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<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Hallowe&#39;en Festivities.</span><br /><i>From an Old English Print.</i></span>
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<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<h1>The<br />
Book of Hallowe'en</h1><p><br /></p>

<h4>By</h4>
<h3>RUTH EDNA KELLEY, A. M.<br />
<i>Lynn Public Library</i></h3>
<p><br /></p>
<h5><i>ILLUSTRATED</i></h5><p><br /></p>

<h4>BOSTON<br />
LOTHROP, LEE &amp; SHEPARD CO.</h4>

<hr style="width: 65%;" />

<h5>Published, August, 1919</h5>
<p><br /></p><div class="center">
<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><span class="smcap">COPYRIGHT</span>, 1919,<br />
<span class="smcap">By Lothrop, Lee &amp; Shepard Co.</span><br /></b></span>
<hr class="fm" style="width: 5%; color: black;" />
<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><i>All Rights Reserved</i><br /></b></span>
<hr class="fm" style="width: 5%; color: black;" />
<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>The Book of Hallowe'en</b></span></div>
<p><br /></p>
<h5>Norwood Press<br />
BERWICK &amp; SMITH CO.<br />
<span class="smcap">Norwood, Mass.</span><br />
U. S. A.</h5>


<hr style="width: 65%;" />

<p class="center"><i>To my Mother and the memory of my Father<br />
        who inspired and encouraged me<br />
            in the writing of this<br />
                   book</i></p>


<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii" href="#Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
<h2>PREFACE</h2>


<p>This book is intended to give the reader
an account of the origin and history of
Hallowe'en, how it absorbed some customs
belonging to other days in the year,&mdash;such as
May Day, Midsummer, and Christmas. The
context is illustrated by selections from ancient
and modern poetry and prose, related to
Hallowe'en ideas.</p>

<p>Those who wish suggestions for readings,
recitations, plays, and parties, will find the
lists in the appendix useful, in addition to the
books on entertainments and games to be
found in any public library.</p>

<p>Special acknowledgment is made to Messrs.
E. P. Dutton &amp; Company for permission to
use the poem entitled "Hallowe'en" from
"The Spires of Oxford and Other Poems," by
W. M. Letts; to Messrs. Longmans, Green &amp;
Company for the poem "Pomona," by William
Morris; and to the Editors of <i>The Independent</i>
for the use of five poems.</p>

<p class="quotsig">
RUTH EDNA KELLEY.<br />
<span class="smcap">Lynn</span>, <i>1919</i>.<br />
</p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix" href="#Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
<h2>CONTENTS</h2>

<table border="0" width="550" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
<col style="width:5%;" />
<col style="width:80%;" />
<col style="width:15%;" />

<tr><td>CHAP.</td><td></td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">PAGE</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">I.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Sun-Worship. The Sources of Hallowe'en</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">II.</td><td> <span class="smcap">The Celts: Their Religion and Festivals</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">III.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Samhain</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">IV.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Pomona</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">V.</td><td> <span class="smcap">The Coming of Christianity. All Saints'. All Souls'</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">VI.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Origin and Character of Hallowe'en Omens</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">VII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in Ireland</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">VIII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs And Customs in Scotland</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap"> and the Hebrides</span></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">IX.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in England and Man</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">X.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in Wales</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XI.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in Brittany and France</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">The Teutonic Religion. Witches</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XIII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Walpurgis Night</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XIV.</td><td> <span class="smcap">More Hallowtide Beliefs and Customs</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XV.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en in America</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x" href="#Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></td></tr>
    <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">"Four Poems"</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr>
    <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Magazine References To Hallowe'en Entertainments</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
    <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Supplementary List of Readings, Recitations, and Plays</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr>
    <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Index to Quotations</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td></tr>
    <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr>
</table>


<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi" href="#Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
<table border="0" width="400" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
<col style="width:80%;" />
<col style="width:20%;" />

<tr><td>Hallowe'en Festivities</td><td align="right"><i><a href="#FRONTIS">Frontispiece</a></i></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">facing page</span></td></tr>
<tr><td>In Hallowe'en Time</td><td align="right"><a href="#TIME">34</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>The Witch of the Walnut-Tree</td><td align="right"><a href="#WALNUT">100</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>The Witches' Dance (<i>Valpurgisnacht</i>)</td><td align="right"><a href="#DANCE">138</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Fortune-Telling</td><td align="right"><a href="#FORTUNE">148</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Hallowe'en Tables, I</td><td align="right"><a href="#W_TABLE">156</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Hallowe'en Tables, II</td><td align="right"><a href="#CALDRON">158</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>No Hallowe'en without a Jack-o'-lantern</td><td align="right"><a href="#JACKOLANTERN">178</a></td></tr>
</table>


<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<h1>The Book of Hallowe'en</h1>

<hr style='width: 65%;' />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1" href="#Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER I</h2>

<h3>SUN-WORSHIP. THE SOURCES OF
HALLOWE'EN</h3>


<p>If we could ask one of the old-world
pagans whom he revered as his greatest
gods, he would be sure to name among them
the sun-god; calling him Apollo if he were a
Greek; if an Egyptian, Horus or Osiris; if
of Norway, Sol; if of Peru, Bochica. As the
sun is the center of the physical universe, so
all primitive peoples made it the hub about
which their religion revolved, nearly always
believing it a living person to whom they
could say prayers and offer sacrifices, who
directed their lives and destinies, and could
even snatch men from earthly existence to
dwell for a time with him, as it draws the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2" href="#Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
water from lakes and seas.</p>

<p>In believing this they followed an instinct
of all early peoples, a desire to make persons
of the great powers of nature, such as the
world of growing things, mountains and
water, the sun, moon, and stars; and a wish
for these gods they had made to take an interest
in and be part of their daily life. The
next step was making stories about them to
account for what was seen; so arose myths
and legends.</p>

<p>The sun has always marked out work-time
and rest, divided the year into winter idleness,
seed-time, growth, and harvest; it has
always been responsible for all the beauty and
goodness of the earth; it is itself splendid to
look upon. It goes away and stays longer
and longer, leaving the land in cold and
gloom; it returns bringing the long fair days
and resurrection of spring. A Japanese
legend tells how the hidden sun was lured
out by an image made of a copper plate with
saplings radiating from it like sunbeams, and
a fire kindled, dancing, and prayers; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3" href="#Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
round the earth in North America the Cherokees
believed they brought the sun back upon
its northward path by the same means of
rousing its curiosity, so that it would come
out to see its counterpart and find out what
was going on.</p>

<p>All the more important church festivals are
survivals of old rites to the sun. "How
many times the Church has decanted the new
wine of Christianity into the old bottles of
heathendom." Yule-tide, the pagan Christmas,
celebrated the sun's turning north, and
the old midsummer holiday is still kept in
Ireland and on the Continent as St. John's
Day by the lighting of bonfires and a dance
about them from east to west as the sun appears
to move. The pagan Hallowe'en at the
end of summer was a time of grief for the decline
of the sun's glory, as well as a harvest
festival of thanksgiving to him for having
ripened the grain and fruit, as we formerly
had husking-bees when the ears had been
garnered, and now keep our own Thanksgiving
by eating of our winter store in praise of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4" href="#Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
God who gives us our increase.</p>

<p>Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit, lends
us the harvest element of Hallowe'en; the
Celtic day of "summer's end" was a time
when spirits, mostly evil, were abroad; the
gods whom Christ dethroned joined the ill-omened
throng; the Church festivals of All
Saints' and All Souls' coming at the same
time of year&mdash;the first of November&mdash;contributed
the idea of the return of the dead;
and the Teutonic May Eve assemblage of
witches brought its hags and their attendant
beasts to help celebrate the night of
October 31st.</p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5" href="#Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER II</h2>

<h3>THE CELTS: THEIR RELIGION AND
FESTIVALS</h3>


<p>The first reference to Great Britain in European
annals of which we know was the
statement in the fifth century <span class="smcap">b. c.</span> of the
Greek historian Herodotus, that Ph&#339;nician
sailors went to the British Isles for tin. He
called them the "Tin Islands." The people
with whom these sailors traded must have
been Celts, for they were the first inhabitants
of Britain who worked in metal instead of
stone.</p>

<p>The Druids were priests of the Celts centuries
before Christ came. There is a tradition
in Ireland that they first arrived there
in 270 <span class="smcap">b. c.</span>, seven hundred years before St.
Patrick. The account of them written by
Julius C&aelig;sar half a century before Christ
speaks mainly of the Celts of Gaul, dividing
them into two ruling classes who kept the
people almost in a state of slavery; the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6" href="#Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
knights, who waged war, and the Druids who
had charge of worship and sacrifices, and were
in addition physicians, historians, teachers,
scientists, and judges.</p>

<p>C&aelig;sar says that this cult originated in
Britain, and was transferred to Gaul. Gaul
and Britain had one religion and one language,
and might even have one king, so that
what C&aelig;sar wrote of Gallic Druids must have
been true of British.</p>

<p>The Celts worshipped spirits of forest and
stream, and feared the powers of evil, as did
the Greeks and all other early races. Very
much of their primitive belief has been kept,
so that to Scotch, Irish, and Welsh peasantry
brooks, hills, dales, and rocks abound in tiny
supernatural beings, who may work them
good or evil, lead them astray by flickering
lights, or charm them into seven years' servitude
unless they are bribed to show favor.</p>

<p>The name "Druid" is derived from the
Celtic word "druidh," meaning "sage," connected
with the Greek word for oak, "drus,"</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The rapid oak-tree&mdash;<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7" href="#Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">Before him heaven and earth quake:<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Stout door-keeper against the foe.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">In every land his name is mine."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Taliesin</span>: <i>Battle of the Trees</i>.
</p>

<p>for the oak was held sacred by them as a
symbol of the omnipotent god, upon whom
they depended for life like the mistletoe growing
upon it. Their ceremonies were held in
oak-groves.</p>

<p>Later from their name a word meaning
"magician" was formed, showing that these
priests had gained the reputation of being
dealers in magic.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Druid followed him and suddenly, as
we are told, struck him with a druidic wand, or
according to one version, flung at him a tuft of
grass over which he had pronounced a druidical
incantation."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">O'Curry</span>: <i>Ancient Irish</i>.
</p></div>

<p>They dealt in symbols, common objects to
which was given by the interposition of
spirits, meaning to signify certain facts, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8" href="#Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
power to produce certain effects. Since they
were tree-worshippers, trees and plants were
thought to have peculiar powers.</p>

<p>C&aelig;sar provides them with a galaxy of Roman
divinities, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and
Minerva, who of course were worshipped
under their native names. Their chief god
was Baal, of whom they believed the sun the
visible emblem. They represented him by
lowlier tokens, such as circles and wheels.
The trefoil, changed into a figure composed
of three winged feet radiating from a center,
represented the swiftness of the sun's journey.
The cross too was a symbol of the sun, being
the appearance of its light shining upon dew
or stream, making to the half-closed eye
little bright crosses. One form of the cross
was the swastika.</p>

<p>To Baal they made sacrifices of criminals
or prisoners of war, often burning them alive
in wicker images. These bonfires lighted on
the hills were meant to urge the god to protect
and bless the crops and herds. From
the appearance of the victims sacrificed in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9" href="#Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
them, omens were taken that foretold the future.
The gods and other supernatural
powers in answer to prayer were thought to
signify their will by omens, and also by the
following methods: the ordeal, in which the
innocence or guilt of a person was shown by
the way the god permitted him to endure fire
or other torture; exorcism, the driving out of
demons by saying mysterious words or names
over them. Becoming skilled in interpreting
the will of the gods, the Druids came to be
known as prophets.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"O Deirdr&eacute;, terrible child,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">For thee, red star of our ruin,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Great weeping shall be in Eri&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Woe, woe, and a breach in Ulla.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Thy feet shall trample the mighty<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Yet stumble on heads thou lovest."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Todhunter</span>: <i>Druid song of Cathvah</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>They kept their lore for the most part a
secret, forbidding it to be written, passing it
down by word of mouth. They taught the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10" href="#Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
immortality of the soul, that it passed from
one body to another at death.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"If, as those Druids taught, which kept the British rites,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And dwelt in darksome groves, there counselling with sprites,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">When these our souls by death our bodies do forsake<br /></span>
<span class="i0">They instantly again do other bodies take&mdash;&mdash;"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Drayton</span>: <i>Polyolbion</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>They believed that on the last night of the old
year (October 31st) the lord of death gathered
together the souls of all those who had died
in the passing year and had been condemned
to live in the bodies of animals, to decree
what forms they should inhabit for the next
twelve months. He could be coaxed to give
lighter sentences by gifts and prayers.</p>

<p>The badge of the initiated Druid was a
glass ball reported to be made in summer of
the spittle of snakes, and caught by the priests
as the snakes tossed it into the air.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"And the potent adder-stone<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11" href="#Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">Gender'd 'fore the autumnal moon<br /></span>
<span class="i0">When in undulating twine<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The foaming snakes prolific join."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Mason</span>: <i>Caractacus.</i><br />
</p>

<p>It was real glass, blown by the Druids themselves.
It was supposed to aid the wearer in
winning lawsuits and securing the favor of
kings.</p>

<p>An animal sacred to the Druids was the cat.</p>

<p>"A slender black cat reclining on a chain
of old silver" guarded treasure in the old
days. For a long time cats were dreaded by
the people because they thought human beings
had been changed to that form by evil
means.</p>

<p>The chief festivals of the Druids fell on four
days, celebrating phases of the sun's career.
Fires of sacrifice were lighted especially at
spring and midsummer holidays, by exception
on November 1st.</p>

<p>May Day and November Day were the
more important, the beginning and end of
summer, yet neither equinoxes nor solstices.
The time was divided then not according to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12" href="#Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
sowing and reaping, but by the older method
of reckoning from when the herds were turned
out to pasture in the spring and brought into
the fold again at the approach of winter&mdash;by
a pastoral rather than an agricultural people.</p>

<p>On the night before Beltaine ("Baal-fire"),
the first of May, fires were burned to Baal to
celebrate the return of the sun bringing
summer. Before sunrise the houses were
decked with garlands to gladden the sun
when he appeared; a rite which has survived
in "going maying." The May-Day fires were
used for purification. Cattle were singed by
being led near the flames, and sometimes bled
that their blood might be offered as a sacrifice
for a prosperous season.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i8">"When lo! a flame,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">A wavy flame of ruddy light<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Leaped up, the farmyard fence above.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And while his children's shout rang high,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">His cows the farmer slowly drove<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Across the blaze,&mdash;he knew not why."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Kickham</span>: <i>St. John's Eve</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>A cake was baked in the fire with one piece<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13" href="#Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
blacked with charcoal. Whoever got the
black piece was thereby marked for sacrifice
to Baal, so that, as the ship proceeded in
safety after Jonah was cast overboard, the
affairs of the group about the May-Eve fire
might prosper when it was purged of the
one whom Baal designated by lot. Later
only the symbol of offering was used, the
victim being forced to leap thrice over the
flames.</p>

<p>In history it was the day of the coming of
good. Partholon, the discoverer and promoter
of Ireland, came thither from the other
world to stay three hundred years. The gods
themselves, the deliverers of Ireland, first
arrived there "through the air" on May
Day.</p>

<p>June 21st, the day of the summer solstice,
the height of the sun's power, was marked by
midnight fires of joy and by dances. These
were believed to strengthen the sun's heat.
A blazing wheel to represent the sun was
rolled down hill.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i4">"A happy thought.<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14" href="#Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">Give me this cart-wheel.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">I'll have it tied with ropes and smeared with pitch,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And when it's lighted, I will roll it down<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The steepest hillside."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Hauptmann</span>: <i>Sunken Bell</i>.<br />
<span class="i0">(Lewisohn <i>trans.</i>)<br /></span>
</p>

<p>Spirits were believed to be abroad, and torches
were carried about the fields to protect them
from invasion. Charms were tried on that
night with seeds of fern and hemp, and
dreams were believed to be prophetic.</p>

<p>Lugh, in old Highland speech "the summer
sun"</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i4">"The hour may hither drift<br /></span>
<span class="i0">When at the last, amid the o'erwearied Shee&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Weary of long delight and deathless joys&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">One you shall love may fade before your eyes,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Before your eyes may fade, and be as mist<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Caught in the sunny hollow of Lu's hand,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Lord of the Day."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>had for father one of the gods and for mother
the daughter of a chief of the enemy. Hence
he possessed some good and some evil tendencies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15" href="#Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
He may be the Celtic Mercury, for
they were alike skilled in magic and alchemy,
in deception, successful in combats with
demons, the bringers of new strength and
cleansing to the nation. He said farewell to
power on the first of August, and his foster-mother
had died on that day, so then it was
he set his feast-day. The occasion was called
"Lugnasad," "the bridal of Lugh" and the
earth, whence the harvest should spring. It
was celebrated by the offering of the first
fruits of harvest, and by races and athletic
sports. In Meath, Ireland, this continued
down into the nineteenth century, with dancing
and horse-racing the first week of August.</p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16" href="#Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER III</h2>

<h3>SAMHAIN</h3>


<p>On November first was Samhain ("summer's
end").</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Take my tidings:<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Stags contend;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Snows descend&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Summer's end!<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"A chill wind raging,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">The sun low keeping,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Swift to set<br /></span>
<span class="i0">O'er seas high sweeping.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Dull red the fern;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Shapes are shadows;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Wild geese mourn<br /></span>
<span class="i0">O'er misty meadows.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Keen cold limes each weaker wing,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Icy times&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Such I sing!<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Take my tidings."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Graves</span>: <i>First Winter Song</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>Then the flocks were driven in, and men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17" href="#Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
first had leisure after harvest toil. Fires
were built as a thanksgiving to Baal for
harvest. The old fire on the altar was
quenched before the night of October 31st,
and the new one made, as were all sacred
fires, by friction. It was called "forced-fire."
A wheel and a spindle were used:
the wheel, the sun symbol, was turned from
east to west, sunwise. The sparks were
caught in tow, blazed upon the altar, and
were passed on to light the hilltop fires.
The new fire was given next morning, New
Year's Day, by the priests to the people to
light their hearths, where all fires had been
extinguished. The blessed fire was thought
to protect the year through the home it
warmed. In Ireland the altar was Tlactga,
on the hill of Ward in Meath, where sacrifices,
especially black sheep, were burnt in the new
fire. From the death struggles and look of
the creatures omens for the future year were
taken.</p>

<p>The year was over, and the sun's life of a
year was done. The Celts thought that at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18" href="#Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
this time the sun fell a victim for six months
to the powers of winter darkness. In Egyptian
mythology one of the sun-gods, Osiris,
was slain at a banquet by his brother S&icirc;tou,
the god of darkness. On the anniversary of
the murder, the first day of winter, no Egyptian
would begin any new business for fear of
bad luck, since the spirit of evil was then in
power.</p>

<p>From the idea that the sun suffered from
his enemies on this day grew the association
of Samhain with death.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Of wailing winds, and naked woods, and meadows brown and sere.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Heaped in the hollows of the grove, the wither'd leaves lie dead;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">They rustle to the eddying gust, and to the rabbit's tread.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The robin and the wren are flown, and from the shrub the jay<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And from the wood-top calls the crow, through all the gloomy day.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The wind-flower and the violet, they perished long ago,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19" href="#Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">And the wild rose and the orchis died amid the summer glow:<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But on the hill the golden-rod, and the aster in the wood,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And the yellow sun-flower by the brook in autumn beauty stood,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Till fell the frost from the cold clear heaven, as falls the plague on men,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And the brightness of their smile was gone from upland, glade, and glen."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Bryant</span>: <i>Death of the Flowers</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>In the same state as those who are dead,
are those who have never lived, dwelling right
in the world, but invisible to most mortals at
most times. Seers could see them at any time,
and if very many were abroad at once others
might get a chance to watch them too.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"There is a world in which we dwell,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And yet a world invisible.<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And do not think that naught can be<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Save only what with eyes ye see:<br /></span>
<span class="i0">I tell ye that, this very hour,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Had but your sight a spirit's power,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Ye would be looking, eye to eye,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">At a terrific company."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Coxe</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>These supernatural spirits ruled the dead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20" href="#Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
There were two classes: the Tuatha De
Danann, "the people of the goddess Danu,"
gods of light and life; and spirits of darkness
and evil. The Tuatha had their chief seat on
the Isle of Man, in the middle of the Irish
Sea, and brought under their power the
islands about them. On a Midsummer Day
they vanquished the Fir Bolgs and gained
most of Ireland, by the battle of Moytura.</p>

<p>A long time afterwards&mdash;perhaps 1000 <span class="smcap">b. c.</span>&mdash;the
Fomor, sea-demons, after destroying
nearly all their enemies by plagues, exacted
from those remaining, as tribute, "a third
part of their corn, a third part of their milk,
and a third part of their children." This tax
was paid on Samhain. It was on the week
before Samhain that the Fomor landed upon
Ireland. On the eve of Samhain the gods
met them in the second battle of Moytura, and
they were driven back into the ocean.</p>

<p>As Tigernmas, a mythical king of Ireland,
was sacrificing "the firstlings of every issue,
and the scions of every clan" to Crom Croich,
the king idol, and lay prostrate before the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21" href="#Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
image, he and three-fourths of his men mysteriously
disappeared.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i8">"Then came<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Tigernmas, the prince of Tara yonder<br /></span>
<span class="i0">On Hallowe'en with many hosts.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">A cause of grief to them was the deed.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Dead were the men<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Of Bamba's host, without happy strength<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Around Tigernmas, the destructive man of the north,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">From the worship of Crom Cruaich. 'T was no luck for them.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">For I have learnt,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Except one-fourth of the keen Gaels,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Not a man alive&mdash;lasting the snare!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Escaped without death in his mouth."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><i>Dinnsenchus of Mag Slecht</i> (Meyer <i>trans.</i>).<br />
</p>

<p>This was direct invocation, but the fire rites
which were continued so long afterwards were
really only worshipping the sun by proxy, in
his nearest likeness, fire.</p>

<p>Samhain was then a day sacred to the
death of the sun, on which had been paid a
sacrifice of death to evil powers. Though
overcome at Moytura evil was ascendant at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22" href="#Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
Samhain. Methods of finding out the will
of spirits and the future naturally worked
better then, charms and invocations had more
power, for the spirits were near to help, if care
was taken not to anger them, and due honors
paid.</p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23" href="#Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER IV</h2>

<h3>POMONA</h3>


<p>Ops was the Latin goddess of plenty.
Single parts of her province were taken over
by various other divinities, among whom was
Pomona (<i>pomorum patrona</i>, "she who cares
for fruits"). She is represented as a maiden
with fruit in her arms and a pruning-knife in
her hand.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"I am the ancient apple-queen.<br /></span>
<span class="i2">As once I was so am I now&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">For evermore a hope unseen<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Betwixt the blossom and the bough.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Ah, where's the river's hidden gold!<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And where's the windy grave of Troy?<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Yet come I as I came of old,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">From out the heart of summer's joy."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Morris</span>: <i>Pomona</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>Many Roman poets told stories about her, the
best known being by Ovid, who says that she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24" href="#Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
was wooed by many orchard-gods, but preferred
to remain unmarried. Among her
suitors was Vertumnus ("the changer"), the
god of the turning year, who had charge of
the exchange of trade, the turning of river
channels, and chiefly of the change in nature
from flower to ripe fruit. True to his character
he took many forms to gain Pomona's
love. Now he was a ploughman (spring),
now a fisherman (summer), now a reaper
(autumn).</p>

