wel">Wel</a>.</p>

<p>Wole, will, 1150. <i>Wolde</i>, <i>would</i>, 354, 367, &amp;c.
<i>Wode</i>, 951, 2310. <i>Wolden</i>, <i>pl.</i> 456, 514, 1057.</p>

<p>Wombes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. bellies, 1911.</p>

<p>Wom so, <i>pron.</i> S. whomso, 197.</p>

<p>Won, Wone, great number, plenty, in phr. <i>ful god won</i>, in great
quantity (<i>in</i> 1791 <i>it seems to mean</i> with great force),
1024, 1791, 1837, 1907, 2325, 2617, 2729. R.&nbsp;Gl., Horn Childe, ap.
Rits. M.&nbsp;R., V.&nbsp;3, p.&nbsp;308, 314; R.&nbsp;Cœur de&nbsp;L.
3747; K.&nbsp;Alisaund, 1468; K. of Tars, 635; Minot, p.&nbsp;14; Chauc.
<i>Wane</i>, Yw. and Gaw. 1429; <i>Wayn</i>, Wall. viii. 947. Cf. Gl. to
<i>Will. of Palerne</i>.</p>

<p>Wone, <i>n.</i> S. (probably the same as <i>ween</i>, Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;59, 78), opinion, conjecture, 1711, 1972. Cf. l.&nbsp;816, and
the Glossaries, in&nbsp;v. <i>Wene</i>.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">155</span>
<a name = "page155" id = "page155"> </a>
<p>Wone, <i>v.</i> S. to dwell, 247, 406. <i>Woneth</i>, <i>pr. t. 3
p.</i> dwelleth, 105.</p>

<p>Wone, <i>part. pa.</i> wont, 2151, 2297. K. Horn, 36; R. Gl. Chron.
of Engl. 632; Web., Chauc. [A.S. <i>wune</i>, a custom.]</p>

<p>Wonges, <i>n. pl.</i> S. fields, plains, 397, 1444. Cf. l. 1360.
Spelman thinks arable land is meant by the term, rather than
pasture.</p>

<p>Wore, <i>2 and 3 p. s.</i> were, 504, 684, &amp;c. <i>Wore</i>,
<i>Woren</i>, <i>pl.</i> 237, 448, &amp;c. It is not merely a licentious
spelling, as conjectured by Sir W. Scott.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Worthe" id = "gloss_Worthe">Worþe</a>, <i>v.</i> S.
<i>imp.</i> may he be, 1102, 2873. <i>Wrth</i>, 434. <i>Wurþe</i>, 2221.
La?am. l.&nbsp;28333. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;49, and all the Gloss., including
Lynds.</p>

<p>Wosseyled. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wesseylen">Wesseylen</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wot" id = "gloss_Wot">Wot</a>, Woth, <i>pr. t. 1
p.</i> S. know, 119, 213, 653, 1345, &amp;c. <i>Wost</i>, <i>pr. t. 2
p.</i> knowest, 527, 582, 1384, &amp;c. <i>Woth</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i>
knows, 2527. <i>Wot</i>, <i>pl. 1 p.</i> know, 2803. <i>Wat</i>,
<i>part. pa.</i> known, 1674.</p>

<p>Wowe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wawe">Wawe</a>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wrathe" id = "gloss_Wrathe">Wrathe</a>, <i>n.</i> S.
wrath, anger, 2719, 2977. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Wroth">Wroth</a><ins class = "mycorr"
title = "period missing">.&nbsp;</ins></p>

<p>Wreieres, <i>n. pl.</i> S. betrayers, spoilers, 39.</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>The <i>wraiers</i> that weren in halle,</p>
<p>Schamly were thai schende.</p>
</div>

<p class = "author">
<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 190.</p>

<p>Wreken, <i>v.</i> S. to avenge, revenge, 327, 1901. <i>Wreke</i>,
<i>imp.</i> revenge (thou), 1363. <i>Wreken</i> (<i>miswritten for</i>
wreke), <i>3 p.&nbsp;imp.</i> 544. <i>Wreke</i>, <i>pr. pl. subj.</i>
1884. <i>Wreke</i>, <i>Wreken</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> revenged, 2368,
2849, 2992. Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;190, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Wringen, <i>v.</i> S. to wring, 1233.</p>