<p>At last he took the likeness of an old
woman (winter), and went to gossip with
Pomona. After sounding her mind and
finding her averse to marriage, the woman
pleaded for Vertumnus's success.</p>

<div class="blockquot">
"Is not he the first to have the fruits which
are thy delight? And does he not hold thy
gifts in his joyous right hand?"
<p class="cite"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span>: <i>Vertumnus and Pomona</i>.<br /></p>
</div>

<p>Then the crone told her the story of Anaxarete
who was so cold to her lover Iphis that
he hanged himself, and she at the window<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25" href="#Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
watching his funeral train pass by was
changed to a marble statue. Advising
Pomona to avoid such a fate, Vertumnus
donned his proper form, that of a handsome
young man, and Pomona, moved by the story
and his beauty, yielded and became his wife.</p>

<p>Vertumnus had a statue in the Tuscan Way
in Rome, and a temple. His festival, the
Vortumnalia, was held on the 23d of August,
when the summer began to wane. Garlands
and garden produce were offered to him.</p>

<p>Pomona had been assigned one of the
fifteen <i>flamina</i>, priests whose duty it was to
kindle the fire for special sacrifices. She had
a grove near Ostia where a harvest festival
was held about November first. Not much is
known of the ceremonies, but from the
similar August holiday much may be deduced.
Then the deities of fire and water
were propitiated that their disfavor might
not ruin the crops. On Pomona's day doubtless
thanks was rendered them for their aid
to the harvest. An offering of first-fruits was
made in August; in November the winter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26" href="#Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
store of nuts and apples was opened. The
horses released from toil contended in races.</p>

<p>From Pomona's festival nuts and apples,
from the Druidic Samhain the supernatural
element, combined to give later generations
the charms and omens from nuts and apples
which are made trial of at Hallowe'en.</p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27" href="#Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER V</h2>

<h3>THE COMING OF CHRISTIANITY. ALL SAINTS'. ALL SOULS'</h3>


<p>The great power which the Druids exercised
over their people interfered with the
Roman rule of Britain. Converts were being
made at Rome. Augustus forbade Romans
to became initiated, Tiberius banished the
priestly clan and their adherents from Gaul,
and Claudius utterly stamped out the belief
there, and put to death a Roman knight for
wearing the serpent's-egg badge to win a lawsuit.
Forbidden to practise their rites in
Britain, the Druids fled to the isle of Mona,
near the coast of Wales. The Romans pursued
them, and in 61 <span class="smcap">a. d.</span> they were slaughtered
and their oak groves cut down. During
the next three centuries the cult was stifled to
death, and the Christian religion substituted.</p>

<p>It was believed that at Christ's advent the
pagan gods either died or were banished.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The lonely mountains o'er<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28" href="#Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">And the resounding shore<br /></span>
<span class="i2">A voice of weeping heard, and loud lament.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">From haunted spring and dale,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Edged with poplar pale,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">The parting genius is with sighing sent.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">With flower-inwoven tresses torn<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>On the Morning of Christ's Nativity.</i><br />
</p>

<p>The Christian Fathers explained all oracles
and omens by saying that there was something
in them, but that they were the work
of the evil one. The miraculous power they
seemed to possess worked "black magic."</p>

<p>It was a long, hard effort to make men see
that their gods had all the time been wrong,
and harder still to root out the age-long
growth of rite and symbol. But on the old
religion might be grafted new names; Midsummer
was dedicated to the birth of Saint
John; Lugnasad became Lammas. The fires
belonging to these times of year were retained,
their old significance forgotten or reconsecrated.
The rowan, or mountain ash, whose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29" href="#Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
berries had been the food of the Tuatha, now
exorcised those very beings. The trefoil
signified the Trinity, and the cross no longer
the rays of the sun on water, but the cross of
Calvary. The fires which had been built
to propitiate the god and consume his sacrifices
to induce him to protect them were
now lighted to protect the people from the
same god, declared to be an evil mischief-maker.
In time the autumn festival of the
Druids became the vigil of All Hallows or All
Saints' Day.</p>

<p>All Saints' was first suggested in the fourth
century, when the Christians were no longer
persecuted, in memory of all the saints, since
there were too many for each to have a
special day on the church calendar. A day
in May was chosen by Pope Boniface IV in
610 for consecrating the Pantheon, the old
Roman temple of all the gods, to the Virgin
and all the saints and martyrs. Pope
Gregory III dedicated a chapel in St. Peter's
to the same, and that day was made compulsory
in 835 by Pope Gregory IV, as All<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30" href="#Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
Saints'. The day was changed from May to
November so that the crowds that thronged
to Rome for the services might be fed from
the harvest bounty. It is celebrated with
a special service in the Greek and Roman
churches and by Episcopalians.</p>

<p>In the tenth century St. Odilo, Bishop of
Cluny, instituted a day of prayer and special
masses for the souls of the dead. He had
been told that a hermit dwelling near a cave</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"heard the voices and howlings of devils, which
complained strongly because that the souls of
them that were dead were taken away from
their hands by alms and by prayers."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">De Voragine</span>: <i>Golden Legend.</i><br />
</p></div>

<p>This day became All Souls', and was set for
November 2d.</p>

<p>It is very appropriate that the Celtic festival
when the spirits of the dead and the supernatural
powers held a carnival of triumph
over the god of light, should be followed by
All Saints' and All Souls'. The church holy-days
were celebrated by bonfires to light souls<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31" href="#Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
through Purgatory to Paradise, as they had
lighted the sun to his death on Samhain. On
both occasions there were prayers: the pagan
petitions to the lord of death for a pleasant
dwelling-place for the souls of departed
friends; and the Christian for their speedy
deliverance from torture. They have in common
the celebrating of death: the one, of the
sun; the other, of mortals: of harvest: the
one, of crops; the other, of sacred memories.
They are kept by revelry and joy: first, to
cheer men and make them forget the malign
influences abroad; second, because as the
saints in heaven rejoice over one repentant
sinner, we should rejoice over those who, after
struggles and sufferings past, have entered
into everlasting glory.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Yet were the fields in bud.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And the harvest,&mdash;when shall it rise again<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Up through the fire and flood?<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">&nbsp;*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32" href="#Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></span>
<span class="i2">Was it not all to save<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Harvest of bread?&mdash;Harvest of men?<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And the bright years, wave on wave?<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0"><i>"Search not, search not, my way-worn;</i><br /></span>
<span class="i2"><i>Search neither weald nor wave.</i><br /></span>
<span class="i0"><i>One is their heavy reaping-time</i><br /></span>
<span class="i2"><i>To the earth, that is one wide grave."</i><br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Marks</span>: <i>All Souls' Eve.</i><br />
</p>


<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33" href="#Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER VI</h2>

<h3>ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF HALLOWE'EN
OMENS</h3>


<p>The custom of making tests to learn the
future comes from the old system of augury
from sacrifice. Who sees in the nuts thrown
into the fire, turning in the heat, blazing and
growing black, the writhing victim of an old-time
sacrifice to an idol?</p>

<p>Many superstitions and charms were believed
to be active at any time, but all those
and numerous special ones worked best on
November Eve. All the tests of all the Celtic
festivals have been allotted to Hallowe'en.
Cakes from the May Eve fire, hemp-seed and
prophetic dreams from Midsummer, games
and sports from Lugnasad have survived in
varied forms.</p>

<p>Tests are very often tried blindfold, so that
the seeker may be guided by fate. Many are
mystic&mdash;to evoke apparitions from the past or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34" href="#Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
future. Others are tried with harvest grains
and fruits. Because skill and undivided attention
is needed to carry them through successfully,
many have degenerated into mere
contests of skill, have lost their meaning, and
become rough games.</p>

<p>Answers are sought to questions about one's
future career; chiefly to: when and whom
shall I marry? what will be my profession
and degree of wealth, and when shall I die?</p>

<p><br /></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
<a href="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-34.jpg" name="TIME" id="TIME">
<img src="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-34-tn.jpg" width="400" height="255" class="plain" alt="In Hallowe&#39;en Time." title="In Hallowe&#39;en Time." /></a>
<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">In Hallowe&#39;en Time.</span></span>
</div>

<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35" href="#Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER VII</h2>

<h3>HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN IRELAND</h3>


<p>Ireland has a literature of Hallowe'en, or
"Samhain," as it used to be called. Most of
it was written between the seventh and the
twelfth centuries, but the events were thought
to have happened while paganism still ruled
in Ireland.</p>

<p>The evil powers that came out at Samhain
lived the rest of the time in the cave of
Cruachan in Connaught, the province which
was given to the wicked Fomor after the
battle of Moytura. This cave was called the
"hell-gate of Ireland," and was unlocked on
November Eve to let out spirits and copper-colored
birds which killed the farm animals.
They also stole babies, leaving in their place
changelings, goblins who were old in wickedness
while still in the cradle, possessing
superhuman cunning and skill in music.
One way of getting rid of these demon children
was to ill-treat them so that their people<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36" href="#Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
would come for them, bringing the right ones
back; or one might boil egg-shells in the
sight of the changeling, who would declare
his demon nature by saying that in his centuries
of life he had never seen such a thing
before.</p>

<p>Brides too were stolen.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"You shall go with me, newly married bride,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And gaze upon a merrier multitude;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">White-armed Nuala and &AElig;ngus of the birds,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And Feacra of the hurtling foam, and him<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Who is the ruler of the western host,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Finvarra, and the Land of Heart's Desire,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Where beauty has no ebb, decay no flood,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But joy is wisdom, time an endless song."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br />
</p>

<p>In the first century <span class="smcap">b. c.</span> lived Ailill and
his queen Medb. As they were celebrating
their Samhain feast in the palace,</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Three days before Samhain at all times,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And three days after, by ancient custom<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Did the hosts of high aspiration<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Continue to feast for the whole week."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">O'Ciarain</span>: <i>Loch Garman.</i><br />
</p>
<p>they offered a reward to the man who should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37" href="#Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
tie a bundle of twigs about the feet of a criminal
who had been hanged by the gate. It
was dangerous to go near dead bodies on
November Eve, but a bold young man named
Nera dared it, and tied the twigs successfully.
As he turned to go he saw</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"the whole of the palace as if on fire before
him, and the heads of the people of it lying on
the ground, and then he thought he saw an
army going into the hill of Cruachan, and he
followed after the army."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Gregory</span>: <i>Cuchulain of Muirthemne.</i><br />
</p></div>

<p>The door was shut. Nera was married to a
fairy woman, who betrayed her kindred by
sending Nera to warn King Ailill of the intended
attack upon his palace the next
November Eve. Nera bore summer fruits
with him to prove that he had been in the
fairy <i>sid</i>. The next November Eve, when the
doors were opened Ailill entered and discovered
the crown, emblem of power, took it
away, and plundered the treasury. Nera
never returned again to the homes of men.</p>

<p>Another story of about the same time was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38" href="#Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
that of Angus, the son of a Tuatha god, to
whom in a dream a beautiful maiden appeared.
He wasted away with love for her,
and searched the country for a girl who
should look like her. At last he saw in a
meadow among a hundred and fifty maidens,
each with a chain of silver about her neck,
one who was like the beauty of his dream.
She wore a golden chain about her throat,
and was the daughter of King Ethal Anbual.
King Ethal's palace was stormed by Ailill,
and he was forced to give up his daughter.
He gave as a reason for withholding his consent
so long, that on Samhain Princess Caer
changed from a maiden to a swan, and back
again the next year.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"And when the time came Angus went to the
loch, and he saw the three times fifty white
birds there with their silver chains about their
necks, and Angus stood in a man's shape at the
edge of the loch, and he called to the girl:
'Come and speak with me, O Caer!'</p>

<p>"'Who is calling me?' said Caer.</p>

<p>"'Angus calls you,' he said, 'and if you do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39" href="#Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
come, I swear by my word I will not hinder
you from going into the loch again.'"</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Gregory</span>: <i>Cuchulain of Muirthemne.</i><br />
</p></div>

<p>She came, and he changed to a swan likewise,
and they flew away to King Dagda's
palace, where every one who heard their sweet
singing was charmed into a sleep of three days
and three nights.</p>

<p>Princess Etain, of the race of the Tuatha,
and wife of Midir, was born again as the
daughter of Queen Medb, the wife of Ailill.
She remembers a little of the land from which
she came, is never quite happy,</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"But sometimes&mdash;sometimes&mdash;tell me: have you heard,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">By dusk or moonset have you never heard<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Sweet voices, delicate music? Never seen<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The passage of the lordly beautiful ones<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Men call the Shee?"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour.</i><br />
</p>

<p>even when she wins the love of King Eochaidh.
When they have been married a year,
there comes Midir from the Land of Youth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40" href="#Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
By winning a game of chess from the King,
he gets anything he may ask, and prays to see
the Queen. When he sees her he sings a song
of longing to her, and Eochaidh is troubled
because it is Samhain, and he knows the great
power the hosts of the air "have then over
those who wish for happiness."</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Etain, speak!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">What is the song the harper sings, what tongue<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Is this he speaks? for in no Gaelic lands<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Is speech like this upon the lips of men.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">No word of all these honey-dripping words<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Is known to me. Beware, beware the words<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Brewed in the moonshine under ancient oaks<br /></span>
<span class="i0">White with pale banners of the mistletoe<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Twined round them in their slow and stately death.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">It is the feast of S&aacute;veen" (Samhain).<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour.</i><br />
</p>

<p>In vain Eochaidh pleads with her to stay
with him. She has already forgotten all but
Midir and the life so long ago in the Land of
Youth.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"In the Land of Youth<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41" href="#Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></span>
<span class="i2">There are pleasant places;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Green meadows, woods,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Swift grey-blue waters.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"There is no age there,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Nor any sorrow.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">As the stars in heaven<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Are the cattle in the valleys.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Great rivers wander<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Through flowery plains.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Streams of milk, of mead,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Streams of strong ale.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"There is no hunger<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And no thirst<br /></span>
<span class="i0">In the Hollow Land,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">In the Land of Youth."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour.</i><br />
</p>

<p>She and Midir fly away in the form of two
swans, linked by a chain of gold.</p>

<p>Cuchulain, hopelessly sick of a strange illness
brought on by Fand and Liban, fairy
sisters, was visited the day before Samhain by
a messenger, who promised to cure him if he
would go to the Otherworld. Cuchulain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42" href="#Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
could not make up his mind to go, but sent
Laeg, his charioteer. Such glorious reports
did Laeg bring back from the Otherworld,</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"If all Erin were mine,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And the kingship of yellow Bregia,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">I would give it, no trifling deed,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">To dwell for aye in the place I reached."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><i>Cuchulain's Sick-bed.</i> (Meyer <i>trans</i>.)<br />
</p>

<p>that Cuchulain went thither, and championed
the people there against their enemies. He
stayed a month with the fairy Fand. Emer,
his wife at home, was beset with jealousy, and
plotted against Fand, who had followed her
hero home. Fand in fear returned to her deserted
husband, Emer was given a Druidic
drink to drown her jealousy, and Cuchulain
another to forget his infatuation, and they
lived happily afterward.</p>

<p>Even after Christianity was made the vital
religion in Ireland, it was believed that places
not exorcised by prayers and by the sign of
the cross, were still haunted by Druids. As
late as the fifth century the Druids kept<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43" href="#Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
their skill in fortune-telling. King Dathi
got a Druid to foretell what would happen to
him from one Hallowe'en to the next, and
the prophecy came true. Their religion was
now declared evil, and all evil or at any rate
suspicious beings were assigned to them or to
the devil as followers.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"<i>Maire Bruin:</i><br /></span>
<span class="i2">Are not they, likewise, the children of God?<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0"><i>Father Hart:</i><br /></span>
<span class="i2">Colleen, they are the children of the fiend,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And they have power until the end of Time,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">When God shall fight with them a great pitched battle<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And hack them into pieces."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br />
</p>

<p>The power of fairy music was so great that
St. Patrick himself was put to sleep by a
minstrel who appeared to him on the day
before Samhain. The Tuatha De Danann,
angered at the renegade people who no longer
did them honor, sent another minstrel, who
after laying the ancient religious seat Tara
under a twenty-three years' charm, burned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44" href="#Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
up the city with his fiery breath.</p>

<p>These infamous spirits dwelt in grassy
mounds, called "forts," which were the
entrances to underground palaces full of
treasure, where was always music and dancing.
These treasure-houses were open only
on November Eve</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"For the fairy mounds of Erinn are always<br /></span>
<span class="i0">opened about Hallowe'en."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><i>Expedition of Nera.</i> (Meyer <i>trans</i>.)<br />
</p>

<p>when the throngs of spirits, fairies, and goblins
trooped out for revels about the country.
The old Druid idea of obsession, the besieging
of a person by an evil spirit, was
practised by them at that time.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"This is the first day of the winter, and to-day the<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Hosts of the Air are in their greatest power."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Warren</span>: <i>Twig of Thorn.</i><br />
</p>

<p>If the fairies wished to seize a mortal&mdash;which
power they had as the sun-god could take
men to himself&mdash;they caused him to give
them certain tokens by which he delivered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45" href="#Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
himself into their hands. They might be
milk and fire&mdash;</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"<i>Maire Bruin:</i><br /></span>
<span class="i2">A little queer old woman cloaked in green,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Who came to beg a porringer of milk.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0"><i>Bridget Bruin:</i><br /></span>
<span class="i2">The good people go asking milk and fire<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Upon May Eve&mdash;woe to the house that gives,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">For they have power over it for a year."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br />
</p>

<p>or one might receive a fairy thorn such as
Oonah brings home, which shrivels up at the
touch of St. Bridget's image;</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"Oh, ever since I kept the twig of thorn and
hid it, I have seen strange things, and heard
strange laughter and far voices calling."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Warren</span>: <i>Twig of Thorn.</i>
</p></div>

<p>or one might be lured by music as he stopped
near the fort to watch the dancing, for the
revels were held in secret, as those of the
Druids had been, and no one could look on
them unaffected.</p>

<p>A story is told of Paddy More, a great stout<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46" href="#Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
uncivil churl, and Paddy Beg, a cheerful little
hunchback. The latter, seeing lights and
hearing music, paused by a mound, and was
invited in. Urged to tell stories, he complied;
he danced as spryly as he could for
his deformity; he sang, and made himself so
agreeable that the fairies decided to take the
hump off his back, and send him home a
straight manly fellow. The next Hallowe'en
who should come by the same place but
Paddy More, and he stopped likewise to spy
at the merrymaking. He too was called in,
but would not dance politely, added no stories
nor songs. The fairies clapped Paddy Beg's
hump on his back, and dismissed him under
a double burden of discomfort.</p>

<p>A lad called Guleesh, listening outside a
fort on Hallowe'en heard the spirits speaking
of the fatal illness of his betrothed, the
daughter of the King of France. They said
that if Guleesh but knew it, he might boil an
herb that grew by his door and give it to
the princess and make her well. Joyfully
Guleesh hastened home, prepared the herb,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47" href="#Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
and cured the royal girl.</p>

<p>Sometimes people did not have the luck to
return, but were led away to a realm of perpetual
youth and music.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"<i>Father Hart.</i> What are you reading?<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0"><i>Maire Bruin.</i> How a Princess Edane,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">A daughter of a King of Ireland, heard<br /></span>
<span class="i2">A voice singing on a May Eve like this,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And followed, half awake and half asleep,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Until she came into the land of faery,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Where nobody gets old and godly and grave,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Where nobody gets old and crafty and wise,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Where nobody gets old and bitter of tongue;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And she is still there, busied with a dance,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Deep in the dewy shadow of a wood,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Or where stars walk upon a mountain-top."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br />
</p>


<p>If one returned, he found that the space
which seemed to him but one night, had been
many years, and with the touch of earthly
sod the age he had postponed suddenly
weighed him down. Ossian, released from
fairyland after three hundred years dalliance
there, rode back to his own country on horseback.
He saw men imprisoned under a block<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48" href="#Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
of marble and others trying to lift the stone.
As he leaned over to aid them the girth
broke. With the touch of earth "straightway
the white horse fled away on his way home,
and Ossian became aged, decrepit, and blind."</p>

<p>No place as much as Ireland has kept the
belief in all sorts of supernatural spirits
abroad among its people. From the time
when on the hill of Ward, near Tara, in
pre-Christian days, the sacrifices were burned and
the Tuatha were thought to appear on Samhain,
to as late as 1910, testimony to actual
appearances of the "little people" is to be
found.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"'Among the usually invisible races which I
have seen in Ireland, I distinguish five classes.
There are the Gnomes, who are earth-spirits, and
who seem to be a sorrowful race. I once saw
some of them distinctly on the side of Ben Bulbin.
They had rather round heads and dark
thick-set bodies, and in stature were about two
and one-half feet. The Leprechauns are different,
being full of mischief, though they, too, are
small. I followed a Leprechaun from the town
of Wicklow out to the Carraig Sidhe, "Rock of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49" href="#Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
the Fairies," a distance of half a mile or more,
where he disappeared. He had a very merry
face, and beckoned to me with his finger. A
third class are the Little People, who, unlike the
Gnomes and Leprechauns, are quite good-looking;
and they are very small. The Good People
are tall, beautiful beings, as tall as ourselves....
They direct the magnetic currents of
the earth. The Gods are really the Tuatha De
Danann, and they are much taller than our race.'"</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Wentz</span>: <i>Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries.</i>
</p></div>

<p>The sight of apparitions on Hallowe'en is
believed to be fatal to the beholder.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"One night my lady's soul walked along the
wall like a cat. Long Tom Bowman beheld her
and that day week fell he into the well and was
drowned."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Pyle</span>: <i>Priest and the Piper.</i>
</p></div>

<p>One version of the Jack-o'-lantern story
comes from Ireland. A stingy man named
Jack was for his inhospitality barred from all
hope of heaven, and because of practical jokes
on the Devil was locked out of hell. Until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50" href="#Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
the Judgment Day he is condemned to walk
the earth with a lantern to light his way.</p>

<p>The place of the old lord of the dead, the
Tuatha god Saman, to whom vigil was kept
and prayers said on November Eve for the
good of departed souls, was taken in Christian
times by St. Colomba or Columb Kill, the
founder of a monastery in Iona in the fifth
century. In the seventeenth century the
Irish peasants went about begging money and
goodies for a feast, and demanding in the
name of Columb Kill that fatted calves and
black sheep be prepared. In place of the
Druid fires, candles were collected and lighted
on Hallowe'en, and prayers for the souls of
the givers said before them. The name of
Saman is kept in the title "Oidhche
Shamhna," "vigil of Saman," by which the
night of October 31st was until recently called
in Ireland.</p>

<p>There are no Hallowe'en bonfires in Ireland
now, but charms and tests are tried. Apples
and nuts, the treasure of Pomona, figure
largely in these. They are representative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51" href="#Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
winter fruits, the commonest. They can be
gathered late and kept all winter.</p>

<p>A popular drink at the Hallowe'en gathering
in the eighteenth century was milk in
which crushed roasted apples had been mixed.
It was called lambs'-wool (perhaps from "La
Mas Ubhal," "the day of the apple fruit").
At the Hallowe'en supper "callcannon,"
mashed potatoes, parsnips, and chopped
onions, is indispensable. A ring is buried
in it, and the one who finds it in his portion
will be married in a year, or if he is already
married, will be lucky.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"They had colcannon, and the funniest things
were found in it&mdash;tiny dolls, mice, a pig made of
china, silver sixpences, a thimble, a ring, and
lots of other things. After supper was over all
went into the big play-room, and dived for
apples in a tub of water, fished for prizes in a
basin of flour; then there were games&mdash;&mdash;"</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Trant</span>: <i>Hallowe'en in Ireland.</i>
</p></div>

<p>A coin betokened to the finder wealth; the
thimble, that he would never marry.</p>

<p>A ring and a nut are baked in a cake. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52" href="#Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
ring of course means early marriage, the nut
signifies that its finder will marry a widow or
a widower. If the kernel is withered, no
marriage at all is prophesied. In Roscommon,
in central Ireland, a coin, a sloe, and a
bit of wood were baked in a cake. The one
getting the sloe would live longest, the one
getting the wood was destined to die within
the year.</p>

<p>A mould of flour turned out on the table
held similar tokens. Each person cut off a
slice with a knife, and drew out his prize with
his teeth.</p>

<p>After supper the tests were tried. In the
last century nut-shells were burned. The
best-known nut test is made as follows: three
nuts are named for a girl and two sweethearts.
If one burns steadily with the girl's
nut, that lover is faithful to her, but if either
hers or one of the other nuts starts away,
there will be no happy friendship between
them.</p>

<p>Apples are snapped from the end of a stick
hung parallel to the floor by a twisted cord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53" href="#Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
which whirls the stick rapidly when it is let
go. Care has to be taken not to bite the
candle burning on the other end. Sometimes
this test is made easier by dropping the
apples into a tub of water and diving for
them, or piercing them with a fork dropped
straight down.</p>

<p>Green herbs called "livelong" were plucked
by the children and hung up on Midsummer
Eve. If a plant was found to be still green
on Hallowe'en, the one who had hung it up
would prosper for the year, but if it had
turned yellow or had died, the child would
also die.</p>

<p>Hemp-seed is sown across three furrows, the
sower repeating: "Hemp-seed, I saw thee,
hemp-seed, I saw thee; and her that is to be
my true love, come after me and draw thee."
On looking back over his shoulder he will see
the apparition of his future wife in the act of
gathering hemp.</p>

<p>Seven cabbage stalks were named for any
seven of the company, then pulled up, and
the guests asked to come out, and "see their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54" href="#Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
sowls."</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"One, two, three, and up to seven;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">If all are white, all go to heaven;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">If one is black as Murtagh's evil,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">He'll soon be screechin' wi' the devil."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>Red Mike "was a queer one from his birth,
an' no wonder, for he first saw the light
atween dusk an' dark o' a Hallowe'en Eve."
When the cabbage test was tried at a party
where Mike was present, six stalks were found
to be white, but Mike's was "all black an'
fowl wi' worms an' slugs, an' wi' a real bad
smell ahint it." Angered at the ridicule he
received, he cried: "I've the gift o' the night,
I have, an' on this day my curse can blast
whatever I choose." At that the priest
showed Mike a crucifix, and he ran away
howling, and disappeared through a bog into
the ground.</p>

<p class="quotsig"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Threefold Chronicle.</i></p>

<p>Twelve of the party may learn their future,
if one gets a clod of earth from the churchyard
sets up twelve candles in it, lights and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55" href="#Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
names them. The fortune of each will be like
that of the candle-light named for him,&mdash;steady,
wavering, or soon in darkness.</p>

<p>A ball of blue yarn was thrown out of the
window by a girl who held fast to the end.
She wound it over on her hand from left to
right, saying the Creed backwards. When she
had nearly finished, she expected the yarn
would be held. She must ask "Who holds?"
and the wind would sigh her sweetheart's name
in at the window.</p>

<p>In some charms the devil was invoked
directly. If one walked about a rick nine
times with a rake, saying, "I rake this rick
in the devil's name," a vision would come
and take away the rake.</p>

<p>If one went out with nine grains of oats in
his mouth, and walked about until he heard a
girl's name called or mentioned, he would
know the name of his future wife, for they
would be the same.</p>

<p>Lead is melted, and poured through a key
or a ring into cold water. The form each
spoonful takes in cooling indicates the occupation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56" href="#Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
of the future husband of the girl who
poured it.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"Now something like a horse would cause the
jubilant maiden to call out, 'A dragoon!' Now
some dim resemblance to a helmet would suggest
a handsome member of the mounted
police; or a round object with a spike would
seem a ship, and this of course meant a sailor;
or a cow would suggest a cattle-dealer, or a
plough a farmer."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Threefold Chronicle.</i>
</p></div>

<p>After the future had been searched, a piper
played a jig, to which all danced merrily with
a loud noise to scare away the evil spirits.</p>

<p>Just before midnight was the time to go
out "alone and unperceived" to a south-running
brook, dip a shirt-sleeve in it, bring it
home and hang it by the fire to dry. One
must go to bed, but watch till midnight for a
sight of the destined mate who would come
to turn the shirt to dry the other side.</p>

<p>Ashes were raked smooth on the hearth at
bedtime on Hallowe'en, and the next morning
examined for footprints. If one was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57" href="#Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
turned from the door, guests or a marriage was
prophesied; if toward the door, a death.</p>

<p>To have prophetic dreams a girl should
search for a briar grown into a hoop, creep
through thrice in the name of the devil, cut
it in silence, and go to bed with it under her
pillow. A boy should cut ten ivy leaves,
throw away one and put the rest under his
head before he slept.</p>

<p>If a girl leave beside her bed a glass of
water with a sliver of wood in it, and say before
she falls asleep:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Husband mine that is to be,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Come this night and rescue me,"<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>she will dream of falling off a bridge into the
water, and of being saved at the last minute
by the spirit of her future husband. To receive
a drink from his hand she must eat a
cake of flour, soot, and salt before she goes to
bed.</p>

<p>The Celtic spirit of yearning for the unknown,
retained nowhere else as much as in
Ireland, is expressed very beautifully by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58" href="#Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
poet Yeats in the introduction to his <i>Celtic
Twilight</i>.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The host is riding from Knocknarea<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And over the grave of Clooth-na-bare;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Caolte tossing his burning hair,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And Niam calling: 'Away, come away;<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"'And brood no more where the fire is bright,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Filling thy heart with a mortal dream;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">For breasts are heaving and eyes a-gleam:<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Away, come away to the dim twilight<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"'Arms are heaving and lips apart;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And if any gaze on our rushing band,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">We come between him and the deed of his hand,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">We come between him and the hope of his heart.'<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The host is rushing twixt night and day,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And where is there hope or deed as fair?<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Caolte tossing his burning hair,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And Niam calling: 'Away, come away.'"<br /></span>
</div></div>


<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59" href="#Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER VIII</h2>

<h3>IN SCOTLAND AND THE HEBRIDES</h3>


<p>As in Ireland the Scotch Baal festival of
November was called Samhain. Western
Scotland, lying nearest Tara, center alike of
pagan and Christian religion in Ireland, was
colonized by both the people and the customs
of eastern Ireland.</p>

<p>The November Eve fires which in Ireland
either died out or were replaced by candles
were continued in Scotland. In Buchan,
where was the altar-source of the Samhain
fire, bonfires were lighted on hilltops in the
eighteenth century; and in Moray the idea of
fires of thanksgiving for harvest was kept
to as late as 1866. All through the
eighteenth century in the Highlands and in
Perthshire torches of heath, broom, flax, or
ferns were carried about the fields and villages
by each family, with the intent to cause
good crops in succeeding years. The course<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60" href="#Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
about the fields was sunwise, to have a good
influence. Brought home at dark, the torches
were thrown down in a heap, and made a fire.
This blaze was called "Samhnagan," "of rest
and pleasure." There was much competition
to have the largest fire. Each person put in
one stone to make a circle about it. The
young people ran about with burning brands.
Supper was eaten out-of-doors, and games
played. After the fire had burned out, ashes
were raked over the stones. In the morning
each sought his pebble, and if he found it
misplaced, harmed, or a footprint marked
near it in the ashes, he believed he should die
in a year.</p>

<p>In Aberdeenshire boys went about the
villages saying: "Ge's a peat t' burn the
witches." They were thought to be out stealing
milk and harming cattle. Torches used
to counteract them were carried from west to
east, against the sun. This ceremony grew
into a game, when a fire was built by one
party, attacked by another, and defended. As
in the May fires of purification the lads lay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61" href="#Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
down in the smoke close by, or ran about and
jumped over the flames. As the fun grew
wilder they flung burning peats at each other,
scattered the ashes with their feet, and hurried
from one fire to another to have a part in
scattering as many as possible before they died
out.</p>

<p>In 1874, at Balmoral, a royal celebration of
Hallowe'en was recorded. Royalty, tenants,
and servants bore torches through the grounds
and round the estates. In front of the castle
was a heap of stuff saved for the occasion.
The torches were thrown on. When the fire
was burning its liveliest, a hobgoblin appeared,
drawing in a car the figure of a witch,
surrounded by fairies carrying lances. The
people formed a circle about the fire, and the
witch was tossed in. Then there were dances
to the music of bag-pipes.</p>

<p>It was the time of year when servants
changed masters or signed up anew under the
old ones. They might enjoy a holiday before
resuming work. So they sang:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"This is Hallaeven,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62" href="#Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">The morn is Halladay;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Nine free nichts till Martinmas,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">As soon they'll wear away."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>Children born on Hallowe'en could see and
converse with supernatural powers more
easily than others. In Ireland, evil relations
caused Red Mike's downfall (q. v.). For Scotland
Mary Avenel, in Scott's <i>Monastery</i>, is the
classic example.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"And touching the bairn, it's weel kenn'd she
was born on Hallowe'en, and they that are born
on Hallowe'en whiles see mair than ither folk."</p></div>

<p>There is no hint of dark relations, but rather
of a clear-sightedness which lays bare truths,
even those concealed in men's breasts. Mary
Avenel sees the spirit of her father after he
has been dead for years. The White Lady of
Avenel is her peculiar guardian.</p>

<p>The Scottish Border, where Mary lived, is
the seat of many superstitions and other
worldly beliefs. The fairies of Scotland are
more terrible than those of Ireland, as the
dells and streams and woods are of greater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63" href="#Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
grandeur, and the character of the people
more serious. It is unlucky to name the
fairies, here as elsewhere, except by such
placating titles as "Good Neighbors" or "Men
of Peace." Rowan, elm, and holly are a protection
against them.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have tied red thread round the bairns'
throats, and given ilk ane of them a riding-wand
of rowan-tree, forbye sewing up a slip of witch-elm
into their doublets; and I wish to know of
your reverence if there be onything mair that a
lone woman can do in the matter of ghosts and
fairies?&mdash;be here! that I should have named
their unlucky names twice ower!"</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>Monastery.</i>
</p></div>

<p>"The sign of the cross disarmeth all evil
spirits."</p>

<p>These spirits of the air have not human
feelings or motives. They are conscienceless.
In this respect Peter Pan is an immortal fairy
as well as an immortal child. While like a
child he resents injustice in horrified silence,
like a fairy he acts with no sense of responsibility.
When he saves Wendy's brother from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64" href="#Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
falling as they fly,</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"You felt it was his cleverness that interested
him, and not the saving of human life."</p>

<p class="cite4">
<span class="smcap">Barrie</span>: <i>Peter and Wendy.</i>
</p></div>

<p>The world in which Peter lived was so near
the Kensington Gardens that he could see
them through the bridge as he sat on the
shore of the Neverland. Yet for a long time
he could not get to them.</p>

<p>Peter is a fairy piper who steals away the
souls of children.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"No man alive has seen me,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">But women hear me play,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Sometimes at door or window,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Fiddling the souls away&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The child's soul and the colleen's<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Out of the covering clay."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Hopper</span>: <i>Fairy Fiddler.</i><br />
</p>

<p>On Hallowe'en all traditional spirits are
abroad. The Scotch invented the idea of a
"Samhanach," a goblin who comes out just
at "Samhain." It is he who in Ireland steals<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65" href="#Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
children. The fairies pass at crossroads,</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"But the night is Hallowe'en, lady,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">The morn is Hallowday;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Then win me, win me, and ye will,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">For weel I wot ye may.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Just at the mirk and midnight hour<br /></span>
<span class="i2">The fairy folk will ride.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And they that wad their true-love win,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">At Miles Cross they maun bide."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><i>Ballad of Tam Lin.</i><br />
</p>

<p>and in the Highlands whoever took a three-legged
stool to where three crossroads met,
and sat upon it at midnight, would hear the
names of those who were to die in a year.
He might bring with him articles of dress,
and as each name was pronounced throw one
garment to the fairies. They would be so
pleased by this gift that they would repeal
the sentence of death.</p>

<p>Even people who seemed to be like their
neighbors every day could for this night fly
away and join the other beings in their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66" href="#Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
revels.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"This is the nicht o' Hallowe'en<br /></span>
<span class="i0">When a' the witchie may be seen;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Some o' them black, some o' them green,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Some o' them like a turkey bean."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>A witches' party was conducted in this way.
The wretched women who had sold their
souls to the Devil, left a stick in bed which
by evil means was made to have their likeness,
and, anointed with the fat of murdered
babies flew off up the chimney on a broomstick
with cats attendant. Burns tells the
story of a company of witches pulling ragwort
by the roadside, getting each astride her ragwort
with the summons "Up horsie!" and
flying away.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i4">"The hag is astride<br /></span>
<span class="i4">This night for a ride,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The devils and she together:<br /></span>
<span class="i4">Through thick and through thin,<br /></span>
<span class="i4">Now out and now in,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Though ne'er so foul be the weather.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
&nbsp;*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i4">"A thorn or a burr<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67" href="#Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></span>
<span class="i4">She takes for a spur,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">With a lash of the bramble she rides now.<br /></span>
<span class="i4">Through brake and through briers,<br /></span>
<span class="i4">O'er ditches and mires,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">She follows the spirit that guides now."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Herrick</span>: <i>The Hag.</i><br />
</p>

<p>The meeting-place was arranged by the Devil,
who sometimes rode there on a goat. At
their supper no bread or salt was eaten; they
drank out of horses' skulls, and danced, sometimes
back to back, sometimes from west to
east, for the dances at the ancient Baal festivals
were from east to west, and it was evil
and ill-omened to move the other way. For
this dance the Devil played a bag-pipe made
of a hen's skull and cats' tails.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"There sat Auld Nick, in shape o' beast;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">A tousie tyke, black, grim, and large,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">To gie them music was his charge:<br /></span>
<span class="i0">He screw'd the pipes and gart them skirl,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Till roof and rafters a' did dirl."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Tam o' Shanter.</i><br />
</p>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Ring.</p></div>
<p>The light for the revelry came from a torch<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68" href="#Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
flaring between the horns of the Devil's steed
the goat, and at the close the ashes were
divided for the witches to use in incantations.
People imagined that cats who had been up
all night on Hallowe'en were tired out the
next morning.</p>

<p>Tam o' Shanter who was watching such a
dance</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"By Alloway's auld haunted kirk"<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>in Ayrshire, could not resist calling out at the
antics of a neighbor whom he recognized, and
was pursued by the witches. He urged his
horse to top-speed,</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Now do thy speedy utmost, Meg,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And win the key-stane of the brig;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">There at them thou thy tail may toss,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">A running stream they dare na cross!"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Tam o' Shanter.</i><br />
</p>

<p>but poor Meg had no tail thereafter to toss at
them, for though she saved her rider, she was
only her tail's length beyond the middle of
the bridge when the foremost witch grasped<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69" href="#Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
it and seared it to a stub.</p>

<p>Such witches might be questioned about
the past or future.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"He that dare sit on St. Swithin's Chair,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">When the Night-Hag wings the troubled air,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Questions three, when he speaks the spell,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">He may ask, and she must tell."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>St. Swithin's Chair.</i><br />
</p>

<p>Children make of themselves bogies on this
evening, carrying the largest turnips they can
save from harvest, hollowed out and carved
into the likeness of a fearsome face, with teeth
and forehead blacked, and lighted by a candle
fastened inside.</p>

<p>If the spirit of a person simply appears
without being summoned, and the person is
still alive, it means that he is in danger. If
he comes toward the one to whom he appears
the danger is over. If he seems to go away,
he is dying.</p>

<p>An apparition from the future especially is
sought on Hallowe'en. It is a famous time
for divination in love affairs. A typical<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70" href="#Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
eighteenth century party in western Scotland
is described by Robert Burns.</p>

<p>Cabbages are important in Scotch superstition.
Children believe that if they pile
cabbage-stalks round the doors and windows
of the house, the fairies will bring them a
new brother or sister.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"And often when in his old-fashioned way<br /></span>
<span class="i0">He questioned me,...<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Who made the stars? and if within his hand<br /></span>
<span class="i0">He caught and held one, would his fingers burn?<br /></span>
<span class="i0">If I, the gray-haired dominie, was dug<br /></span>
<span class="i0">From out a cabbage-garden such as he<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Was found in&mdash;&mdash;"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Buchanan</span>: <i>Willie Baird.</i><br />
</p>

<p>Kale-pulling came first on the program in
Burns's <i>Hallowe'en</i>. Just the single and unengaged
went out hand in hand blindfolded
to the cabbage-garden. They pulled the first
stalk they came upon, brought it back to the
house, and were unbandaged. The size and
shape of the stalk indicated the appearance
of the future husband or wife.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"Maybe you would rather not pull a stalk<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71" href="#Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
that was tall and straight and strong&mdash;that
would mean Alastair? Maybe you would
rather find you had got hold of a withered old
stump with a lot of earth at the root&mdash;a decrepit
old man with plenty of money in the bank? Or
maybe you are wishing for one that is slim and
supple and not so tall&mdash;for one that might mean
Johnnie Semple."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Black</span>: <i>Hallowe'en Wraith.</i><br />
</p></div>

<p>A close white head meant an old husband, an
open green head a young one. His disposition
would be like the taste of the stem. To
determine his name, the stalks were hung
over the door, and the number of one's stalk
in the row noted. If Jessie put hers up third
from the beginning, and the third man who
passed through the doorway under it was
named Alan, her husband's first name would
be Alan. This is practised only a little now
among farmers. It has special virtue if the
cabbage has been stolen from the garden of an
unmarried person.</p>

<p>Sometimes the pith of a cabbage-stalk was
pushed out, the hole filled with tow, which
was set afire and blown through keyholes on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72" href="#Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
Hallowe'en.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Their runts clean through and through were bored,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And stuffed with raivelins fou,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And like a chimley when on fire<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Each could the reek outspue.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Jock through the key-hole sent a cloud<br /></span>
<span class="i0">That reached across the house,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">While in below the door reek rushed<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Like water through a sluice."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Dick</span>: <i>Splores of a Hallowe'en.</i><br />
</p>

<p>Cabbage-broth was a regular dish at the
Hallowe'en feast. Mashed potatoes, as in Ireland,
or a dish of meal and milk holds symbolic
objects&mdash;a ring, a thimble, and a coin.
In the cake are baked a ring and a key. The
ring signifies to the possessor marriage, and
the key a journey.</p>

<p>Apple-ducking is still a universal custom
in Scotland. A sixpence is sometimes dropped
into the tub or stuck into an apple to make
the reward greater. The contestants must
keep their hands behind their backs.</p>

<p>Nuts are put before the fire in pairs, instead<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73" href="#Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
of by threes as in Ireland, and named for a lover
and his lass. If they burn to ashes together,
long happy married life is destined for the
lovers. If they crackle or start away from
each other, dissension and separation are
ahead.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Jean slips in twa, wi' tentie<a name="FNanchor_1_2" id="FNanchor_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_2" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> e'e;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Wha 't was, she wadna tell;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But this is <i>Jock</i>, an' this is <i>me</i>,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">She says in to hersel;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">He bleez'd owre her, an' she owre him,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">As they wad never mair part;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Till fuff! he started up the lum,<a name="FNanchor_2_3" id="FNanchor_2_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_3" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><br /></span>
<span class="i0">And Jean had e'en a sair heart<br /></span>
<span class="i8">To see't that night."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br />
</p>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_2" id="Footnote_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_2"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Careful.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_3" id="Footnote_2_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_3"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Chimney.</p></div>

<p>Three "luggies," bowls with handles like
the Druid lamps, were filled, one with clean,
one with dirty water, and one left empty.
The person wishing to know his fate in marriage
was blindfolded, turned about thrice,
and put down his left hand. If he dipped it
into the clean water, he would marry a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74" href="#Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
maiden; if into the dirty, a widow; if into
the empty dish, not at all. He tried until he
got the same result twice. The dishes were
changed about each time.</p>

<p>This spell still remains, as does that of
hemp-seed sowing. One goes out alone with
a handful of hemp-seed, sows it across ridges
of ploughed land, and harrows it with anything
convenient, perhaps with a broom.
Having said:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i2">"Hemp-seed, I saw thee,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">An' her that is to be my lass<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Come after me an' draw thee&mdash;&mdash;"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br />
</p>

<p>he looks behind him to see his sweetheart
gathering hemp. This should be tried just at
midnight with the moon behind.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"At even o' Hallowmas no sleep I sought,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But to the field a bag of hemp-seed brought.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">I scattered round the seed on every side,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And three times three in trembling accents cried,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">'This hemp-seed with my virgin hand I sow,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75" href="#Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">Who shall my true-love be, the crop shall mow.'"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>A spell that has been discontinued is
throwing the clue of blue yarn into the kiln-pot,
instead of out of the window, as in Ireland.
As it is wound backward, something
holds it. The winder must ask, "Wha
hauds?" to hear the name of her future sweetheart.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"An' ay she win't, an' ay she swat&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">I wat she made nae jaukin;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Till something held within the pat,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Guid Lord! but she was quakin!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But whether 't was the Deil himsel,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Or whether 't was a bauk-en'<a name="FNanchor_1_4" id="FNanchor_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_4" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /></span>
<span class="i0">Or whether it was Andrew Bell,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">She did na wait on talkin<br /></span>
<span class="i4">To speir<a name="FNanchor_2_5" id="FNanchor_2_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_5" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> that night."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br />
</p>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_4" id="Footnote_1_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_4"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Cross-beam.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_5" id="Footnote_2_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_5"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Ask.</p></div>