<p>Writ, <i>n.</i> S. writing, 2486. <i>Writes</i>, <i>pl.</i> writs,
letters, 136, 2275. <i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote136">note to
l.&nbsp;136</a>.</p>

<p>Wrobberes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. robbers, 39.</p>

<p>Wros, <i>n. pl.</i> corners, 68. So in the <i>Leg. of S.
Margrete</i>, quoted by Dr Leyden:</p>

<div class = "verse">
<p>Sche sei?e a wel fouler thing</p>
<p>Sitten in a <i>wro</i>;</p>
</div>

<p class = "continue">which Jamieson aptly derives from the Su.-G.
<i>wraa</i>, angulus. Cf. Dan. <i>vraa</i>, a nook, corner.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Wroth" id = "gloss_Wroth">Wroth</a>, <i>adj.</i> S.
wrath, angry, 1117. <i>Wroþe</i>, 2973. <i>See</i> <a href =
"#gloss_Wrathe">Wrathe</a>.</p>

<p>Wrouht, <i>pa. t.</i> S. wrought, 2810. <i>Wrouth</i>, 1352.
<i>Wrowht</i>, 2453.</p>

<p>Wrth. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Worthe" title =
"spelled ‘Worþe’">Worthe</a>.</p>

<p>Wunde, <i>n.</i> S. wound, 1980, 2673, &amp;c. <i>Wounde</i>, 1978.
<i>Wundes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1845, 1898, 1986. <i>Woundes</i>, 1977,
&amp;c.</p>

<p>Wurþe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Worthe">Worþe</a>.</p>


<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_Y" id = "gloss_Y" href =
"#glossary">Y</a>

<p class = "letter">
Y, <i>pron.</i> I. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ich">Ich</a>.</p>

<p>Ya, <i>adv.</i> S. yea, yes, 1888, 2009, 2607. <i>Ye</i>, 2606.
<i>See</i> Rits. note to Yw. and Gaw. l.&nbsp;43. In l.&nbsp;2009, we
should probably have found <i>yis</i> in a more southern work. See the
note to <i>?is</i> in Gl. to <i>Will. of Palerne</i>. The distinction
between <i>no</i> (l.&nbsp;1800) and <i>nay</i> (l.&nbsp;1136) is
rightly made.</p>

<p>Yaf. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p>

<p>Yare, <i>adj.</i> S. ready, 1391, 2788, 2954. Sir Tr. p. 28; Rits.
M.&nbsp;R., Web., Chauc., Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Yaren, <i>v.</i> S. to make ready, 1350. This word in all the Gloss.
has the form of <i>Yarken</i>.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Yede" id = "gloss_Yede">Yede</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> S.
went, 6, 774, 821, &amp;c. <i>Yeden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 889, 952.</p>

<p>Yeft. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Giue">Giue</a>.</p>

<p>Yelde, <i>v.</i> S. to yield, 2712; <i>imp. 3 p.</i> requite, 803.
Very common formerly in this sense. <i>Yeld</i>, <i>imp.</i> yield
(thou), 2717.</p>

<p>Yeme, <i>v.</i> S. to take charge of, govern, 131, 172, 182, 324,
&amp;c. <i>Yemede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> governed, 975, 2276. Sir Tr.
p.&nbsp;115, Rits. M.&nbsp;R., Web., R.&nbsp;Gl., Chauc.</p>

<p>Yen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Agen">Agen</a>.</p>

<span class = "pagenum">156</span>
<a name = "page156" id = "page156"> </a>
<p>Yerne, <i>adv.</i> S. eagerly, anxiously, 153, 211, 880, 925. Web.,
Rits. M.&nbsp;R., Chauc.</p>

<p>Yerne, <i>v.</i> S. to desire earnestly, 299. La?am. l. 4427.
K.&nbsp;Horn, 1419; R.&nbsp;Br., Chauc., Gl. Lynds.</p>