<p>Another spell not commonly tried now is
winnowing three measures of imaginary corn,
as one stands in the barn alone with both
doors open to let the spirits that come in go<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76" href="#Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
out again freely. As one finishes the motions,
the apparition of the future husband will
come in at one door and pass out at the other.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"'I had not winnowed the last weight clean
out, and the moon was shining bright upon the
floor, when in stalked the presence of my dear
Simon Glendinning, that is now happy. I never
saw him plainer in my life than I did that
moment; he held up an arrow as he passed me,
and I swarf'd awa' wi' fright.... But
mark the end o' 't, Tibb: we were married, and
the grey-goose wing was the death o' him
after a'.'"</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>The Monastery.</i>
</p></div>

<p>At times other prophetic appearances were
seen.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"Just as she was at the wark, what does she
see in the moonlicht but her ain coffin moving
between the doors instead of the likeness of a
gudeman! and as sure's death she was in her
coffin before the same time next year."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Anon</span>: <i>Tale of Hallowe'en.</i>
</p></div>

<p>Formerly a stack of beans, oats, or barley
was measured round with the arms against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77" href="#Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
sun. At the end of the third time the
arms would enclose the vision of the future
husband or wife.</p>

<p>Kale-pulling, apple-snapping, and lead-melting
(see Ireland) are social rites, but
many were to be tried alone and in secret. A
Highland divination was tried with a shoe,
held by the tip, and thrown over the house.
The person will journey in the direction the
toe points out. If it falls sole up, it means
bad luck.</p>

<p>Girls would pull a straw each out of a
thatch in Broadsea, and would take it to an
old woman in Fraserburgh. The seeress
would break the straw and find within it a
hair the color of the lover's-to-be. Blindfolded
they plucked heads of oats, and counted
the number of grains to find out how many
children they would have. If the tip was
perfect, not broken or gone, they would be
married honorably.</p>

<p>Another way of determining the number
of children was to drop the white of an egg
into a glass of water. The number of divisions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78" href="#Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
was the number sought. White of egg
is held with water in the mouth, like the
grains of oats in Ireland, while one takes a
walk to hear mentioned the name of his future
wife. Names are written on papers, and
laid upon the chimney-piece. Fate guides
the hand of a blindfolded man to the slip
which bears his sweetheart's name.</p>

<p>A Hallowe'en mirror is made by the rays
of the moon shining into a looking-glass. If
a girl goes secretly into a room at midnight
between October and November, sits down at
the mirror, and cuts an apple into nine slices,
holding each on the point of a knife before
she eats it, she may see in the moonlit glass
the image of her lover looking over her left
shoulder, and asking for the last piece of
apple.</p>

<p>The wetting of the sark-sleeve in a south-running
burn where "three lairds' lands
meet," and carrying it home to dry before the
fire, was really a Scotch custom, but has already
been described in Ireland.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The last Hallowe'en I was waukin<a name="FNanchor_1_6" id="FNanchor_1_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_6" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79" href="#Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></span>
<span class="i2">My droukit<a name="FNanchor_2_7" id="FNanchor_2_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_7" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> sark-sleeve, as ye kin&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">His likeness came up the house staukin,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And the very grey breeks o' Tam Glen!"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Tam Glen.</i><br />
</p>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_6" id="Footnote_1_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_6"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Watching.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_7" id="Footnote_2_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_7"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Drenched.</p></div>

<p>Just before breaking up, the crowd of young
people partook of sowens, oatmeal porridge
cakes with butter, and strunt, a liquor, as they
hoped for good luck throughout the year.</p>

<p>The Hebrides, Scottish islands off the western
coast, have Hallowe'en traditions of their
own, as well as many borrowed from Ireland
and Scotland. Barra, isolated near the end
of the island chain, still celebrates the Celtic
days, Beltaine and November Eve.</p>

<p>In the Hebrides is the Irish custom of eating
on Hallowe'en a cake of meal and salt, or
a salt herring, bones and all, to dream of some
one bringing a drink of water. Not a word
must be spoken, nor a drop of water drunk
till the dream comes.</p>

<p>In St. Kilda a large triangular cake is baked
which must be all eaten up before morning.</p>

<p>A curious custom that prevailed in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80" href="#Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
island of Lewis in the eighteenth century was
the worship of Shony, a sea-god with a Norse
name. His ceremonies were similar to those
paid to Saman in Ireland, but more picturesque.
Ale was brewed at church from
malt brought collectively by the people. One
took a cupful in his hand, and waded out
into the sea up to his waist, saying as he
poured it out: "Shony, I give you this cup
of ale, hoping that you'll be so kind as to
send us plenty of sea-ware, for enriching our
ground the ensuing year." The party returned
to the church, waited for a given
signal when a candle burning on the altar
was blown out. Then they went out into the
fields, and drank ale with dance and song.</p>

<p>The "dumb cake" originated in Lewis.
Girls were each apportioned a small piece of
dough, mixed with any but spring water.
They kneaded it with their left thumbs,
in silence. Before midnight they pricked
initials on them with a new pin, and put
them by the fire to bake. The girls withdrew
to the farther end of the room, still in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81" href="#Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
silence. At midnight each lover was expected
to enter and lay his hand on the cake
marked with his initials.</p>

<p>In South Uist and Eriskay on Hallowe'en
fairies are out, a source of terror to those they
meet.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Hallowe'en will come, will come,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Witchcraft will be set a-going,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Fairies will be at full speed,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Running in every pass.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Avoid the road, children, children."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>But for the most part this belief has died out
on Scottish land, except near the Border, and
Hallowe'en is celebrated only by stories and
jokes and games, songs and dances.</p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82" href="#Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER IX</h2>

<h3>IN ENGLAND AND MAN</h3>


<p>Man especially has a treasury of fairy
tradition, Celtic and Norse combined. Manx
fairies too dwell in the middle world, since
they are fit for neither heaven nor hell. Even
now Manx people think they see circles of
light in the late October midnight, and little
folk dancing within.</p>

<p>Longest of all in Man was Sauin (Samhain)
considered New Year's Day. According to
the old style of reckoning time it came on
November 12.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"To-night is New Year's night.<br /></span>
<span class="i4">Hogunnaa!"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><i>Mummers' Song.</i></p>

<p>As in Scotland the servants' year ends with
October.</p>

<p>New Year tests for finding out the future
were tried on Sauin. To hear her sweetheart's
name a girl took a mouthful of water<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83" href="#Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
and two handfuls of salt, and sat down at a
door. The first name she heard mentioned
was the wished-for one. The three dishes
proclaimed the fate of the blindfolded seeker
as in Scotland. Each was blindfolded and
touched one of several significant objects&mdash;meal
for prosperity, earth for death, a net for
tangled fortunes.</p>

<p>Before retiring each filled a thimble with
salt, and emptied it out in a little mound on
a plate, remembering his own. If any heap
were found fallen over by morning, the person
it represented was destined to die in a
year. The Manx looked for prints in the
smooth-strewn ashes on the hearth, as the
Scotch did, and gave the same interpretation.</p>

<p>There had been Christian churches in
Britain as early as 300 <span class="smcap">a. d.</span>, and Christian
missionaries, St. Ninian, Pelagius, and St.
Patrick, were active in the next century, and
in the course of time St. Augustine. Still the
old superstitions persisted, as they always do
when they have grown up with the people.</p>

<p>King Arthur, who was believed to have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84" href="#Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
reigned in the fifth century, may be a personification
of the sun-god. He comes from
the Otherworld, his magic sword Excalibur is
brought thence to him, he fights twelve battles,
in number like the months, and is
wounded to death by evil Modred, once his
own knight. He passes in a boat, attended
by his fairy sister and two other queens,</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"'To the island-valley of Avilion;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Nor ever wind blows loudly; but it lies<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Deep-meadowed, happy, fair with orchard-lawns<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And bowery hollows crown'd with summer sea&mdash;&mdash;'"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Tennyson</span>: <i>Passing of Arthur.</i><br />
</p>

<p>The hope of being healed there is like that
given to Cuchulain (q. v.), to persuade him to
visit the fairy kingdom. Arthur was expected
to come again sometime, as the sun renews
his course. As he disappeared from the sight
of Bedivere, the last of his knights,</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The new sun rose bringing the new year."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><i>Ibid.</i><br />
</p>

<p>Avilion means "apple-island." It was like<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85" href="#Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
the Hesperides of Greek mythology, the
western islands where grew the golden apples
of immortality.</p>

<p>In Cornwall after the sixth century, the
sun-god became St. Michael, and the eastern
point where he appeared St. Michael's seat.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Where the great vision of the guarded mount<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Looks toward Namancos, and Bayona's hold."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>Lycidas</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>As fruit to Pomona, so berries were devoted
to fairies. They would not let any one cut a
blackthorn shoot on Hallowe'en. In Cornwall
sloes and blackberries were considered
unfit to eat after the fairies had passed by, because
all the goodness was extracted. So they
were eaten to heart's content on October 31st,
and avoided thereafter. Hazels, because they
were thought to contain wisdom and knowledge,
were also sacred.</p>

<p>Besides leaving berries for the "Little
People," food was set out for them on Hallowe'en,
and on other occasions. They rewarded
this hospitality by doing an extraordinary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86" href="#Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
amount of work.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"&mdash;how the drudging goblin sweat<br /></span>
<span class="i0">To earn his cream-bowl duly set,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn<br /></span>
<span class="i0">That ten day-laborers could not end.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Then lies him down the lubbar fiend,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And stretcht out all the chimney's length<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Basks at the fire his hairy strength."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>L'Allegro.</i><br />
</p>

<p>Such sprites did not scruple to pull away
the chair as one was about to sit down, to
pinch, or even to steal children and leave
changelings in their places. The first hint
of dawn drove them back to their haunts.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"When larks 'gin sing,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Away we fling;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And babes new borne steal as we go,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And elfe in bed<br /></span>
<span class="i0">We leave instead,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And wend us laughing, ho, ho, ho!"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Jonson</span>: <i>Robin Goodfellow.</i><br />
</p>

<p>Soulless and without gratitude or memory<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87" href="#Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
spirits of the air may be, like Ariel in <i>The
Tempest</i>. He, like the fairy harpers of Ireland,
puts men to sleep with his music.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"<i>Sebastian</i>. What, art thou waking?<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0"><i>Antonio</i>. Do you not hear me speak?<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0"><i>Sebastian</i>. I do; and, surely,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">It is a sleepy language; and thou speak'st<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Out of thy sleep: What is it thou didst say?<br /></span>
<span class="i2">This is a strange repose, to be asleep<br /></span>
<span class="i2">With eyes wide open; standing, speaking, moving,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And yet so fast asleep."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Shakspere</span>: <i>The Tempest.</i><br />
</p>

<p>The people of England, in common with
those who lived in the other countries of Great
Britain and in Europe, dreaded the coming
of winter not only on account of the cold and
loneliness, but because they believed that at
this time the powers of evil were abroad and
ascendant. This belief harked back to the
old idea that the sun had been vanquished by
his enemies in the late autumn. It was to
forget the fearful influences about them that
the English kept festival so much in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88" href="#Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
winter-time. The Lords of Misrule, leaders
of the revelry, "beginning their rule on All
Hallow Eve, continued the same till the morrow
after the Feast of the Purification, commonlie
called Candelmas day: In all of
which space there were fine and subtle disguisinges,
Maskes, and Mummeries." This
was written of King Henry IV's court at
Eltham, in 1401, and is true of centuries before
and after. They gathered about the fire
and made merry while the October tempests
whirled the leaves outside, and shrieked round
the house like ghosts and demons on a mad
carousal.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The autumn wind&mdash;oh hear it howl:<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Without&mdash;October's tempests scowl,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">As he troops away on the raving wind!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And leaveth dry leaves in his path behind.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
&nbsp;*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"'Tis the night&mdash;the night<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Of the graves' delight,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And the warlock<a name="FNanchor_1_8" id="FNanchor_1_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_8" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> are at their play!<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Ye think that without<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89" href="#Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">The wild winds shout,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">But no, it is they&mdash;it is they!"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Coxe</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br />
</p>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_8" id="Footnote_1_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_8"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Devils.</p></div>

<p>Witchcraft&mdash;the origin of which will be
traced farther on&mdash;had a strong following in
England. The three witches in <i>Macbeth</i> are
really fates who foretell the future, but they
have a kettle in which they boil</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Fillet of a fenny snake,<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
&nbsp;*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Eye of newt, and toe of frog,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Wool of bat, and tongue of dog,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Adder's fork, and blindworm's sting,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">For a charm of powerful trouble&mdash;&mdash;"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Shakspere</span>: <i>Macbeth</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>They connect themselves thereby with those
evil creatures who pursued Tam o' Shanter,
and were servants of the Devil. In 1892 in
Lincolnshire, people believed that if they
looked in through the church door on Hallowe'en
they would see the Devil preaching
his doctrines from the pulpit, and inscribing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90" href="#Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
the names of new witches in his book.</p>

<p>The Spectre Huntsman, known in Windsor
Forest as Herne the Hunter, and in Todmorden
as Gabriel Ratchets, was the spirit of an
ungodly hunter who for his crimes was condemned
to lead the chase till the Judgment
Day. In a storm on Hallowe'en is heard the
belling of his hounds.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Still, still shall last the dreadful chase<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Till time itself shall have an end;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">By day they scour earth's cavern'd space,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">At midnight's witching hour, ascend.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"This is the horn, the hound, and horse,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">That oft the lated peasant hears:<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Appall'd, he signs the frequent cross,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">When the wild din invades his ears."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>Wild Huntsman.</i><br />
</p>

<p>In the north of England Hallowe'en was
called "nut-crack" and "snap-apple night."
It was celebrated by "young people and sweethearts."</p>

<p>A variation of the nut test is, naming
two for two lovers before they are put before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91" href="#Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
the fire to roast. The unfaithful lover's
nut cracks and jumps away, the loyal burns
with a steady ardent flame to ashes.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Two hazel-nuts I threw into the flame,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">This with the loudest bounce me sore amaz'd,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">That in a flame of brightest color blaz'd;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">As blaz'd the nut, so may thy passion grow,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">For 't was thy nut that did so brightly glow."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>The Spell</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>If they jump toward each other, they will be
rivals. If one of the nuts has been named for
the girl and burns quietly with a lover's nut,
they will live happily together. If they are
restless, there is trouble ahead.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"These glowing nuts are emblems true<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Of what in human life we view;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The ill-matched couple fret and fume,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And thus in strife themselves consume,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Or from each other wildly start<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And with a noise forever part.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But see the happy, happy pair<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Of genuine love and truth sincere;<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">With mutual fondness, while they burn<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92" href="#Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">Still to each other kindly turn:<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And as the vital sparks decay,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Together gently sink away.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Till, life's fierce ordeal being past,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Their mingled ashes rest at last."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Graydon</span>: <i>On Nuts Burning, Allhallows Eve.</i><br />
</p>

<p>Sometimes peas on a hot shovel are used instead.</p>

<p>Down the centuries from the Druid tree-worship
comes the spell of the walnut-tree.
It is circled thrice, with the invocation: "Let
her that is to be my true-love bring me some
walnuts;" and directly a spirit will be seen
in the tree gathering nuts.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Last Hallow Eve I sought a walnut-tree,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">In hope my true Love's face that I might see;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Three times I called, three times I walked apace;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Then in the tree I saw my true Love's face."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals.</i><br />
</p>

<p>The seeds of apples were used in many trials.
Two stuck on cheeks or eyelids indicated by
the time they clung the faithfulness of the
friends named for them.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"See from the core two kernels brown I take:<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93" href="#Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">This on my cheek for Lubberkin is worn,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And Booby Clod on t'other side is borne;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But Booby Clod soon drops upon the ground,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">A certain token that his love's unsound;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">While Lubberkin sticks firmly to the last.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Oh! were his lips to mine but joined so fast."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>In a tub float stemless apples, to be seized
by the teeth of him desirous of having his
love returned. If he is successful in bringing
up the apple, his love-affair will end happily.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The rosy apple's bobbing<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Upon the mimic sea&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">'T is tricksy and elusive,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And glides away from me.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"One moment it is dreaming<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Beneath the candle's glare,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Then over wave and eddy<br /></span>
<span class="i2">It glances here and there.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"And when at last I capture<br /></span>
<span class="i2">The prize with joy aglow,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">I sigh, may I this sunshine<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Of golden rapture know<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"When I essay to gather<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94" href="#Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span><br /></span>
<span class="i2">In all her witchery<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Love's sweetest rosy apple<br /></span>
<span class="i2">On Love's uncertain sea."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Munkittrick</span>: <i>Hallowe'en Wish.</i><br />
</p>

<p>An apple is peeled all in one piece, and the
paring swung three times round the head and
dropped behind the left shoulder. If it does
not break, and is looked at over the shoulder
it forms the initial of the true sweetheart's
name.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"I pare this pippin round and round again,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">My sweetheart's name to flourish on the plain:<br /></span>
<span class="i0">I fling the unbroken paring o'er my head.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">A perfect 'L' upon the ground is read."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals.</i><br />
</p>

<p>In the north of England was a unique
custom, "the scadding of peas." A pea-pod
was slit, a bean pushed inside, and the opening
closed again. The full pods were boiled,
and apportioned to be shelled and the peas
eaten with butter and salt. The one finding
the bean on his plate would be married first.
Gay records another test with peas which is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95" href="#Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
like the final trial made with kale-stalks.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"As peascods once I plucked I chanced to see<br /></span>
<span class="i0">One that was closely filled with three times three;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Which when I crop'd, I safely home convey'd,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And o'er the door the spell in secret laid;&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The latch moved up, when who should first come in,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But in his proper person&mdash;Lubberkin."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>Candles, relics of the sacred fire, play an
important part everywhere on Hallowe'en.
In England too the lighted candle and the
apple were fastened to the stick, and as it
whirled, each person in turn sprang up and
tried to bite the apple.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Or catch th' elusive apple with a bound,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">As with the taper it flew whizzing round."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>This was a rough game, more suited to boys'
frolic than the ghostly divinations that preceded
it. Those with energy to spare found
material to exercise it on. In an old book
there is a picture of a youth sitting on a stick
placed across two stools. On one end of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96" href="#Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
stick is a lighted candle from which he is
trying to light another in his hand. Beneath
is a tub of water to receive him if he over-balances
sideways. These games grew later
into practical jokes.</p>

<p>The use of a goblet may perhaps come from
the story of "The Luck of Edenhall," a glass
stolen from the fairies, and holding ruin for
the House by whom it was stolen, if it should
ever be broken. With ring and goblet this
charm was tried: the ring, symbol of marriage,
was suspended by a hair within a glass,
and a name spelled out by beginning the
alphabet over each time the ring struck the
glass.</p>

<p>When tired of activity and noise, the party
gathered about a story-teller, or passed a
bundle of fagots from hand to hand, each
selecting one and reciting an installment of
the tale till his stick burned to ashes.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"I tell ye the story this chill Hallowe'en,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">For it suiteth the spirit-eve."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Coxe</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>To induce prophetic dreams the wood-and-water<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97" href="#Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
test was tried in England also.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Last Hallow Eve I looked my love to see,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And tried a spell to call her up to me.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">With wood and water standing by my side<br /></span>
<span class="i0">I dreamed a dream, and saw my own sweet bride."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals.</i><br />
</p>

<p>Though Hallowe'en is decidedly a country
festival, in the seventeenth century young
gentlemen in London chose a Master of the
Revels, and held masques and dances with
their friends on this night.</p>

<p>In central and southern England the
ecclesiastical side of Hallowtide is stressed.</p>

<p>Bread or cake has till recently (1898) been
as much a part of Hallowe'en preparations as
plum pudding at Christmas. Probably this
originated from an autumn baking of bread
from the new grain. In Yorkshire each person
gets a triangular seed-cake, and the evening
is called "cake night."</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Wife, some time this weeke, if the wether hold cleere,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98" href="#Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">An end of wheat-sowing we make for this yeare.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Remember you, therefore, though I do it not,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The seed-cake, the Pasties, and Furmentie-pot."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Tusser</span>: <i>Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry</i>, 1580.<br />
</p>

<p>Cakes appear also at the vigil of All Souls',
the next day. At a gathering they lie in a
heap for the guests to take. In return they
are supposed to say prayers for the dead.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"A Soule-cake, a Soule-cake; have mercy on<br /></span>
<span class="i0">all Christen souls for a Soule-cake."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><i>Old Saying.</i><br />
</p>

<p>The poor in Staffordshire and Shropshire
went about singing for soul-cakes or money,
promising to pray and to spend the alms in
masses for the dead. The cakes were called
Soul-mass or "somas" cakes.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Soul! Soul! for a soul-cake;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Pray, good mistress, for a soul-cake.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">One for Peter, two for Paul,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Three for them who made us all."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><i>Notes and Queries.</i><br />
</p>

<p>In Dorsetshire Hallowe'en was celebrated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99" href="#Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
by the ringing of bells in memory of the dead.
King Henry VIII and later Queen Elizabeth
issued commands against this practice.</p>

<p>In Lancashire in the early nineteenth century
people used to go about begging for candles
to drive away the gatherings of witches.
If the lights were kept burning till midnight,
no evil influence could remain near.</p>

<p>In Derbyshire, central England, torches of
straw were carried about the stacks on All
Souls' Eve, not to drive away evil spirits, as
in Scotland, but to light souls through Purgatory.</p>

<p>Like the Bretons, the English have the superstition
that the dead return on Hallowe'en.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"'Why do you wait at your door, woman,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Alone in the night?'<br /></span>
<span class="i0">'I am waiting for one who will come, stranger,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">To show him a light.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">He will see me afar on the road,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And be glad at the sight.'<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"'Have you no fear in your heart, woman,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">To stand there alone?<br /></span>
<span class="i0">There is comfort for you and kindly content<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100" href="#Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></span>
<span class="i2">Beside the hearthstone.'<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But she answered, 'No rest can I have<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Till I welcome my own.'<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"'Is it far he must travel to-night,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">This man of your heart?'<br /></span>
<span class="i0">'Strange lands that I know not, and pitiless seas<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Have kept us apart,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And he travels this night to his home<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Without guide, without chart.'<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"'And has he companions to cheer him?'<br /></span>
<span class="i2">'Aye, many,' she said.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">'The candles are lighted, the hearthstones are swept,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">The fires glow red.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">We shall welcome them out of the night&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Our home-coming dead.'"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Letts</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br />
</p>

<p><br /></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 281px;">
<a href="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-100.jpg" name="WALNUT" id="WALNUT">
<img src="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-100-tn.jpg" width="281" height="400" class="plain" alt="The Witch of the Walnut-Tree." title="The Witch of the Walnut-Tree." /></a>
<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Witch of the Walnut-Tree.</span></span>
</div>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101" href="#Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER X</h2>

<h3>IN WALES</h3>


<p>In Wales the custom of fires persisted from
the time of the Druid festival-days longer
than in any other place. First sacrifices were
burned in them; then instead of being burned
to death, the creatures merely passed through
the fire; and with the rise of Christianity fire
was thought to be a protection against the
evil power of the same gods.</p>

<p>Pontypridd, in South Wales, was the Druid
religious center of Wales. It is still marked
by a stone circle and an altar on a hill. In
after years it was believed that the stones
were people changed to that form by the
power of a witch.</p>

<p>In North Wales the November Eve fire,
which each family built in the most prominent
place near the house, was called Coel
Coeth. Into the dying fire each member of
the family threw a white stone marked so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102" href="#Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
that he could recognize it again. Circling
about the fire hand-in-hand they said their
prayers and went to bed. In the morning
each searched for his stone, and if he could
not find it, he believed that he would die
within the next twelve months. This is still
credited. There is now the custom also of
watching the fires till the last spark dies, and
instantly rushing down hill, "the devil (or
the cutty black sow) take the hindmost." A
Cardiganshire proverb says:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"A cutty<a name="FNanchor_1_9" id="FNanchor_1_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_9" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> black sow<br /></span>
<span class="i0">On every stile,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Spinning and carding<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Every Allhallows' Eve."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_9" id="Footnote_1_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_9"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Short-tailed.</p></div>

<p>November Eve was called "Nos-Galan-Gaeof,"
the night of the winter Calends, that
is, the night before the first day of winter.
To the Welsh it was New Year's Eve.</p>

<p>Welsh fairy tradition resembles that in the
near-by countries. There is an old story of a
man who lay down to sleep inside a fairy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103" href="#Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
ring, a circle of greener grass where the fairies
danced by night. The fairies carried him
away and kept him seven years, and after he
had been rescued from them he would neither
eat nor speak.</p>

<p>In the sea was the Otherworld, a</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Green fairy island reposing<br /></span>
<span class="i0">In sunlight and beauty on ocean's calm breast."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Parry</span>: <i>Welsh Melodies.</i><br />
</p>

<p>This was the abode of the Druids, and hence
of all supernatural beings, who were</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Something betwixt heaven and hell,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Something that neither stood nor fell."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>The Monastery.</i><br />
</p>

<p>As in other countries the fairies or pixies are
to be met at crossroads, where happenings,
such as funerals, may be witnessed weeks before
they really occur.</p>

<p>At the Hallow Eve supper parsnips and
cakes are eaten, and nuts and apples roasted.
A "puzzling jug" holds the ale. In the rim
are three holes that seem merely ornamental.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104" href="#Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
They are connected with the bottom of the
jug by pipes through the handle, and the unwitting
toper is well drenched unless he is
clever enough to see that he must stop up
two of the holes, and drink through the
third.</p>

<p>Spells are tried in Wales too with apples
and nuts. There is ducking and snapping
for apples. Nuts are thrown into the fire,
denoting prosperity if they blaze brightly,
misfortune if they pop, or smoulder and turn
black.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"Old Pally threw on a nut. It flickered and
then blazed up. Maggee tossed one into the
fire. It smouldered and gave no light."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Marks</span>: <i>All-Hallows Honeymoon.</i>
</p></div>

<p>Fate is revealed by the three luggies and
the ball of yarn thrown out of the window:
Scotch and Irish charms. The leek takes the
place of the cabbage in Scotland. Since King
Cadwallo decorated his soldiers with leeks for
their valor in a battle by a leek-garden, they
have been held in high esteem in Wales. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105" href="#Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
girl sticks a knife among leeks at Hallowe'en,
and walks backward out of the garden. She
returns later to find that her future husband
has picked up the knife and thrown it into
the center of the leek-bed.</p>

<p>Taking two long-stemmed roses, a girl goes
to her room in silence. She twines the stems
together, naming one for her sweetheart and
the other for herself, and thinking this
rhyme:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Twine, twine, and intertwine.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Let his love be wholly mine.<br /></span>
<span class="i2">If his heart be kind and true,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Deeper grow his rose's hue."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>She can see, by watching closely, her lover's
rose grow darker.</p>

<p>The sacred ash figures in one charm. The
party of young people seek an even-leaved
sprig of ash. The first who finds one calls
out "cyniver." If a boy calls out first, the
first girl who finds another perfect shoot
bears the name of the boy's future wife.</p>

<p>Dancing and singing to the music of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106" href="#Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
harp close the evening.</p>

<p>Instead of leaving stones in the fire to
determine who are to die, people now go to
church to see by the light of a candle held in
the hand the spirits of those marked for
death, or to hear the names called. The
wind "blowing over the feet of the corpses"
howls about the doors of those who will not
be alive next Hallowe'en.</p>

<p>On the Eve of All Souls' Day, twenty-four
hours after Hallowe'en, children in eastern
Wales go from house to house singing for</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"An apple or a pear, a plum or a cherry,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Or any good thing to make us merry."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>It is a time when charity is given freely to
the poor. On this night and the next day,
fires are burned, as in England, to light souls
through Purgatory, and prayers are made for
a good wheat harvest next year by the Welsh,
who keep the forms of religion very devoutly.</p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107" href="#Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER XI</h2>

<h3>IN BRITTANY AND FRANCE</h3>


<p>The Celts had been taught by their priests
that the soul is immortal. When the body
died the spirit passed instantly into another
existence in a country close at hand. We remember
that the Otherworld of the British
Isles, peopled by the banished Tuatha and all
superhuman beings, was either in caves in the
earth, as in Ireland, or in an island like the
English Avalon. By giving a mortal one of
their magic apples to eat, fairies could entice
him whither they would, and at last away
into their country.</p>

<p>In the Irish story of Nera (q. v.), the corpse
of the criminal is the cause of Nera's being
lured into the cave. So the dead have the
same power as fairies, and live in the same
place. On May Eve and November Eve the
dead and the fairies hold their revels together
and make excursions together. If a young
person died, he was said to be called away by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108" href="#Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
the fairies. The Tuatha may not have been
a race of gods, but merely the early Celts, who
grew to godlike proportions as the years raised
a mound of lore and legends for their pedestal.
So they might really be only the dead,
and not of superhuman nature.</p>

<p>In the fourth century <span class="smcap">a. d.</span>, the men of
England were hard pressed by the Picts and
Scots from the northern border, and were
helped in their need by the Teutons. When
this tribe saw the fair country of the Britons
they decided to hold it for themselves. After
they had driven out the northern tribes, in
the fifth century, when King Arthur was
reigning in Cornwall, they drove out those
whose cause they had fought. So the Britons
were scattered to the mountains of Wales, to
Cornwall, and across the Channel to Armorica,
a part of France, which they named
Brittany after their home-land. In lower
Brittany, out of the zone of French influence,
a language something like Welsh or old
British is still spoken, and many of the Celtic
beliefs were retained more untouched than in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109" href="#Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
Britain, not clear of paganism till the seventeenth
century. Here especially did Christianity
have to adapt the old belief to her own
ends.</p>

<p>Gaul, as we have seen from C&aelig;sar's account,
had been one of the chief seats of Druidical
belief. The religious center was Carnutes,
now Chartrain. The rites of sacrifice survived
in the same forms as in the British
Isles. In the fields of Deux-S&egrave;vres fires were
built of stubble, ferns, leaves, and thorns, and
the people danced about them and burned
nuts in them. On St. John's Day animals
were burned in the fires to secure the cattle
from disease. This was continued down into
the seventeenth century.</p>

<p>The pagan belief that lasted the longest in
Brittany, and is by no means dead yet, was
the cult of the dead. C&aelig;sar said that the
Celts of Gaul traced their ancestry from the
god of death, whom he called Dispater. Now
figures of l'Ankou, a skeleton armed with a
spear, can be seen in most villages of Brittany.
This mindfulness of death was strengthened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110" href="#Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
by the sight of the prehistoric cairns of stones
on hilltops, the ancient altars of the Druids,
and dolmens, formed of one flat rock resting
like a roof on two others set up on end with
a space between them, ancient tombs; and by
the Bretons being cut off from the rest of
France by the nature of the country, and shut
in among the uplands, black and misty in
November, and blown over by chill Atlantic
winds. Under a seeming dull indifference
and melancholy the Bretons conceal a lively
imagination, and no place has a greater
wealth of legendary literature.</p>

<p>What fairies, dwarfs, pixies, and the like
are to the Celts of other places, the spirits of
the dead are to the Celts of Brittany. They
possess the earth on Christmas, St. John's
Day, and All Saints'. In Finist&egrave;re, that
western point of France, there is a saying that
on the Eve of All Souls' "there are more
dead in every house than sands on the shore."
The dead have the power to charm mortals
and take them away, and to foretell the future.
They must not be spoken of directly,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111" href="#Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
any more than the fairies of the Scottish
border, or met with, for fear of evil results.</p>

<p>By the Bretons of the sixth century the
near-by island of Britain, which they could
just see on clear days, was called the Otherworld.
An historian, Procopius, tells how the
people nearest Britain were exempted from
paying tribute to the Franks, because they
were subject to nightly summons to ferry the
souls of the dead across in their boats, and deliver
them into the hands of the keeper of
souls. Farther inland a black bog seemed to
be the entrance to an otherworld underground.
One location which combined the
ideas of an island and a cave was a city buried
in the sea. The people imagined they could
hear the bells of Ker-Is ringing, and joyous
music sounding, for though this was a city
of the dead, it resembled the fairy palaces of
Ireland, and was ruled by King Grallon and
his fair daughter Dahut, who could lure
mortals away by her beauty and enchantments.</p>

<p>The approach of winter is believed to drive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112" href="#Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
like the flocks, the souls of the dead from
their cold cheerless graves to the food and
warmth of home. This is why November
Eve, the night before the first day of winter,
was made sacred to them.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"When comes the harvest of the year<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Before the scythe the wheat will fall."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Botrel</span>: <i>Songs of Brittany.</i><br />
</p>

<p>The harvest-time reminded the Bretons of the
garnering by that reaper, Death. On November
Eve milk is poured on graves, feasts and
candles set out on the tables, and fires lighted
on the hearths to welcome the spirits of departed
kinsfolk and friends.</p>

<p>In France from the twelfth to the fourteenth
century stone buildings like lighthouses were
erected in cemeteries. They were twenty or
thirty feet high, with lanterns on top. On
Hallowe'en they were kept burning to safeguard
the people from the fear of night-wandering
spirits and the dead, so they were
called "lanternes des morts."</p>

<p>The cemetery is the social center of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113" href="#Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
Breton village. It is at once meeting-place,
playground, park, and church. The tombs
that outline the hills make the place seem
one vast cemetery. On All Souls' Eve in the
mid-nineteenth century the "procession of
tombs" was held. All formed a line and
walked about the cemetery, calling the names
of those who were dead, as they approached
their resting-places. The record was carefully
remembered, so that not one should seem to
be forgotten.</p>

<p>"We live with our dead," say the Bretons.
First on the Eve of All Souls' comes the religious
service, "black vespers." The blessedness
of death is praised, the sorrows and
shortness of life dwelt upon. After a common
prayer all go out to the cemetery to pray
separately, each by the graves of his kin, or to
the "place of bones," where the remains of
those long dead are thrown all together in
one tomb. They can be seen behind gratings,
by the people as they pass, and rows of skulls
at the sides of the entrance can be touched.
In these tombs are Latin inscriptions meaning:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114" href="#Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
"Remember thou must die," "To-day to
me, and to-morrow to thee," and others reminding
the reader of his coming death.</p>

<p>From the cemetery the people go to a house
or an inn which is the gathering-place for the
night, singing or talking loudly on the road
to warn the dead who are hastening home,
lest they may meet. Reunions of families
take place on this night, in the spirit of the
Roman feast of the dead, the Feralia, of which
Ovid wrote:</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"After the visit to the tombs and to the ancestors
who are no longer with us, it is pleasant
to turn towards the living; after the loss of so
many, it is pleasant to behold those who remain
of our blood, and to reckon up the generations
of our descendants."</p>

<p class="cite">
<i>Fasti.</i>
</p></div>

<p>A toast is drunk to the memory of the departed.
The men sit about the fireplace smoking
or weaving baskets; the women apart,
knitting or spinning by the light of the fire
and one candle. The children play with
their gifts of apples and nuts. As the hour<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115" href="#Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
grows later, and mysterious noises begin to
be heard about the house, and a curtain sways
in a draught, the thoughts of the company
already centred upon the dead find expression
in words, and each has a tale to tell of
an adventure with some friend or enemy who
has died.</p>

<p>The dead are thought to take up existence
where they left it off, working at the same
trades, remembering their old debts, likes and
dislikes, even wearing the same clothes they
wore in life. Most of them stay not in
some distant, definite Otherworld, but frequent
the scenes of their former life. They never
trespass upon daylight, and it is dangerous to
meet them at night, because they are very
ready to punish any slight to their memory,
such as selling their possessions or forgetting
the hospitality due them. L'Ankou will
come to get a supply of shavings if the coffins
are not lined with them to make a softer
resting-place for the dead bodies.</p>

<p>The lively Celtic imagination turns the
merest coincidence into an encounter with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116" href="#Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
spirit, and the poetic temperament of the
narrators clothes the stories with vividness
and mystery. They tell how the presence of
a ghost made the midsummer air so cold that
even wood did not burn, and of groans and
footsteps underground as long as the ghost is
displeased with what his relatives are doing.</p>

<p>Just before midnight a bell-man goes about
the streets to give warning of the hour when
the spirits will arrive.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"They will sit where we sat, and will talk of
us as we talked of them: in the gray of the
morning only will they go away."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Le Braz</span>: <i>Night of the Dead.</i>
</p></div>

<p>The supper for the souls is then set out.
The poor who live in the mountains have
only black corn, milk, and smoked bacon to
offer, but it is given freely. Those who can
afford it spread on a white cloth dishes of
clotted milk, hot pancakes, and mugs of
cider.</p>

<p>After all have retired to lie with both eyes
shut tight lest they see one of the guests,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117" href="#Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
death-singers make their rounds, chanting
under the windows:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"You are comfortably lying in your bed,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But with the poor dead it is otherwise;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">You are stretched softly in your bed<br /></span>
<span class="i0">While the poor souls are wandering abroad.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"A white sheet and five planks,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">A bundle of straw beneath the head,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Five feet of earth above<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Are all the worldly goods we own."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Le Braz</span>: <i>Night of the Dead.</i><br />
</p>

<p>The tears of their deserted friends disturb the
comfort of the dead, and sometimes they appear
to tell those in sorrow that their shrouds
are always wet from the tears shed on their
graves.</p>

<p>Wakened by the dirge of the death-singers
the people rise and pray for the souls of the
departed.</p>

<p>Divination has little part in the annals of
the evening, but one in Finist&egrave;re is recorded.
Twenty-five new needles are laid in a dish,
and named, and water is poured upon them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118" href="#Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
Those who cross are enemies.</p>

<p>In France is held a typical Continental
celebration of All Saints' and All Souls'. On
October 31st the children go asking for flowers
to decorate the graves, and to adorn the
church. At night bells ring to usher in All
Saints'. On the day itself the churches are
decorated gaily with flowers, candles, and
banners, and a special service is held. On
the second day of November the light and
color give way to black drapings, funeral
songs, and prayers.</p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119" href="#Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER XII</h2>

<h3>THE TEUTONIC RELIGION. WITCHES</h3>


<p>The Teutons, that race of northern peoples
called by the Romans, "barbarians," comprised
the Goths and Vandals who lived in
Scandinavia, and the Germans who dwelt
north of Italy and east of Gaul.</p>

<p>The nature of the northern country was
such that the people could not get a living by
peaceful agriculture. So it was natural that
in the intervals of cattle-tending they should
explore the seas all about, and ravage neighboring
lands. The Romans and the Gauls
experienced this in the centuries just before
and after Christ, and England from the eighth
to the tenth centuries. Such a life made the
Norsemen adventurous, hardy, warlike, independent,
and quick of action, while the Celts
were by nature more slothful and fond of
peaceful social gatherings, though of quicker
intellect and wit.</p>

<p>Like the Greeks and Romans, the Teutons<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120" href="#Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
had twelve gods and goddesses, among whom
were Odin or Wotan, the king, and his wife
Freya, queen of beauty and love. Idun
guarded the apples of immortality, which the
gods ate to keep them eternally young. The
chief difference in Teutonic mythology was
the presence of an evil god, Loki. Like Vulcan,
Loki was a god of fire, like him, Loki was
lame because he had been cast out of heaven.
Loki was always plotting against the other
gods, as Lucifer, after being banished from
Heaven by God, plotted against him and his
people, and became Satan, "the enemy."</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i4">"Him the Almighty Power<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Hurl'd headlong flaming from th' ethereal sky<br /></span>
<span class="i0">With hideous ruin and combustion down<br /></span>
<span class="i0">To bottomless perdition, there to dwell<br /></span>
<span class="i0">In adamantine chains and penal fire,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Who durst defy th' Omnipotent to arms."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>Paradise Lost.</i><br />
</p>

<p>It was this god of evil in Teutonic myth
who was responsible for the death of the
bright beautiful sun-god, Baldur. Mistletoe
was the only thing in the world which had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121" href="#Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
not sworn not to harm Baldur. Loki knew
this, and gave a twig of mistletoe to Baldur's
blind brother, Hodur, and Hodur cast it at
Baldur and "unwitting slew" him. Vali, a
younger brother of Baldur, avenged him by
killing Hodur. Hodur is darkness and Baldur
light; they are brothers; the light falls a
victim to blind darkness, who reigns until a
younger brother, the sun of the next day,
rises to slay him in turn.</p>

<p>Below these gods, all nature was peopled
with divinities. There were elves of two
kinds: black elves, called trolls, who were
frost-spirits, and guarded treasure (seeds) in
the ground; and white elves, who lived in
mid-heaven, and danced on the earth in fairy
rings, where a mortal entering died. Will-o'-the-wisps
hovered over swamps to mislead
travellers, and jack-o'-lanterns, the spirits of
murderers, walked the earth near the places
of their crimes.</p>

<p>The Otherworlds of the Teutons were Valhalla,
the abode of the heroes whom death
had found on the battlefield, and Niflheim,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122" href="#Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
"the misty realm," secure from the cold outside,
ruled over by Queen Hel. Valkyries,
warlike women who rode through the air on
swift horses, seized the heroes from the field
of slaughter, and took them to the halls of
Valhalla, where they enjoyed daily combats,
long feasts, and drinking-bouts, music and
story-telling.</p>

<p>The sacred tree of the Druids was the oak;
that of the Teutonic priests the ash. The flat
disk of the earth was believed to be supported
by a great ash-tree, Yggdrasil,</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"An ash know I standing,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Named Yggdrasil,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">A stately tree sprinkled<br /></span>
<span class="i0">With water the purest;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Thence come the dewdrops<br /></span>
<span class="i0">That fall in the dales;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Ever-blooming, it stands<br /></span>
<span class="i0">O'er the Urdar-fountain."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><i>V&ouml;luspa saga.</i> (Blackwell <i>trans.</i>)<br />
</p>

<p>guarded by three fates, Was, Will, and Shall
Be. The name of Was means the past, of
Will, the power, howbeit small, which men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123" href="#Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
have over present circumstances, and Shall
Be, the future over which man has no control.
Vurdh, the name of the latter, gives us
the word "weird," which means fate or fateful.
The three Weird Sisters in <i>Macbeth</i> are
seeresses.</p>

<p>Besides the ash, other trees and shrubs were
believed to have peculiar powers, which they
have kept, with some changes of meaning, to
this day. The elder (elves' grave), the hawthorn,
and the juniper, were sacred to supernatural
powers.</p>

<p>The priests of the Teutons sacrificed prisoners
of war in consecrated groves, to Tyr,
god of the sword. The victims were not
burned alive, as by the Druids, but cut and
torn terribly, and their dead bodies burned.
From these sacrifices auspices were taken. A
man's innocence or guilt was manifested by
gods to men through ordeals by fire; walking
upon red-hot ploughshares, holding a heated
bar of iron, or thrusting the hands into red-hot
gauntlets, or into boiling water. If after
a certain number of days no burns appeared<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124" href="#Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
the person was declared innocent. If a suspected
man, thrown into the water, floated
he was guilty; if he sank, he was acquitted.</p>

<p>The rites of the Celts were done in secret,
and it was forbidden that they be written
down. Those of the Teutons were commemorated
in Edda and Saga (poetry and prose).</p>

<p>In the far north the shortness of summer
and the length of winter so impressed the
people that when they made a story about it
they told of a maiden, the Spring, put to
sleep, and guarded, along with a hoard of
treasure, by a ring of fire. One knight only
could break through the flames, awaken her
and seize the treasure. He is the returning
sun, and the treasure he gets possession of is
the wealth of summer vegetation. So there
is the story of Brynhild, pricked by the
"sleep-thorn" of her father, Wotan, and
sleeping until Sigurd wakens her. They
marry, but soon Sigurd has to give her up to
Gunnar, the relentless winter, and Gunnar
cannot rest until he has killed Sigurd, and
reigns undisturbed. Grimms' story of Rapunzel,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125" href="#Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
the princess who was shut up by a
winter witch, and of Briar-Rose, pricked by a
witch's spindle, and sleeping inside a hedge
which blooms with spring at the knight's approach,
mean likewise the struggle between
summer and winter.</p>

<p>The chief festivals of the Teutonic year were
held at Midsummer and Midwinter. May-Day,
the very beginning of spring, was celebrated
by May-ridings, when winter and
spring, personified by two warriors, engaged
in a combat in which Winter, the fur-clad
king of ice and snow, was defeated. It was
then that the sacred fire had been kindled,
and the sacrificial feast held. Judgments
were rendered then.</p>

<p>The summer solstice was marked by bonfires,
like those of the Celts on May Eve and
Midsummer. They were kindled in an open
place or on a hill, and the ceremonies held
about them were similar to the Celtic. As
late as the eighteenth century these same
customs were observed in Iceland.</p>

<p>A May-pole wreathed with magical herbs is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126" href="#Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
erected as the center of the dance in Sweden,
and in Norway a child chosen May-bride is
followed by a procession as at a real wedding.
This is a symbol of the wedding of sun
and earth deities in the spring. The May-pole,
probably imported from Celtic countries,
is used at Midsummer because the spring
does not begin in the north before June.</p>

<p>Yule-tide in December celebrated the sun's
turning back, and was marked by banquets
and gayety. A chief feature of all these
feasts was the drinking of toasts to the gods,
with vows and prayers.</p>

<p>By the sixth century Christianity had supplanted
Druidism in the British Isles. It was
the ninth before Christianity made much progress
in Scandinavia. After King Olaf had
converted his nation, the toasts which had
been drunk to the pagan gods were kept in
honor of Christian saints; for instance, those
to Freya were now drunk to the Virgin Mary
or to St. Gertrude.</p>