<p>Yete, <i>adv.</i> S. yet, 495, 973, 996, 1043.</p>

<p><a name = "gloss_Yeue" id = "gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to
give, 298, &amp;c. <i>Yeueth</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> giveth, 459.
<i>Yif</i>, <i>imp.</i> give (thou), 674; <i>3 p.</i> <i>yeue</i>, 22;
<i>pl.</i> <i>yeueþ</i>, 911. <i>Yaf</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> gave, <i>or</i>
gave heed, 315, 419, &amp;c. <i>Gaf</i>, 218, 418, 1311, &amp;c.
<i>Gouen</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 164 (in phr. <i>gouen hem ille</i>, gave
themselves up to grief); Sir Tr. p.&nbsp;129. <i>Giue</i>, <i>part.
pa.</i> 2488; <i>gouen</i>, 220. <i>Youenet</i> = <i>Youen it</i>, given
it, 1643. For <i>yaf</i> in l.&nbsp;1174, see <a href =
"#textnote1174">note on the line</a>.</p>

<p>Y-here. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Here">Here</a>, <i>v.</i></p>

<p>Yif, <i>prep.</i> S. if, 126, 377, 1974, &amp;c. <i>Yf</i>, 1189.</p>

<p>Yif. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p>

<p>Y-lere. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lere">Lere</a>.</p>

<p>Ynow. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Inow">Inow</a>.</p>

<p>Youenet. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p>

<p>Ys. <i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote1174">note to l. 1174</a>.</p>

<p>Yuel, Yuele. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Iuele">Iuele</a>.</p>

<p>Yunge, <i>adj.</i> S. young, 368, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Yure, <i>pron.</i> S. your, 171.</p>

</div>


<div class = "names">

<span class = "pagenum">157</span>
<a name = "page157" id = "page157"> </a>

<h3><a name = "names" id = "names">INDEX OF NAMES TO “HAUELOK.”</a></h3>

<hr class = "small" />

<p class = "editor">
[In this Index, the references under words in large capitals are in
general to the <i>pages</i> of the book; otherwise, the references are
to the <i>lines</i> of the poem.]</p>


<p class = "letter">
<span class = "smallcaps">Athelwold</span> (<i>spelt</i> Aþelwald, l.
1077), is king of England, and governs wisely, pp.&nbsp;2,&nbsp;3;</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>feels he is dying, p. 4;</p>
<p>bequeaths his daughter to the care of Godrich, pp. 6, 7;</p>
<p>dies, p. 8.</p>
<p>Mentioned again in ll. 2709, 2803.)</p>
</div>

<p>Auelok, <i>another spelling of</i> Hauelok, 1395, 1793.</p>


<p class = "letter">
<span class = "smallcaps">Bernard Brun</span> (i.e. Bernard Brown; so
called in ll. 1751, 1945),</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>provides a supper for Havelok, p. 48;</p>
<p>his house attacked by thieves, p. 49;</p>
<p>fights against them, p. 52;</p>
<p>tells Ubbe how well Havelok fought, p. 54.</p>
</div>

<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bertram</span> (<i>named</i> in l.
2898),</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>is cook to the Earl of Cornwall, and employs Havelok, pp. 27, 28;</p>
<p>is made Earl of Cornwall, and marries Levive, Grim’s daughter,
p.&nbsp;83.</p>
</div>

<p><span class = "smallcaps">Birkabeyn</span> (spelt Bircabein, l.
494<ins class = "mycorr" title = "close parenthesis printed after ‘2296’">);</ins></p>
<div class = "inset">
<p><i>gen.</i> Birkabeynes, 2150, 2209, 2296,</p>
<p>is king of Denmark, p. 11;</p>
<p>commends his three children to Godard, p. 12;</p>
<p>dies, p. 13;</p>
<p>his son Havelok’s resemblance to him, p. 60.</p>
</div>


<p class = "letter">
Cestre (Chester), 2607, 2859, 2896.</p>

<p>Cornwayle (Cornwall), 178, 2908;</p>
<p class = "inset">
Cornwalie, 884.</p>

<p>Crist, 16, &amp;c.;</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>&mdash;krist, 22;</p>
<p><i>gen.</i> kristes, 2797.</p>
</div>


<p class = "letter">
Dauy, seint, 2863.</p>

<p>Denemark (Denmark), 340, 381, 386, &amp;c.</p>

<p>Denshe, <i>sing. adj.</i> Danish, 1403;</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p><i>pl.</i> 2575, 2693, 2938.</p>
<p>Danshe, 2689.</p>
</div>

<p>Douere (Dover), 139, 265.</p>
<p class = "inset">
Doure, 320.</p>


<p class = "letter">
Engelond (England), 59, 202, 250, &amp;c.;</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>&mdash;Engellond, 1093;</p>
<p>&mdash;Engelonde, 208;</p>
<p>&mdash;Englond, 1270;</p>
<p>&mdash;Engeland, 108, 610;</p>
<p>&mdash;Hengelond, 999;</p>
<p><i>gen.</i> Engelondes, 63.</p>
</div>