<p>The "wetting of the sark-sleeve," that
custom of Scotland and Ireland, was in its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127" href="#Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
earliest form a rite to Freya as the northern
goddess of love. To secure her aid in a love-affair,
a maid would wash in a running stream
a piece of fine linen&mdash;for Freya was fond of
personal adornment&mdash;and would hang it before
the fire to dry an hour before midnight.
At half-past eleven she must turn it, and at
twelve her lover's apparition would appear to
her, coming in at the half-open door.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"The wind howled through the leafless
boughs, and there was every appearance of an
early and severe winter, as indeed befell. Long
before eleven o'clock all was hushed and quiet
within the house, and indeed without (nothing
was heard), except the cold wind which howled
mournfully in gusts. The house was an old
farmhouse, and we sat in the large kitchen with
its stone floor, awaiting the first stroke of the
eleventh hour. It struck at last, and then all
pale and trembling we hung the garment before
the fire which we had piled up with wood, and
set the door ajar, for that was an essential point.
The door was lofty and opened upon the farmyard,
through which there was a kind of
thoroughfare, very seldom used, it is true, and
at each end of it there was a gate by which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128" href="#Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>
wayfarers occasionally passed to shorten the
way. There we sat without speaking a word,
shivering with cold and fear, listening to the
clock which went slowly, tick, tick, and occasionally
starting as the door creaked on its
hinges, or a half-burnt billet fell upon the
hearth. My sister was ghastly white, as white
as the garment which was drying before the
fire. And now half an hour had elapsed and
it was time to turn.... This we did,
I and my sister, without saying a word, and
then we again sank on our chairs on either
side of the fire. I was tired, and as the clock
went tick-a-tick, I began to feel myself dozing.
I did doze, I believe. All of a sudden I sprang
up. The clock was striking one, two, but ere it
could give the third chime, mercy upon us! we
heard the gate slam to with a tremendous
noise...."</p>

<p>"Well, and what happened then?"</p>

<p>"Happened! before I could recover myself,
my sister had sprung to the door, and both
locked and bolted it. The next moment she
was in convulsions. I scarcely knew what happened;
and yet it appeared to me for a moment
that something pressed against the door with a
low moaning sound. Whether it was the wind
or not, I can't say. I shall never forget that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129" href="#Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
night. About two hours later, my father came
home. He had been set upon by a highwayman
whom he beat off."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Borrow</span>: <i>Lavengro</i>.
</p></div>

<p>Freya and Odin especially had had power
over the souls of the dead. When Christianity
turned all the old gods into spirits of
evil, these two were accused especially of possessing
unlawful learning, as having knowledge
of the hidden matters of death. This
unlawful wisdom is the first accusation that
has always been brought against witches. A
mirror is often used to contain it. Such are
the crystals of the astrologers, and the looking-glasses
which on Hallowe'en materialize
wishes.</p>

<p>From that time in the Middle Ages when
witches were first heard of, it has nearly
always been women who were accused.
Women for the most part were the priests in
the old days: it was a woman to whom
Apollo at Delphi breathed his oracles. In all
times it has been women who plucked herbs
and concocted drinks of healing and refreshment.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130" href="#Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>
So it was very easy to imagine that
they experimented with poisons and herbs of
magic power under the guidance of the now
evil gods. If they were so directed, they
must go on occasions to consult with their
masters. The idea arose of a witches' Sabbath,
when women were enabled by evil
means to fly away, and adore in secret the
gods from whom the rest of the world had
turned. There were such meeting-places all
over Europe. They had been places of sacrifice,
of judgment, or of wells and springs considered
holy under the old religion, and
whither the gods had now been banished.
The most famous was the Blocksberg in the
Hartz mountains in Germany.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Dame Baubo first, to lead the crew!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">A tough old sow and the mother thereon,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Then follow the witches, every one."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Goethe</span>: <i>Faust.</i> (Taylor <i>trans.</i>)<br />
</p>

<p>In Norway the mountains above Bergen were
a resort, and the Dovrefeld, once the home of
the trolls.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i8">"It's easy to slip in here,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131" href="#Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">But outward the Dovre-King's gate opens not."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Ibsen</span>: <i>Peer Gynt</i>. (Archer <i>trans.</i>)<br />
</p>

<p>In Italy the witches met under a walnut tree
near Benevento; in France, in Puy de Dome;
in Spain, near Seville.</p>

<p>In these night-ridings Odin was the leader
of a wild hunt. In stormy, blustering autumn
weather</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The wonted roar was up among the woods."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>Comus</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>Odin rode in pursuit of shadowy deer with
the Furious Host behind him. A ghostly
huntsman of a later age was Dietrich von
Bern, doomed to hunt till the Judgment Day.</p>

<p>Frau Venus in Wagner's <i>Tannh&auml;user</i> held
her revels in an underground palace in the
Horselberg in Thuringia, Germany. This
was one of the seats of Holda, the goddess of
spring. Venus herself is like the Christian
conception of Freya and Hel. She gathers
about her a throng of nymphs, sylphs, and
those she has lured into the mountain by intoxicating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132" href="#Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
music and promises. "The enchanting
sounds enticed only those in whose
hearts wild sensuous longings had already
taken root." Of these Tannh&auml;user is one.
He has stayed a year, but it seems to him
only one day. Already he is tired of the rosy
light and eternal music and languor, and
longs for the fresh green world of action he
once knew. He fears that he has forfeited
his soul's salvation by being there at all, but
cries,</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Salvation rests for me in Mary!"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Wagner</span>: <i>Tannh&auml;user</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>At the holy name Venus and her revellers
vanish, and Tannh&auml;user finds himself in a
meadow, hears the tinkling herd-bells, and a
shepherd's voice singing,</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Frau Holda, goddess of the spring,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Steps forth from the mountains old;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">She comes, and all the brooklets sing,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And fled is winter's cold.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
&nbsp;*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Play, play, my pipe, your lightest lay,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133" href="#Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">For spring has come, and merry May!"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><i>Tannh&auml;user.</i> (Huckel <i>trans.</i>)<br />
</p>

<p>praising the goddess in her blameless state.</p>

<p>By the fifteenth century Satan, taking the
place of the gods, assumed control of the evil
creatures. Now that witches were the followers
of the Devil, they wrote their names
in his book, and were carried away by him
for the revels by night. A new witch was
pricked with a needle to initiate her into his
company. At the party the Devil was adored
with worship due to God alone. Dancing, a
device of the pagans, and hence considered
wholly wicked, was indulged in to unseemly
lengths. In 1883 in Sweden it was believed
that dances were held about the sanctuaries
of the ancient gods, and that whoever
stopped to watch were caught by the dancers
and whirled away. If they profaned holy
days by this dancing, they were doomed to
keep it up for a year.</p>

<p>At the witches' Sabbath the Devil himself
sometimes appeared as a goat, and the witches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134" href="#Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
were attended by cats, owls, bats, and cuckoos,
because these creatures had once been sacred
to Freya. At the feast horse-flesh, once the
food of the gods at banquets, was eaten. The
broth for the feast was brewed in a kettle
held over the fire by a tripod, like that which
supported the seat of Apollo's priestess at
Delphi. The kettle may be a reminder of the
one Thor got, which gave to each guest whatever
food he asked of it, or it may be merely
that used in brewing the herb-remedies which
women made before they were thought to
practise witchcraft. In the kettle were cooked
mixtures which caused storms and shipwrecks,
plagues, and blights. No salt was
eaten, for that was a wholesome substance.</p>

<p>The witches of Germany did not have prophetic
power; those of Scandinavia, like the
Norse Fates, did have it. The troll-wives of
Scandinavia were like the witches of Germany&mdash;they
were cannibals, especially relishing
children, like the witch in <i>Hansel and Grethel</i>.</p>

<p>From the fourteenth to the eighteenth century
all through Europe and the new world<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135" href="#Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>
people thought to be witches, and hence in
the devil's service, were persecuted. It was
believed that they were able to take the form
of beasts. A wolf or other animal is caught
in a trap or shot, and disappears. Later an
old woman who lives alone in the woods is
found suffering from a similar wound. She
is then declared to be a witch.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"There was once an old castle in the middle
of a vast thick wood; in it lived an old woman
quite alone, and she was a witch. By day she
made herself into a cat or a screech-owl, but
regularly at night she became a human being
again."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Grimm</span>: <i>Jorinda and Joringel</i>.
</p></div>

<p>"Hares found on May morning are witches
and should be stoned," reads an old superstition.
"If you tease a cat on May Eve, it will
turn into a witch and hurt you."</p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136" href="#Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER XIII</h2>

<h3>WALPURGIS NIGHT</h3>


<p>Walpurga was a British nun who went to
Germany in the eighth century to found holy
houses. After a pious life she was buried at
Eichstatt, where it is said a healing oil
trickled from her rock-tomb. This miracle
reminded men of the fruitful dew which fell
from the manes of the Valkyries' horses, and
when one of the days sacred to her came on
May first, the wedding-day of Frau Holda and
the sun-god, the people thought of her as a
Valkyrie, and identified her with Holda.
As, like a Valkyrie, she rode armed on her
steed, she scattered, like Holda, spring flowers
and fruitful dew upon the fields and vales.
When these deities fell into disrepute, Walpurga
too joined the pagan train that swept
the sky on the eve of May first, and
afterwards on mountain-tops to sacrifice and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137" href="#Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
to adore Holda, as the priests had sacrificed
for a prosperous season and a bountiful harvest.</p>

<p>So this night was called Walpurgis Night,
when evil beings were abroad, and with them
human worshippers who still guarded the old
faith in secret.</p>

<p>This is very like the occasion of November
Eve, which shared with May first Celtic manifestations
of evil. Witches complete the list
of supernatural beings which are out on Hallowe'en.
All are to be met at crossroads, with
harm to the beholders. A superstition goes,
that if one wishes to see witches, he must put
on his clothes wrong side out, and creep backward
to a crossroads, or wear wild radish, on
May Eve.</p>

<p>On Walpurgis Night precaution must be
taken against witches who may harm cattle.
The stable doors are locked and sealed with
three crosses. Sprigs of ash, hawthorn, juniper,
and elder, once sacred to the pagan gods,
are now used as a protection against them.
Horseshoes are nailed prongs up on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138" href="#Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
threshold or over the door. Holy bells are
hung on the cows to scare away the witches,
and they are guided to pasture by a goad
which has been blessed. Shots are fired over
the cornfield. If one wishes, he may hide in
the corn and hear what will happen for a
year.</p>

<p>Signs and omens on Walpurgis Night have
more weight than at other times except on St.
John's Day.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"On Walpurgis Night rain<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Makes good crops of autumn grain,"<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>but rain on May Day is harmful to them.</p>

<p><br /></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 307px;">
<a href="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-138.jpg" name="DANCE" id="DANCE">
<img src="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-138-tn.jpg" width="307" height="400" class="plain" alt="The Witches&#39; Dance. (Valpurgisnacht.) From Painting by Von Kreling." title="The Witches&#39; Dance. (Valpurgisnacht.) From Painting by Von Kreling." /></a>
<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Witches&#39; Dance. (Valpurgisnacht.)</span><br /><i>From Painting by Von Kreling.</i></span>
</div>

<p>Lovers try omens on this eve, as they do in
Scotland on Hallowe'en. If you sleep with
one stocking on, you will find on May morning
in the toe a hair the color of your sweetheart's.
Girls try to find out the temperament
of their husbands-to-be by keeping a
linen thread for three days near an image of
the Madonna, and at midnight on May Eve
pulling it apart, saying:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Thread, I pull thee;<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139" href="#Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">Walpurga, I pray thee,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">That thou show to me<br /></span>
<span class="i0">What my husband's like to be."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>They judge of his disposition by the thread's
being strong or easily broken, soft or tightly
woven.</p>

<p>Dew on the morning of May first makes
girls who wash in it beautiful.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"The fair maid who on the first of May<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Goes to the fields at break of day<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And washes in dew from the hawthorn tree<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Will ever after handsome be."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><i>Encyclopedia of Superstitions.</i><br />
</p>

<p>A heavy dew on this morning presages a good
"butter-year." You will find fateful initials
printed in dew on a handkerchief that has
been left out all the night of April thirtieth.
On May Day girls invoke the cuckoo:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Cuckoo! cuckoo! on the bough,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Tell me truly, tell me how<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Many years there will be<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Till a husband comes to me."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>Then they count the calls of the cuckoo until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140" href="#Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
he pauses again.</p>

<p>If a man wears clothes made of yarn spun
on Walpurgis Night to the May-shooting, he
will always hit the bull's-eye, for the Devil
gives away to those he favors, "freikugeln,"
bullets which always hit the mark.</p>

<p>On Walpurgis Night as on Hallowe'en
strange things may happen to one. Zschokke
tells a story of a Walpurgis Night dream that
is more a vision than a dream. Led to be
unfaithful to his wife, a man murders the
husband of a former sweetheart; to escape
capture he fires a haystack, from which a
whole village is kindled. In his flight he
enters an empty carriage, and drives away
madly, crushing the owner under the wheels.
He finds that the dead man is his own brother.
Faced by the person whom he believes to be
the Devil, responsible for his misfortunes, the
wretched man is ready to worship him if he
will protect him. He finds that the seeming
Devil is in reality his guardian-angel who
sent him this dream that he might learn the
depths of wickedness lying unfathomed in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141" href="#Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
heart, waiting an opportunity to burst out.</p>

<p>Both May Eve and St. John's Eve are times
of freedom and unrestraint. People are filled
with a sort of madness which makes them
unaccountable for their deeds.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"For you see, pastor, within every one of us
a spark of paganism is glowing. It has outlasted
the thousand years since the old Teutonic
times. Once a year it flames up high, and we
call it St. John's Fire. Once a year comes Free-night.
Yes, truly, Free-night. Then the witches,
laughing scornfully, ride to Blocksberg, upon
the mountain-top, on their broomsticks, the
same broomsticks with which at other times
their witchcraft is whipped out of them,&mdash;then
the whole wild company skims along the forest
way,&mdash;and then the wild desires awaken in our
hearts which life has not fulfilled."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Sudermann</span>: <i>St. John's Fire</i>. (Porter <i>trans.</i>)
</p></div>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142" href="#Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER XIV</h2>

<h3>MORE HALLOWTIDE BELIEFS AND
CUSTOMS</h3>

<p>Only the Celts and the Teutons celebrate
an occasion actually like our Hallowe'en.
The countries of southern Europe make of it
a religious vigil, like that already described
in France.</p>

<p>In Italy on the night of All Souls', the
spirits of the dead are thought to be abroad,
as in Brittany. They may mingle with living
people, and not be remarked. The
<i>Miserere</i> is heard in all the cities. As the
people pass dressed in black, bells are rung
on street corners to remind them to pray for
the souls of the dead. In Naples the skeletons
in the funeral vaults are dressed up, and the
place visited on All Souls' Day. In Salerno
before the people go to the all-night service at
church they set out a banquet for the dead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143" href="#Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
If any food is left in the morning, evil is in
store for the house.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Hark! Hark to the wind! 'T is the night, they say,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">When all souls come back from the far away&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The dead, forgotten this many a day!<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"And the dead remembered&mdash;ay! long and well&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And the little children whose spirits dwell<br /></span>
<span class="i0">In God's green garden of asphodel.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Have you reached the country of all content,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">O souls we know, since the day you went<br /></span>
<span class="i0">From this time-worn world, where your years were spent?<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Would you come back to the sun and the rain,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The sweetness, the strife, the thing we call pain,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And then unravel life's tangle again?<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"I lean to the dark&mdash;Hush!&mdash;was it a sigh?<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Or the painted vine-leaves that rustled by?<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Or only a night-bird's echoing cry?"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Sheard</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br />
</p>

<p>In Malta bells are rung, prayers said, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144" href="#Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
mourning worn on All Souls' Day. Graves
are decorated, and the inscriptions on tombs
read and reread. For the poor is prepared an
All Souls' dinner, as cakes are given to the
poor in England and Wales. The custom of
decorating graves with flowers and offering
flowers to the dead comes from the crowning
of the dead by the ancients with short-lived
blooms, to signify the brevity of life.</p>

<p>In Spain at dark on Hallowe'en cakes and
nuts are laid on graves to bribe the spirits not
to disturb the vigils of the saints.</p>

<p>In Germany the graves of the dead are
decorated with flowers and lights, on the first
and second of November. To drive away
ghosts from a church a key or a wand must
be struck three times against a bier. An All
Souls' divination in Germany is a girl's going
out and asking the first young man she meets
his name. Her husband's will be like it. If
she walks thrice about a church and makes a
wish, she will see it fulfilled.</p>

<p>Belgian children build shrines in front of
their homes with figures of the Madonna and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145" href="#Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
candles, and beg for money to buy cakes. As
many cakes as one eats, so many souls he
frees from Purgatory.</p>

<p>The races of northern Europe believed that
the dead returned, and were grieved at the
lamentations of their living relatives. The
same belief was found in Brittany, and among
the American Indians.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Think of this, O Hiawatha!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Speak of it to all the people,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">That henceforward and forever<br /></span>
<span class="i0">They no more with lamentations<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Sadden souls of the departed<br /></span>
<span class="i0">In the Islands of the Bless&egrave;d."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Longfellow</span>: <i>Hiawatha</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>The Chinese fear the dead and the dragons
of the air. They devote the first three weeks
in April to visiting the graves of their ancestors,
and laying baskets of offerings on
them. The great dragon, Feng-Shin, flies
scattering blessings upon the houses. His
path is straight, unless he meets with some
building. Then he turns aside, and the
owner of the too lofty edifice misses the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146" href="#Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
blessing.</p>

<p>At Nikko, Japan, where there are many
shrines to the spirits of the dead, masques are
held to entertain the ghosts who return on
Midsummer Day. Every street is lined with
lighted lanterns, and the spirits are sent back
to the otherworld in straw boats lit with
lanterns, and floated down the river. To see
ghosts in Japan one must put one hundred
rush-lights into a large lantern, and repeat
one hundred lines of poetry, taking one light
out at the end of each line; or go out into
the dark with one light and blow it out.
Ghosts are identified with witches. They
come back especially on moonlit nights.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"On moonlight nights, when the coast-wind
whispers in the branches of the tree, O-Matsue
and Teoyo may sometimes be seen, with bamboo
rakes in their hands, gathering together the
needles of the fir."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Rinder</span>: <i>Great Fir-Tree of Takasago.</i>
</p></div>

<p>There is a Chinese saying that a mirror is
the soul of a woman. A pretty story is told<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147" href="#Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
of a girl whose mother before she died gave
her a mirror, saying:</p>

<p>"Now after I am dead, if you think longingly
of me, take out the thing that you
will find inside this box, and look at it.
When you do so my spirit will meet yours,
and you will be comforted." When she was
lonely or her stepmother was harsh with her,
the girl went to her room and looked earnestly
into the mirror. She saw there only
her own face, but it was so much like her
mother's that she believed it was hers indeed,
and was consoled. When the stepmother
learned what it was her daughter cherished
so closely, her heart softened toward the
lonely girl, and her life was made easier.</p>

<p>By the Arabs spirits were called Djinns (or
genii). They came from fire, and looked
like men or beasts. They might be good or
evil, beautiful or horrible, and could disappear
from mortal sight at will. Nights when they
were abroad, it behooved men to stay under
cover.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Ha! They are on us, close without!<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148" href="#Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></span>
<span class="i2">Shut tight the shelter where we lie;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">With hideous din the monster rout,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Dragon and vampire, fill the sky."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Hugo</span>: <i>The Djinns.</i><br />
</p>

<p><br /></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
<a href="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-148.jpg" name="FORTUNE" id="FORTUNE">
<img src="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-148-tn.jpg" width="400" height="273" class="plain" alt="Fortune-Telling." title="Fortune-Telling." /></a>
<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fortune-Telling.</span></span>
</div>

<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149" href="#Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
<h2>CHAPTER XV</h2>

<h3>HALLOWE'EN IN AMERICA</h3>


<p>In Colonial days Hallowe'en was not celebrated
much in America. Some English still
kept the customs of the old world, such as
apple-ducking and snapping, and girls tried
the apple-paring charm to reveal their lovers'
initials, and the comb-and-mirror test to see
their faces. Ballads were sung and ghost-stories
told, for the dead were thought to return
on Hallowe'en.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"There was a young officer in Phips's company
at the time of the finding of the Spanish
treasure-ship, who had gone mad at the sight of
the bursting sacks that the divers had brought
up from the sea, as the gold coins covered the
deck. This man had once lived in the old stone
house on the 'faire greene lane,' and a report
had gone out that his spirit still visited it, and
caused discordant noises. Once ... on a
gusty November evening, when the clouds were
scudding over the moon, a hall-door had blown
open with a shrieking draft and a force that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150" href="#Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
caused the floor to tremble."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Butterworth</span>: <i>Hallowe'en Reformation.</i>
</p></div>

<p>Elves, goblins, and fairies are native on
American soil. The Indians believed in evil
<i>manitous</i>, some of whom were water-gods who
exacted tribute from all who passed over their
lakes. Henry Hudson and his fellow-explorers
haunted as mountain-trolls the Catskill
range. Like Ossian and so many other
visitors to the Otherworld, Rip Van Winkle
is lured into the strange gathering, thinks
that he passes the night there, wakes, and
goes home to find that twenty years have
whitened his hair, rusted his gun, and
snatched from life many of his boon-companions.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"My gun must have cotched the rheumatix
too. Now that's too bad. Them fellows have
gone and stolen my good gun, and leave me this
rusty old barrel.</p>

<p>"Why, is that the village of Falling Waters
that I see? Why, the place is more than twice
the size it was last night&mdash;I&mdash;&mdash;</p>

<p>"I don't know whether I am dreaming, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151" href="#Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
sleeping, or waking."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Jefferson</span>: <i>Rip Van Winkle</i>.<br />
</p></div>

<p>The persecution of witches, prevalent in
Europe, reached this side of the Atlantic in
the seventeenth century.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"This sudden burst of wickedness and crime<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Was but the common madness of the time,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">When in all lands, that lie within the sound<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Of Sabbath bells, a witch was burned or drowned."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Longfellow</span>: <i>Giles Corey of the Salem Farms</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>Men and women who had enemies to accuse
them of evil knowledge and the power to
cause illness in others, were hanged or pressed
to death by heavy weights. Such sicknesses
they could cause by keeping a waxen image,
and sticking pins or nails into it, or melting
it before the fire. The person whom they
hated would be in torture, or would waste
away like the waxen doll. Witches' power
to injure and to prophesy came from the
Devil, who marked them with a needle-prick.
Such marks were sought as evidence at trials.</p>

<p>"Witches' eyes are coals of fire from the pit."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152" href="#Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
They were attended by black cats, owls, bats,
and toads.</p>

<p>Iron, as being a product of fire, was a protection
against them, as against evil spirits
everywhere. It had especial power when in
the shape of a horseshoe.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"This horseshoe will I nail upon the threshold.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">There, ye night-hags and witches that torment<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The neighborhood, ye shall not enter here."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Longfellow</span>: <i>Giles Corey of the Salem Farms</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>The holiday-time of elves, witches, and
ghosts is Hallowe'en. It is not believed in
here except by some children, who people the
dark with bogies who will carry them away
if they are naughty.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Onc't they was a little boy wouldn't say his prayers&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">An' when he went to bed at night, away upstairs,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">His mammy heerd him holler, an' his daddy heerd him bawl,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">An' when they turn't the kivvers down, he wasn't there at all!<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">An' they seeked him in the rafter-room, an' cubby-hole, an' press,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153" href="#Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span><br /></span>
<span class="i0">An' seeked him up the chimbley-flue, an' ever'wheres, I guess;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But all they ever found was thist his pants an' roundabout!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">An' the Gobble-uns 'll git you, ef you don't watch out!"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Riley</span>: <i>Little Orphant Annie.</i><br />
</p>

<p>Negroes are very superstitious, putting faith
in all sorts of supernatural beings.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Blame my trap! how de wind do blow;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And dis is das de night for de witches, sho!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Dey's trouble going to waste when de ole slut whine,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">An' you hear de cat a-spittin' when de moon don't shine."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Riley</span>: <i>When de Folks is Gone</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>While the original customs of Hallowe'en
are being forgotten more and more across the
ocean, Americans have fostered them, and are
making this an occasion something like what
it must have been in its best days overseas.
All Hallowe'en customs in the United States
are borrowed directly or adapted from those
of other countries. All superstitions, everyday<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154" href="#Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
ones, and those pertaining to Christmas
and New Year's, have special value on Hallowe'en.</p>

<p>It is a night of ghostly and merry revelry.
Mischievous spirits choose it for carrying off
gates and other objects, and hiding them or
putting them out of reach.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"Dear me, Polly, I wonder what them boys
will be up to to-night. I do hope they'll not put
the gate up on the shed as they did last year."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Wright</span>: <i>Tom's Hallowe'en Joke</i>.
</p></div>

<p>Bags filled with flour sprinkle the passers-by.
Door-bells are rung and mysterious raps
sounded on doors, things thrown into halls,
and knobs stolen. Such sports mean no more
at Hallowe'en than the tricks played the
night before the Fourth of July have to do
with the Declaration of Independence. We
see manifested on all such occasions the spirit
of "Free-night" of which George von Hartwig
speaks so enthusiastically in <i>St. John's
Fire</i> (page 141).</p>

<p>Hallowe'en parties are the real survival of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155" href="#Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
the ancient merrymakings. They are prepared
for in secret. Guests are not to divulge
the fact that they are invited. Often they
come masked, as ghosts or witches.</p>

<p>The decorations make plain the two elements
of the festival. For the centerpiece of
the table there may be a hollowed pumpkin,
filled with apples and nuts and other fruits of
harvest, or a pumpkin-chariot drawn by field-mice.
So it is clear that this is a harvest-party,
like Pomona's feast. In the coach rides
a witch, representing the other element, of
magic and prophecy. Jack-o'-lanterns, with
which the room is lighted, are hollowed
pumpkins with candles inside. The candle-light
shines through holes cut like features.
So the lantern becomes a bogy, and is held up
at a window to frighten those inside. Corn-stalks
from the garden stand in clumps about
the room. A frieze of witches on broomsticks,
with cats, bats, and owls surmounts the
fireplace, perhaps. A full moon shines over
all, and a caldron on a tripod holds fortunes
tied in nut-shells. The prevailing colors are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156" href="#Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>
yellow and black: a deep yellow is the color
of most ripe grain and fruit; black stands for
black magic and demoniac influence. Ghosts
and skulls and cross-bones, symbols of death,
startle the beholder. Since Hallowe'en is a
time for lovers to learn their fate, hearts and
other sentimental tokens are used to good
effect, as the Scotch lads of Burns's time wore
love-knots.</p>

<p>Having marched to the dining-room to the
time of a dirge, the guests find before them
plain, hearty fare; doughnuts, gingerbread,
cider, popcorn, apples, and nuts honored by
time. The Hallowe'en cake has held the
place of honor since the beginning here in
America. A ring, key, thimble, penny, and
button baked in it foretell respectively speedy
marriage, a journey, spinsterhood, wealth,
and bachelorhood.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"Polly was going to be married, Jennie was
going on a long journey, and you&mdash;down went
the knife against something hard. The girls
crowded round. You had a hurt in your throat,
and there, there, in your slice, was the horrid,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157" href="#Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
hateful, big brass thimble. It was more than
you could bear&mdash;soaking, dripping wet, and an
old maid!"</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Bradley</span>: <i>Different Party</i>.
</p></div>

<p><br /></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-156a.jpg" name="W_TABLE" id="W_TABLE">
<img src="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-156a-tn.jpg" width="200" height="189" class="plain" alt="A Witch Table." title="A Witch Table." /></a>
<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Witch Table.</span></span>
</div>

<p><br /></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-156b.jpg">
<img src="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-156b-tn.jpg" width="200" height="157" class="plain" alt="An Owl Table. Hallowe&#39;en Tables, I." title="An Owl Table. Hallowe&#39;en Tables, I." /></a>
<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">An Owl Table.<br />Hallowe&#39;en Tables, I.</span></span>
</div>

<p>The kitchen is the best place for the rough
games and after-supper charms.</p>

<p>On the stems of the apples which are to be
dipped for may be tied names; for the boys
in one tub, for the girls in another. Each
searcher of the future must draw out with his
teeth an apple with a name which will be
like that of his future mate.</p>

<p>A variation of the Irish snap-apple is a
hoop hung by strings from the ceiling, round
which at intervals are placed bread, apples,
cakes, peppers, candies, and candles. The
strings are twisted, then let go, and as the
hoop revolves, each may step up and get a
bite from whatever comes to him. By the
taste he determines what the character of his
married life will be,&mdash;whether wholesome,
acid, soft, fiery, or sweet. Whoever bites the
candle is twice unfortunate, for he must pay
a forfeit too. An apple and a bag of flour are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158" href="#Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
placed on the ends of a stick, and whoever
dares to seize a mouthful of apple must risk
being blinded by flour. Apples are suspended
one to a string in a doorway. As they swing,
each guest tries to secure his apple. To blow
out a candle as it revolves on a stick requires
attention and accuracy of aim.</p>

<p><br /></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-158a.jpg" name="CALDRON" id="CALDRON">
<img src="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-158a-tn.jpg" width="200" height="178" class="plain" alt="A Witches&#39;-Caldron Table." title="A Witches&#39;-Caldron Table." /></a>
<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Witches&#39;-Caldron Table.</span></span>
</div>

<p><br /></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-158b.jpg">
<img src="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-158b-tn.jpg" width="200" height="188" class="plain" alt="A Black-Cat Table. Hallowe&#39;en Tables, II." title="A Black-Cat Table. Hallowe&#39;en Tables, II." /></a>
<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Black-Cat Table.<br />Hallowe&#39;en Tables, II.</span></span>
</div>

<p>The one who first succeeds in threading a
needle as he sits on a round bottle on the
floor, will be first married. Twelve candles
are lighted, and placed at convenient distances
on the floor in a row. As the guest leaps
over them, the first he blows out will indicate
his wedding-month. One candle only placed
on the floor and blown out in the same way
means a year of wretchedness ahead. If it
still burns, it presages a year of joy.</p>

<p>Among the quieter tests some of the most
common are tried with apple-seeds. As in
England a pair of seeds named for two lovers
are stuck on brow or eyelids. The one who
sticks longer is the true, the one who soon
falls, the disloyal sweetheart. Seeds are used
in this way to tell also whether one is to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159" href="#Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>
a traveler or a stay-at-home. Apple-seeds are
twice ominous, partaking of both apple and
nut nature. Even the number of seeds found
in a core has meaning. If you put them
upon the palm of your hand, and strike it
with the other, the number remaining will
tell you how many letters you will receive in
a fortnight. With twelve seeds and the
names of twelve friends, the old rhyme may
be repeated:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"One I love,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Two I love,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Three I love, I say;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Four I love with all my heart:<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Five I cast away.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Six he loves,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Seven she loves,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Eight they both love;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Nine he comes,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Ten he tarries,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Eleven he courts, and<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Twelve he marries."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>Nuts are burned in the open fire. It is generally
agreed that the one for whom the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160" href="#Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
that pops is named, loves.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"If he loves me, pop and fly;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">If he hates me, live and die."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>Often the superstition connected therewith is
forgotten in the excitement of the moment.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"When ebery one among us toe de smallest pickaninny<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Would huddle in de chimbley cohnah's glow,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Toe listen toe dem chilly win's ob ole Novembah's<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Go a-screechin' lack a spook around de huts,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">'Twell de pickaninnies' fingahs gits to shakin' o'er de embahs,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">An' dey laik ter roas' dey knuckles 'stead o' nuts."<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">In Werner's</span> <i>Readings, Number 31</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>Letters of the alphabet are carved on a
pumpkin. Fate guides the hand of the blindfolded
seeker to the fateful initial which he
stabs with a pin. Letters cut out of paper
are sprinkled on water in a tub. They form
groups from which any one with imagination
may spell out names.</p>

<p>Girls walk down cellar backward with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161" href="#Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
candle in one hand and a looking-glass in the
other, expecting to see a face in the glass.</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Last night 't was witching Hallowe'en,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Dearest; an apple russet-brown<br /></span>
<span class="i2">I pared, and thrice above my crown<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Whirled the long skin; they watched it keen;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">I flung it far; they laughed and cried me shame&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Dearest, there lay the letter of your name.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Took I the mirror then, and crept<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Down, down the creaking narrow stair;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">The milk-pans caught my candle's flare<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And mice walked soft and spiders slept.<br /></span>
<span class="i2">I spoke the spell, and stood the magic space,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Dearest&mdash;and in the glass I saw your face!<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"And then I stole out in the night<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Alone; the frogs piped sweet and loud,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">The moon looked through a ragged cloud.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Thrice round the house I sped me light,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Dearest; and there, methought&mdash;charm of my charms!<br /></span>
<span class="i2">You met me, kissed me, took me to your arms!"<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Opper</span>: <i>The Charms</i>.<br />
</p>

<p>There are many mirror-tests. A girl who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162" href="#Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
sits before a mirror at midnight on Hallowe'en
combing her hair and eating an apple will see
the face of her true love reflected in the glass.
Standing so that through a window she may
see the moon in a glass she holds, she counts
the number of reflections to find out how
many pleasant things will happen to her in
the next twelve months. Alabama has taken
over the Scotch mirror test in its entirety.</p>

<p>A girl with a looking-glass in her hand
steps backward from the door out into the
yard. Saying:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Round and round, O stars so fair!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Ye travel, and search out everywhere.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">I pray you, sweet stars, now show to me,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">This night, who my future husband shall be!"<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>she goes to meet her fate.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"So Leslie backed out at the door, and we
shut it upon her. The instant after, we heard a
great laugh. Off the piazza she had stepped
backward directly against two gentlemen coming
in.</p>

<p>"Doctor Ingleside was one, coming to get his
supper; the other was a friend of his.... 'Doctor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163" href="#Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
John Hautayne,' he said, introducing
him by his full name."</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Whitney</span>: <i>We Girls.</i>
</p></div>

<p>A custom that is a reminder of the lighted
boats sent down-stream in Japan to bear away
the souls of the dead, is that which makes use
of nut-shell boats. These have tiny candles
fastened in them, are lighted, and named, and
set adrift on a tub of water. If they cling to
the side, their namesakes will lead a quiet
life. Some will float together. Some will
collide and be shipwrecked. Others will bear
steadily toward a goal though the waves are
rocked in a tempest. Their behavior is
significant. The candle which burns longest
belongs to the one who will marry first.</p>

<p>The Midsummer wheel which was rolled
down into the Moselle River in France, and
meant, if the flames that wreathed it were not
extinguished, that the grape-harvest would be
abundant, has survived in the fortune wheel
which is rolled about from one guest to another,
and brings a gift to each.</p>

<p>The actions of cats on Hallowe'en betoken<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164" href="#Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
good or bad luck. If a cat sits quietly beside
any one, he will enjoy a peaceful, prosperous
life; if one rubs against him, it brings good
luck, doubly good if one jumps into his
lap. If a cat yawns near you on Hallowe'en,
be alert and do not let opportunity
slip by you. If a cat runs from you, you
have a secret which will be revealed in seven
days.</p>

<p>Different states have put interpretations of
their own on the commonest charms. In
Massachusetts the one who first draws an
apple from the tub with his teeth will be first
married. If a girl steals a cabbage, she will
see her future husband as she pulls it up, or
meet him as she goes home. If these fail, she
must put the cabbage over the door and
watch to see whom it falls on, for him she is
to marry. A button concealed in mashed
potato brings misfortune to the finder. The
names of three men are written on slips of
paper, and enclosed in three balls of meal.
The one that rises first when they are
thrown into water will disclose the sought-for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165" href="#Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>
name.</p>

<p>Maine has borrowed the yarn-test from
Scotland. A ball is thrown into a barn or
cellar, and wound off on the hand. The
lover will come and help to wind. Girls in
New Hampshire place in a row three dishes
with earth, water, and a ring in them, respectively.
The one who blindfolded touches
earth will soon die; water, will never marry;
the ring, will soon be wedded.</p>

<p>To dream of the future on Hallowe'en in
Pennsylvania, one must go out of the front
door backward, pick up dust or grass, wrap
it in paper, and put it under his pillow.</p>

<p>In Maryland girls see their future husbands
by a rite similar to the Scotch "wetting of the
sark-sleeve." They put an egg to roast, and
open wide all the doors and windows. The
man they seek will come in and turn the egg.
At supper girls stand behind the chairs, knowing
that the ones they are to marry will come
to sit in front of them.</p>

<p>The South has always been famous for its
hospitality and good times. On Hallowe'en a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166" href="#Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>
miniature Druid-fire burns in a bowl on the
table. In the blazing alcohol are put fortunes
wrapped in tin-foil, figs, orange-peel, raisins,
almonds, and dates. The one who snatches
the best will meet his sweetheart inside of a
year, and all may try for a fortune from the
flames. The origin of this custom was the
taking of omens from the death-struggles of
creatures burning in the fire of sacrifice.</p>

<p>Another Southern custom is adapted from
one of Brittany. Needles are named and
floated in a dish of water. Those which cling
side by side are lovers.</p>

<p>Good fortune is in store for the one who
wins an apple from the tub, or against whose
glass a ring suspended by a hair strikes with
a sharp chime.</p>

<p>A very elaborate charm is tried in Newfoundland.
As the clock strikes midnight a
girl puts the twenty-six letters of the alphabet,
cut from paper, into a pure-white bowl which
has been touched by the lips of a new-born
babe only. After saying:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Kind fortune, tell me where is he<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167" href="#Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></span>
<span class="i0">Who my future lord shall be;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">From this bowl all that I claim<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Is to know my sweetheart's name."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>she puts the bowl into a safe place until morning.
Then she is blindfolded and picks out
the same number of letters as there are in her
own name, and spells another from them.</p>

<p>In New Brunswick, instead of an apple, a
hard-boiled egg without salt is eaten before a
mirror, with the same result. In Canada a
thread is held over a lamp. The number
that can be counted slowly before the thread
parts, is the number of years before the one
who counts will marry.</p>

<p>In the United States a hair is thrown to the
winds with the stanza chanted:</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"I pluck this lock of hair off my head<br /></span>
<span class="i0">To tell whence comes the one I shall wed.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Fly, silken hair, fly all the world around,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Until you reach the spot where my true love is found."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>The direction in which the hair floats is
prophetic.</p>

<p>The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168" href="#Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party,
using Burns's poem <i>Hallowe'en</i> as a guide; or
to go a-souling as the English used. In short,
no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en
is out of fashion now. "Cyniver" has
been borrowed from Wales, and the "dumb-cake"
from the Hebrides. In the Scotch
custom of cabbage-stalk pulling, if the stalk
comes up easily, the husband or wife will be
easy to win. The melted-lead test to show
the occupation of the husband-to-be has been
adopted in the United States. If the metal
cools in round drops, the tester will never
marry, or her husband will have no profession.
White of egg is used in the same way.
Like the Welsh test is that of filling the
mouth with water, and walking round the
house until one meets one's fate. An adaptation
of the Scottish "three luggies" is the
row of four dishes holding dirt, water, a ring,
and a rag. The dirt means divorce, the
water, a trip across the ocean, the ring, marriage,
the rag, no marriage at all.</p>

<p>After the charms have been tried, fagots are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169" href="#Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
passed about, and by the eerie light of burning
salt and alcohol, ghost stories are told,
each concluding his installment as his fagot
withers into ashes. Sometimes the cabbage
stalks used in the omens take the place of
fagots.</p>

<p>To induce prophetic dreams salt, in quantities
from a pinch to an egg full, is eaten before
one goes to bed.</p>

<div class="blockquot"><p>"'Miss Jeanette, that's such a fine trick!
You must swallow a salt herring in three bites,
bones and all, and not drink a drop till the apparition
of your future spouse comes in the night
to offer you a drink of water.'"</p>

<p class="cite">
<span class="smcap">Adams</span>: <i>Chrissie's Fate</i>.
</p></div>

<p>If, after taking three doses of salt two
minutes apart, a girl goes to bed backward,
lies on her right side, and does not move till
morning, she is sure to have eventful dreams.
Pills made of a hazelnut, a walnut, and nutmeg
grated together and mixed with butter
and sugar cause dreams: if of gold, the husband
will be rich; if of noise, a tradesman;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170" href="#Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
if of thunder and lightning, a traveler. As
in Ireland bay-leaves on or under a man's
pillow cause him to dream of his sweetheart.
Also</p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Turn your boots toward the street,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Leave your garters on your feet,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Put your stockings on your head,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">You'll dream of the one you're going to wed."<br /></span>
</div></div>

<p>Lemon-peel carried all day and rubbed on the
bed-posts at night will cause an apparition to
bring the dreaming girl two lemons. For
quiet sleep and the fulfilment of any wish eat
before going to bed on Hallowe'en a piece of
dry bread.</p>

<p>A far more interesting development of the
Hallowe'en idea than these innocent but
colorless superstitions, is promised by the
pageant at Fort Worth, Texas, on October
thirty-first, 1916. In the masque and pageant
of the afternoon four thousand school children
took part. At night scenes from the pageant
were staged on floats which passed along the
streets. The subject was <i>Preparedness for</i>
<i>Peace</i>, and comprised scenes from American<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171" href="#Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
history in which peace played an honorable
part. Such were: the conference of William
Penn and the Quakers with the Indians, and
the opening of the East to American trade.
This is not a subject limited to performances
at Hallowtide. May there not be written and
presented in America a truly Hallowe'en
pageant, illustrating and befitting its noble
origin, and making its place secure among
the holidays of the year?</p>

<hr style="width: 85%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172" href="#Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN</b></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Bring forth the raisins and the nuts&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">To-night All-Hallows' Spectre struts<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Along the moonlit way.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">No time is this for tear or sob,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Or other woes our joys to rob,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But time for Pippin and for Bob,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And Jack-o'-lantern gay.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Come forth, ye lass and trousered kid,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">From prisoned mischief raise the lid,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And lift it good and high.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Leave grave old Wisdom in the lurch,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Set Folly on a lofty perch,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Nor fear the awesome rod of birch<br /></span>
<span class="i2">When dawn illumes the sky.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">'Tis night for revel, set apart<br /></span>
<span class="i0">To reillume the darkened heart,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And rout the hosts of Dole.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">'Tis night when Goblin, Elf, and Fay,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Come dancing in their best array<br /></span>
<span class="i0">To prank and royster on the way,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And ease the troubled soul.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">The ghosts of all things, past parade,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173" href="#Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
<span class="i0">Emerging from the mist and shade<br /></span>
<span class="i2">That hid them from our gaze,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And full of song and ringing mirth,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">In one glad moment of rebirth,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Again they walk the ways of earth,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">As in the ancient days.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">The beacon light shines on the hill,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The will-o'-wisps the forests fill<br /></span>
<span class="i2">With flashes filched from noon;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And witches on their broomsticks spry<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Speed here and yonder in the sky,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">And lift their strident voices high<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Unto the Hunter's moon.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">The air resounds with tuneful notes<br /></span>
<span class="i0">From myriads of straining throats,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">All hailing Folly Queen;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">So join the swelling choral throng,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Forget your sorrow and your wrong,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">In one glad hour of joyous song<br /></span>
<span class="i2">To honor Hallowe'en.<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">J. K. Bangs</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Nov. 5, 1910</i>.<br />
</p>

<hr style="width: 85%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174" href="#Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN FAILURE</b></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Who's dat peekin' in de do'?<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Set mah heart a-beatin'!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Thought I see' a spook for sho<br /></span>
<span class="i2">On mah way to meetin'.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Heerd a rustlin' all aroun',<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Trees all sort o' jiggled;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">An' along de frosty groun'<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Funny shadders wriggled.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Who's dat by de winder-sill?<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Gittin' sort o' skeery;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Feets is feelin' kind o' chill,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Eyes is sort o' teary.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">'Most as nervous as a coon<br /></span>
<span class="i2">When de dawgs is barkin',<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Er a widder when some spoon<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Comes along a-sparkin'.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Whass dat creepin' up de road,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Quiet like a ferret,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Hoppin' sof'ly as a toad?<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Maybe hit's a sperrit!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Lordy! hope dey ain't no ghos'<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175" href="#Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
<span class="i2">Come to tell me howdy.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">I ain't got no use for those<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Fantoms damp an' cloudy.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Whass dat standin' by de fence<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Wid its eyes a-yearnin',<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Drivin' out mah common-sense<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Wid its glances burnin'?<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Don't dass skeercely go to bed<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Wid dem spookses roun' me.<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Ain't no res' fo' dis yere head<br /></span>
<span class="i2">When dem folks surroun' me.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Whass dat groanin' soun' I hear<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Off dar by de gyardin?<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Lordy! Lordy! Lordy dear,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Grant dis sinner pardon!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">I won't nebber&mdash;I declar'<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Ef it ain't my Sammy!<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Sambo, what yo' doin' dar?<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Yo' can't skeer yo' mammy!<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Carlyle Smith</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 29, 1910</i>.<br />
</p>

<hr style="width: 85%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176" href="#Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>

<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN</b></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Pixie, kobold, elf, and sprite<br /></span>
<span class="i0">All are on their rounds to-night,&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">In the wan moon's silver ray<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Thrives their helter-skelter play.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Fond of cellar, barn, or stack<br /></span>
<span class="i0">True unto the almanac,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">They present to credulous eyes<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Strange hobgoblin mysteries.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Cabbage-stumps&mdash;straws wet with dew&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Apple-skins, and chestnuts too,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">And a mirror for some lass<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Show what wonders come to pass.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Doors they move, and gates they hide<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Mischiefs that on moonbeams ride<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Are their deeds,&mdash;and, by their spells,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Love records its oracles.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Don't we all, of long ago<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177" href="#Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
<span class="i0">By the ruddy fireplace glow,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">In the kitchen and the hall,<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Those queer, coof-like pranks recall?<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Eery shadows were they then&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i0">But to-night they come again;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Were we once more but sixteen<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Precious would be Hallowe'en.<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Joel Benton</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 31, 1896</i>.<br />
</p>