<p>Englishe, <i>pl. adj.</i> (<i>followed by</i> men), 2766, 2795;</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>&mdash;Englis (<i>used absolutely</i>), 254;</p>
<p>&mdash;Henglishe, 2945.</p>
</div>


<p class = "letter">
Giffin [<i>Qu.</i> Griffin] Galle, 2029.</p>

<p><span class = "smallcaps">Godard</span> (<i>gen.</i> Godardes, l.
2415),</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>is made regent of Denmark, pp. 12, 13;</p>
<p>shuts up Birkabeyn’s children in a castle, p. 13;</p>
<p>kills Swanborow and Helfled, p. 15;</p>
<p>spares Havelok, p. 16;</p>
<p>but afterwards hires Grim to drown Havelok, p. 17;</p>
<p>is attacked by Havelok, p. 67;</p>
<p>is taken prisoner, p. 68;</p>
<p>condemned, flayed, drawn, and hung, pp. 70, 71.</p>
</div>

<span class = "pagenum">158</span>
<a name = "page158" id = "page158"> </a>
<p><span class = "smallcaps">Godrich</span> (<i>spelt</i> Godrigh, l.
178),</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>is Earl of Cornwall, p. 6;</p>
<p>is made regent of England, pp. 7, 8, 9;</p>
<p>shuts Goldborough up in Dover castle, p. 10;</p>
<p>makes Goldborough marry Havelok, p. 33;</p>
<p>raises an army against Havelok, p. 72;</p>
<p>excites his men, p. 73;</p>
<p>marches to Grimsby, p. 74;</p>
<p>fights with Ubbe, p. 75;</p>
<p>fights with Havelok, pp. 77, 78;</p>
<p>is taken prisoner, p. 78;</p>
<p>taken to Lincoln, and burnt alive, pp. 80, 81.</p>
</div>

<p><span class = "smallcaps">Goldeboru</span> (<i>or</i> Goldeborw, l.
2985),</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>is daughter of King Athelwold, p. 4;</p>
<p>is committed to the care of Godrich, pp. 8, 9;</p>
<p>shut up in Dover castle, p. 11;</p>
<p>is sent for to Lincoln, p. 33;</p>
<p>is married to Havelok, p. 36;</p>
<p>hears an angel’s voice, p. 39;</p>
<p>encourages Havelok to go to Denmark, p. 41;</p>
<p>rejoices at Godrich’s death, p. 81;</p>
<p>is queen of England, p. 85.</p>
<p><i>See</i> <a href = "#names_havelok">Havelok</a>.</p>
</div>

<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grim</span>, a fisher, is hired by Godard
to drown Havelok, p.&nbsp;17;</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>discovers Havelok to be the right heir to the crown, p. 19;</p>
<p>takes Havelok over to England, p. 20;</p>
<p>founds Grimsby, p. 23;</p>
<p>sends Havelok to Lincoln, p. 26;</p>
<p>dies, p. 37.</p>
</div>
<p class = "editor">
[In l. 2333, there seems to be an allusion to a spectacle, in which the
history of Grim is represented.]</p>

<p>Grimes, <i>gen. c. of</i> Grim, 1343, 1392, 2867.</p>

<p>Grimesbi, 745, 2540, 2579, 2617, 2619;</p>
<p class = "inset">
&mdash;Grimesby, 1202.</p>

<p>Gunnild (daughter of Grim, marries Earl Reyner of Chester), 2866,
2896.</p>

<p>Gunter (an English earl), 2606.</p>


<p class = "letter">
<a class = "smallcaps" name = "names_havelok" id =
"names_havelok">Hauelok</a>, son of king Birkabeyn of Denmark, p.
13;</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>spared by Godard, p. 16;</p>
<p>but given over by him to Grim to be drowned, p. 17;</p>
<p>spared and fed by Grim, p. 20;</p>
<p>goes to England, p. 22;</p>
<p>sells fish, p. 25;</p>
<p>works as a porter, p. 27;</p>
<p>puts the stone, p. 31;</p>
<p>marries Goldborough, p. 35;</p>
<p>returns to Grimsby, p. 36;</p>
<p>his dream, p. 39;</p>
<p>returns to Denmark, p. 43;</p>
<p>trades there, p. 44;</p>
<p>is noticed by Ubbe, p. 45;</p>
<p>defends Bernard’s house against thieves, pp. 48-53;</p>
<p>is known to be heir of Denmark by a miraculous light, p. 60;</p>
<p>is dubbed knight by Ubbe, p. 65;</p>
<p>is king of Denmark, p. 66;</p>
<p>defeats Godard, p. 68;</p>
<p>invades England, p. 72;</p>
<p>defeats Godrich, p. 77;</p>
<p>rewards Bertram and others, p. 82;</p>
<p>lives to be a hundred years old, p. 83;</p>
<p>is crowned king of England at London, p. 84;</p>
<p>is king for sixty years, p. 85.</p>
</div>
<p class = "editor">
[The story is called “þe gest of Hauelok and of Goldeborw,”
l.&nbsp;2985.]</p>

<p>Helfled (Havelok’s sister), 411.</p>

<p>Hengelonde (England), 999.</p>

<p>Henglishe (<i>pl.</i> English), 2945.</p>

<p>Humber (the river), 733.</p>

<p>Huwe Rauen (one of Grim’s sons), 1398, 1868, 2349, 2636, 2677;</p>
<p class = "inset">
<i>spelt</i> Hwe, 1878.</p>


<p class = "letter">
Iohan, seint; the patron saint to whom Havelok commits his Danes,
2957;</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>bi seint Iohan! 1112, 2563.</p>
<p><i>Spelt</i> Ion, 177.</p>
</div>

<p>Iudas, 319, 425, 1133.</p>


<p class = "letter">
Lazarun (= Lazarum, <i>acc.</i> of Lazarus), 331.</p>
<p class = "editor">
Cf. “Lord” &mdash;said Guy&mdash; “that reared <i>Lazaroun</i>,” &amp;c.
Guy of Warwick, in Ellis, Met. Rom. (ed. Halliwell), p.&nbsp;227.</p>

<p>Leue (Grim’s wife), 558, 576, 595, 642.</p>

<p>Leuiue (Grim’s daughter, married to Bertram), 2914.</p>

<p>Lincolne, 773, 847, 862, 980, 1105, 2558, 2572, 2824.</p>

<p>Lindeseye (N. part of Lincolnshire), 734.</p>

<p>Lundone (London), 2943.</p>


<span class = "pagenum">159</span>
<a name = "page159" id = "page159"> </a>
<p class = "letter">
Marz (March), 2559.</p>


<p class = "letter">
Reyner (earl of Chester), 2607.</p>

<p>Roberd þe rede (Grim’s eldest son), 1397, 1686, 1888, &amp;c.;</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>&mdash;Robert, 2405, 2411, &amp;c.;</p>
<p><i>gen.</i> Roberdes, 1691.</p>
</div>

<p>Rokesborw (explained by Prof. Morley to mean Rokeby, but it is surely
Roxburgh), 265;</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>&mdash;Rokesburw, 139.</p>
<p>Roxburgh is spelt <i>Rokesburgh</i> in Walsingham, ed. Riley, i. 340,
&amp;c.</p>
</div>


<p class = "letter">
Sathanas (Satan), 1100, 1134, 2512.</p>

<p>Swanborow (Havelok’s sister), 411.</p>


<p class = "letter">
<span class = "smallcaps">Ubbe</span>, a great Danish lord, p. 44;</p>
<div class = "inset">
<p>entertains Havelok, p. 45;</p>
<p>takes him to his castle, p. 57;</p>
<p>does homage to Havelok, p. 63;</p>
<p>dubs him knight, p. 65;</p>
<p>his combat with Godrich, p. 75;</p>
<p>is sorely wounded, p. 76.</p>
</div>


<p class = "letter">
Willam Wendut (one of Grim’s sons), 1690, 1881, 1892, 2348, 2632;</p>
<p class = "inset">
&mdash;Wiliam Wenduth, 1398.</p>

<p>Winchestre, 158, 318.</p>


<p class = "letter">
Yerk (York), 1178.</p>

<p>Ynde, India, 1085.</p>

</div>
<!-- end div names -->

</div>
<!-- end div maintext -->

<p>&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</p>

<h6>JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.</h6>
</html>