<p><br /></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 287px;">
<a href="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-178.jpg" name="JACKOLANTERN" id="JACKOLANTERN">
<img src="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:r:ruth-edna-kelley-the-book-of-halloween-illus-178-tn.jpg" width="287" height="400" class="plain" alt="No Hallowe&#39;en without a Jack-o&#39;-Lantern." title="No Hallowe&#39;en without a Jack-o&#39;-Lantern." /></a>
<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">No Hallowe&#39;en without<br />a Jack-o&#39;-Lantern.</span></span>
</div>

<hr style="width: 85%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178" href="#Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN</b></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">A gypsy flame is on the hearth,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Sign of this carnival of mirth.<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Through the dun fields and from the glade<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Flash merry folk in masquerade&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i4">It is the witching Hallowe'en.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Pale tapers glimmer in the sky,<br /></span>
<span class="i0">The dead and dying leaves go by;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Dimly across the faded green<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Strange shadows, stranger shades, are seen&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i4">It is the mystic Hallowe'en.<br /></span>
</div><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">Soft gusts of love and memory<br /></span>
<span class="i0">Beat at the heart reproachfully;<br /></span>
<span class="i2">The lights that burn for those who die<br /></span>
<span class="i2">Were flickering low, let them flare high&mdash;<br /></span>
<span class="i4">It is the haunting Hallowe'en.<br /></span>
</div></div>
<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">A. F. Murray</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 30, 1909.</i><br />
</p>



<hr style="width: 85%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179" href="#Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>

<h2>Magazine References to Hallowe'en Entertainments</h2>
<p><span class="smcap">Charades</span>:</p>

<p>
Charades, menu, tests.   H. Bazar, 32:894.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Children's Parties</span>:</p>

<p>
Fortune games for very little children. St.  N., 23:33.<br />
Hallowe'en fortunes for boys and girls. Delin., 66:631.<br />
Masquerade, games, tests. W. H. C., 35:43.<br />
Decorations. W. H. C., 36:34.<br />
Old-fashioned games. St. N., 35:51.<br />
Children's celebration of Hallowe'en. St. N., 32:1124.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Church Parties</span>:</p>

<p>
Mystic party. L. H. J., 22:57.<br />
For Young People's Soc. L. H. J., 26:34.<br />
"Phantom fair."  W. H. C., 39:32.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Club Parties</span>:</p>

<p>
For Country Club. Invitation. Costumes. Supper. Dance.<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">W. H. C., 41:30.</span><br />
"Candle-light caf&eacute;." W. H. C., 42. Oct., 1915.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Costumes</span>:</p>

<p>
Delin., 78:258.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Country-House Party</span>:</p>

<p>
Country Life, 18:624.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Dances</span>:</p>

<p>
Dances, drills, costumes. Delin., 78:258.<br />
Hallowe'en party. W. H. C., 40:39.<br />
Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Decorations and Favors</span>:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180" href="#Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>

<p>
Autumn-leaf decorations and prizes.  Delin., 64:638.<br />
Cobweb party. Delin., 91:44.<br />
Hall: Handicraft for handy girls.<br />
Place-cards, verses. L. H. J., 28:50.<br />
<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 31:40.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 39:1046.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 20:48.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 16:38.</span><br />
Cinderella party.  W. H. C., 34:30.<br />
Favors. H. Bazar, 45:516.<br />
Nut favors. W. H. C., 32:53.<br />
Original decorations. W. H. C., 32:32.<br />
Fads and frills. W. H. C., 32:24.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Games and Fortunes</span>:</p>

<p>
Witchery games for Hallowe'en. Delin., 64:576.<br />
<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">H. Bazar., 33:1650.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">L. H. J., 20:48.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">L. H. J., 25:58.</span><br />
Blain: Games for Hallowe'en.<br />
Quaint customs. H. Bazar, 46:578.<br />
<span style="margin-left: 8em;">H. Bazar, 32:894.</span><br />
Witches' think cap. L. H. J., 32:29.<br />
Hallowe'en happenings. St. N., 35:51.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Invitations</span>:</p>

<p>
H. Bazar, 33:1650.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Parties</span> (miscellaneous):</p>

<p>
H. Bazar, 28 pt. 2:841.<br />
H. Bazar, 32:894.<br />
L. H. J., 29:105.<br />
L. H. J., 30:103.<br />
Nut-crack night party. H. Bazar, 41:1106.<br />
Nut-crack party. H. Bazar, 38:1092.<br />
Novel party. W. H. C., 31:42.<br />
Yarn party. L. H. J., 26:63.<br />
L. H. J., 23:68.<br />
L. H. J., 14:25.<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181" href="#Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.<br />
Novel party with musical accompaniment. Musician, 18:665.<br />
Cotter's Saturday night. W. H. C., 38:40.<br />
"Ghosts I have met" party. Pantomime. W. H. C., 37:27.<br />
Two jolly affairs. W. H. C., 39:32.<br />
Tryst of witches. Good H., 53:463.<br />
Tam o' Shanter party. Delin., 85:26.<br />
Jolly good time. Delin., 74:367.<br />
Hints for Hallowe'en hilarities. L. H. J., 27:46.<br />
Jolly party. L. H. J., 19:41.<br />
Hallowe'en fun. L. H. J., 33:33.<br />
Pumpkin stunt party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.<br />
Character party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">School Parties</span>:</p>

<p>
"Cotter's Saturday night." W. H. C., 38:40.<br />
High school party. W. H. C., 42:34.<br />
How the college girl celebrates Hallowe'en. W. H. C., 31:16.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="smcap">Suppers, Table Decorations, Menus</span>:</p>

<p>
Hallowe'en suppers.  H. Bazar, 35:1670.<br />
<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 37:1063.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 24:78.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 16:38.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">W. H. C., 40:39.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">W. H. C., 43:35.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 44:641.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 45:507.</span><br />
Hallowe'en party table. L. H. J., 29:44.<br />
<span style="margin-left: 12em;">H. Bazar, 32:894.</span><br />
Hallowe'en supper. Good H., 53:569.<br />
</p>

<p>The pages refer always to the October number of
the year.</p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182" href="#Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p>

<h2>Supplementary List of Readings, Recitations, and Plays</h2>


<div class='center'>
<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td align='center'><span class="smcap">TITLE</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">AUTHOR</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">SOURCE</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>All Hallowe'en</i> (story)</td><td></td><td align='left'>All the Year Round, 60:347</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>All Souls' Eve</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Hopper</td><td align='left'>Eng. Illus. Mag., 18:225</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>All Souls' Eve</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Lyall</td><td align='left'>Temple Bar., 124:379</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Black cat</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Poe</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Boogah Man</i></td><td align='left'>Dunbar</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Brier-Rose</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Broomstick brigade</i></td><td align='left'>J. T. Wagner</td><td align='left'>6 Barclay St., N. Y. City</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Bud's fairy tale</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Riley</td><td align='left'>Child-world</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'>Children's Play with musical<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; accompaniment</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left' valign='top'>Musician, 16:693</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Corn-song</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Whittier</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Elder-tree mother</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Andersen</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairies</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Allingham</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairy and witch</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Nelson</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Feast of the little lanterns</i><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (operetta)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Bliss</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Fisherman and the genie</i> (story)</td><td></td><td align='left'><i>Arabian Nights</i></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Ghost</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>O'Connor</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Ghosts I have met</i></td><td align='left'>Bangs</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Ghost's touch</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Collins</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Golden arm</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Clemens</td><td align='left'><i>How to tell a story</i></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Goblin stone</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Wickes</td><td align='left'>Child's Book, p. 127</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Guess who</i> (song and drill)</td><td align='left'>Murray</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en adventure</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>McDonald</td><td align='left'>Canad. Mag., 12:61</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en adventure</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Koogle</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183" href="#Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en frolic</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Cone</td><td align='left'>St. N. 20 pt. 1:15</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Haunted gale</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Wormwood</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>House in the wood</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Little Butterkin</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Asbjornsen</td><td align='left'><i>Fairy tales from the far north</i></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Little Donna Juana</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Brooks</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Mother Goose recital</i></td><td align='left'>Musician, 21:633</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Nix of the mill-pond</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Peter Pan in Kensington<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gardens</i> (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Barrie</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Rapunzel</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Red shoes</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Andersen</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Scarecrows a-roaming</i> (play)</td><td></td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Seein' things</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Field</td><td align='left'>Love songs of childhood</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Snow-white</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Straw phantom</i> (pantomime)</td><td align='left'>Blackall</td><td align='left'>St. N., 44:1133</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Testing of Sir Gawayne</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Merington</td><td align='left'><i>Festival plays</i>,  p. 211</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Voyage of Bran</i></td><td align='left'>Meyer</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Walpurgisnight</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Zschokke</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Wind in the rose-bush</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Freeman</td></tr>
</table></div>

<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184" href="#Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p>

<h2>INDEX TO QUOTATIONS</h2>

<div class='center'>
<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Quotations Index">
<tr><td align='center'><span class="smcap">TITLE</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">AUTHOR</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">PAGE</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">SOURCE</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>All-hallows honeymoon</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Marks</td><td align='right'>104</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;New Eng. Magazine, 37:308</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>All Souls' Eve</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Marks, J. P.</td><td align='right'>31-32</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Ancient Irish</i></td><td align='left'>O'Curry</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Ballad of Tam Lin</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>65</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Child's Ballads</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Battle of the trees</i></td><td align='left'>Taliesin</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Neo-druidical heresy</i></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Caractacus</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Mason</td><td align='right'>11</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Celtic twilight</i><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; (poem in introduction to)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Yeats</td><td align='right' valign='top'>58</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Charms</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Opper</td><td align='right'>161</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Munsey, 30:285</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Comus</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Cuchulain of Muirthemne</i></td><td align='left'>Gregory</td><td align='right'>37-38-39</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Cuchulain's sick-bed</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>42</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Death of the flowers</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Bryant</td><td align='right'>18-19</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Different party</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Bradley</td><td align='right'>156-157</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Bazar, 41:131</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Dinnsenchus of Mag Slecht</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>21</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Neo-druidical heresy</i></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Djinns</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Hugo</td><td align='right'>148</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Druid song of Cathvah</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Todhunter</td><td align='right'>9</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Expedition of Nera</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>44</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'>"Fair maid who"</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>139</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Encyc. of Superstitions</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairy-faith in Celtic countries</i></td><td align='left'>Wentz</td><td align='right'>48-49</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairy fiddler</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Hopper</td><td align='right'>64</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Fasti</i></td><td align='left'>Ovid</td><td align='right'>114</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Faust</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Goethe</td><td align='right'>130</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>First winter song</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Graves</td><td align='right'>16</td><td></td><td align='left' valign="top"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185" href="#Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'>"Five hundred points"</td><td align='left'>Tusser</td><td align='right'>98</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Giles Corey of the Salem Farms</i><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; (play)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Longfellow</td><td align='right' valign='top'>151-152</td><td align='left'></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Golden Legend</i></td><td align='left'>De Voragine</td><td align='right'>30</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Great fir-tree of Takasago</i><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'> Rinder</td><td align='right' valign='top'>146</td><td align='left' valign='top'>&nbsp;<i>Old-world Japan</i></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'>"Green fairy island"</td><td align='left'>Parry</td><td align='right'>103</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Welsh Melodies</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hag</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Herrick</td><td align='right'>66-67</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Burns</td><td align='right'>73-74-75</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Coxe</td><td align='right'>18-19-88-<br />89-96</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Letts</td><td align='right'>99-100</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Sheard</td><td align='right'>143</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Canadian mag., 36:33</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Bangs</td><td align='right'>172-173</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Weekly, Nov. 5, 1910</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Benton</td><td align='right'>176-177</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Weekly, Oct. 31, 1896</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Murray</td><td align='right'>178</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Weekly, Oct. 30, 1909</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en Failure</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Smith</td><td align='right'>175</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Weekly, Oct. 29, 1910</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en or Christie's fate</i><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Adams</td><td align='right' valign='top'>169</td><td align='left' valign='top'>&nbsp;Scribner's, 3:26</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en in Ireland</i></td><td align='left'>Trant</td><td align='right'>51</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Dewdrops and Diamonds</i></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en Fantasy</i> (play),<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; (Priest and the Piper)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Pyle</td><td align='right' valign='top'>49</td><td align='left' valign='top'>&nbsp;Harper's Bazar, 31, pt. 2: 947</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en reformation</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Butterworth</td><td align='right'>149-150</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Century, 27:48</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en wish</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Munkittrick</td><td align='right'>93-94</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Weekly, Oct. 27, 1900</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Hiawatha</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Longfellow</td><td align='right'>145</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Immortal Hour</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Sharp</td><td align='right'>39-40-41</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Fortn. Rev. 74:867</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Jorinda and Joringel</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='right'>135</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Grimm's Fairy Tales</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>L'Allegro</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>86</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Land of Heart's Desire</i> (play)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Yeats</td><td align='right'>36-43-45-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186" href="#Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span><br />47</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Lavengro</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Borrow</td><td align='right'>129</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Little Orphant Annie</i></td><td align='left'>Riley</td><td align='right'>152-153</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Loch Garman</i></td><td align='left'>O'Ciarain</td><td align='right'>36</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Lycidas</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Macbeth</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Shakspere</td><td align='right'>89</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Monastery</i> (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Scott</td><td align='right'>62-63-76-<br />103</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Night of the dead</i></td><td align='left'>Le Braz</td><td align='right'>116-117</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Legend of the dead</i></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'>"On nuts burning"</td><td align='left'>Graydon</td><td align='right'>91-92</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>On the morning of Christ's<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; nativity</i> (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Milton</td><td align='right' valign='top'>28</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Paradise Lost</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Passing of Arthur</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Tennyson</td><td align='right'>84</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Pastorals</i> (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Gay</td><td align='right'>74-75-92-<br />93-94-95-<br />97</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Peer Gynt</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Ibsen</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Peter and Wendy</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Barrie</td><td align='right'>64</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Polyolbion</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Drayton</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Pomona</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Morris</td><td align='right'>23</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Rip Van Winkle</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Jefferson</td><td align='right'>150-151</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Robin Goodfellow</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Johnson</td><td align='right'>86</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>St. John's Eve</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Kickham</td><td align='right'>12</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>St. John's Fire</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Sudermann</td><td align='right'>141</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>St. Swithin's Chair</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Scott</td><td align='right'>69</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'>"Soul, soul"</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>98</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Notes and Queries</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Spell</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Gay</td><td align='right'>91</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Splores of a Hallowe'en</i><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Dick</td><td align='right' valign='top'>72</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Sunken bell</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Hauptmann</td><td align='right'>14</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Tale of Hallowe'en</i> (story)</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>76</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Leisure Hour, 23:765</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Tam Glen</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Burns</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Tam o' Shanter</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Burns</td><td align='right'>67-68</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Tannh&auml;user</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Wagner</td><td align='right'>132-133</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Tempest</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Shakspere</td><td align='right'>67</td><td align='left'></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Three-fold chronicle</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Sharp</td><td align='right'>54-56</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's, 73:842<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187" href="#Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Tom's Hallowe'en joke</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Wright</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Dewdrops and Diamonds</i></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Twig of thorn</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Warren</td><td align='right'>44-45</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Vertumnus and Pomona</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Ovid</td><td align='right'>24</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>V&ouml;luspa</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>122</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>We girls</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Whitney</td><td align='right'>162-163</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'>"When comes the harvest"</td><td align='left'>Botrel</td><td align='right'>112</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Songs of Brittany</i></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>When de folks is gone</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Riley</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'>"When ebery one"</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>160</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Werner's Readings, No. 31</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Wild huntsman</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Scott</td><td align='right'>90</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left'><i>Willie Baird</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Buchanan</td><td align='right'>70</td></tr>
</table></div>


<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188" href="#Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>

<h2>INDEX</h2>
<table style="width:75%;" border="0" summary="ABC jumps">
	<tr>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_A">A</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_B">B</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_C">C</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_D">D</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_E">E</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_F">F</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_G">G</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_H">H</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_I">I</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_J">J</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_K">K</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_L">L</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_M">M</a></td>
	        <td>  <a href="#IX_N">N</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_O">O</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_P">P</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_R">R</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_S">S</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_T">T</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_U">U</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_V">V</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_W">W</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_Y">Y</a></td>
		<td>  <a href="#IX_Z">Z</a></td>
	</tr>
</table>
<div class="index">
<p><br /></p>
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_A" name="IX_A"></a><span class="smcap">Aberdeenshire</span>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /></li>
<li><a name="Adder-stone" id="Adder-stone"></a>Adder-stone, (serpent's-egg badge), <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>
<li>Ailill, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li>

<li>Ale, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /></li>

<li>All Hallows Eve, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>. See also <a href="#Halloween">Hallowe'en</a><br /></li>

<li>All Saints', <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>

<li>All Souls', <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>

<li>Alphabet, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li>

<li>America, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li>

<li>Anaxarete, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /></li>

<li>Angus, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li>

<li>Ankou, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /></li>

<li>Apollo, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>

<li>Apparitions. See <a href="#Ghosts">Ghosts</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Apples" id="Apples"></a>Apples, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li>

<li>Apple-island, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>

<li>Apple-seeds, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-<a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /></li>

<li>Arabs, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /></li>

<li>Ariel, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /></li>

<li>Armorica, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>

<li>Arthur, King, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Ash-tree" id="Ash-tree"></a>Ash-tree, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>berries of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Ashes, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>

<li>Augury. See <a href="#Omens">Omens</a><br /></li>

<li>August, Roman festival in, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /></li>

<li>August first, Celtic festival of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li>

<li>Augustus, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>

<li>Avilion (Avalon), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /></li>

<li>Ayrshire, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_B" name="IX_B"></a><span class="smcap">Baal</span>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li>

<li>Baal-fire, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /></li>

<li>Baldur, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li>

<li>Balmoral, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /></li>

<li>Barra, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>

<li>Bats, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>

<li>Bay-leaves, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>

<li>Bean, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /></li>

<li>Bedivere, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li>

<li>Belgian, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>

<li>Beltaine, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>

<li>Bells, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li>

<li>Benevento, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>

<li>Bergen, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li>

<li>Black, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>

<li>Black sheep, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li>

<li>Black sow, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /></li>

<li>"Black vespers," <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /></li>

<li>Blindfolded seekers, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /></li>

<li>Blocksberg, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li>

<li>Boats, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /></li>

<li>Bochica, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Bonfires" id="Bonfires"></a>Bonfires, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>to light through Purgatory, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>to protect from evil, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Boniface, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li>

<li>Border, Scottish, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>

<li>Bretons, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>

<li>Briar, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /></li>

<li>Briar-Rose, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li>

<li>Bride, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Britain" id="Britain"></a>Britain, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>

<li>British Isles, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>

<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189" href="#Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>Brittany, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li>

<li>Brynhild, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>

<li>Buchan, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>

<li>Button, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_C" name="IX_C"></a><a name="Cabbages" id="Cabbages"></a><span class="smcap">Cabbages</span>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>

<li>Cadwallo, King, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /></li>

<li>Caer, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /></li>

<li>C&aelig;sar, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Cake" id="Cake"></a>Cake, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>

<li>Callcannon, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /></li>

<li>Canada, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li>

<li>Candlemas Day, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /></li>

<li>Candles, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /></li>

<li>Cardiganshire, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /></li>

<li>Carnutes, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>

<li>Cat, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li>

<li>Catskill Mts., <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>

<li><i>Celtic twilight</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /></li>

<li>Celts, classes of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>beliefs, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>characteristics of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Cemeteries, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>

<li>Changelings, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /></li>

<li>Charms. See <a href="#Omens">Omens</a><br /></li>

<li>Chartrain, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>

<li>Cherokees, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /></li>

<li>Chinese, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>

<li>Christ, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>

<li>Christian religion, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>in Britain, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>in Ireland, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>in Brittany, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>in Scandinavia, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Christmas, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li>

<li>Church, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>festivals, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Circle, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li>

<li>Claudius, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>

<li>Cluny, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li>

<li>Coel Coeth, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /></li>

<li>Coins, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>

<li>Colonies, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /></li>

<li>Columb Kill. See <a href="#St_Colomba">St. Colomba</a><br /></li>

<li>Connaught, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li>

<li>Continent, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /></li>

<li>Corn, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;<br />
<ul class="IX">
  <li>-stalks, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
</ul></li>

<li>Cornwall, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>

<li>Creed, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /></li>

<li>Crom Croich (Cruaich), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /></li>

<li>Cross, sun-symbol, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>Christian, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>-roads, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li>
</ul></li>

<li>Cruachan, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /></li>

<li>Cuchulain, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li>

<li>Cuckoos, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li>

<li>Cyniver, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_D" name="IX_D"></a><span class="smcap">Dagda</span>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li>

<li>Dahut, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>

<li>Dance, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li>

<li>Danann. See <a href="#Tuatha_De_Danann">Tuatha De Danann</a><br /></li>

<li>Danu, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /></li>

<li>Dathi, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Dead" id="Dead"></a>Dead, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>return, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>disturbed by weeping, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Death, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>Lord of. See Saman.<br /></li>
  <li>Samhain associated with, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>prophesied, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Decoration of graves, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>

<li>Delphi, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>

<li>Derbyshire, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>

<li>Deux-S&egrave;vres, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>

<li>Devil, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li>

<li>Dew, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /></li>

<li>Dietrich von Bern, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Dishes" id="Dishes"></a>Dishes, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>

<li>Dispater, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>

<li>Dissatisfied, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li>

<li>Djinns, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-<a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /></li>

<li>Doll, wax, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /></li>

<li>Dolmens, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /></li>

<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190" href="#Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>Dorsetshire, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>

<li>Dovrefeld, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li>

<li>Dragon, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>

<li>Dreams, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>prophetic, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Drink, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>

<li>Druid, meaning, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>draught, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>festivals, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>lamps, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>stone, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>stones, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>wand, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>-fire, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li>
</ul></li>

<li>Druids, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>as priests, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>powers of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>"Drus," <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /></li>

<li>Dumb-cake, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>

<li>Dwarfs, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_E" name="IX_E"></a><span class="smcap">Earth</span>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>

<li>Edane, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>. See also <a href="#Etain">Etain</a><br /></li>

<li>Edda, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>

<li>Egg, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>white of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>-shells, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /></li>
</ul></li>

<li>Egyptian beliefs, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /></li>

<li>Eichstatt, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li>

<li>Elder, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li>

<li>Elizabeth, Queen, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>

<li>Elm, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li>

<li>Elves, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li>

<li>Emer, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li>

<li>England, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>

<li>English, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /></li>

<li>Eochaidh, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /></li>

<li>Episcopalians, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li>

<li>Eriskay, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Etain" id="Etain"></a>Etain, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /></li>

<li>Ethal, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /></li>

<li>Europe, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>

<li>Excalibur, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li>

<li>Exorcism, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_F" name="IX_F"></a><span class="smcap">Fagots</span>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>

<li>Fairies, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /></li>

<li>Fand, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li>

<li>Fates, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>

<li>Feast, of dead, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>of poor, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Feng-Shin, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>

<li>Feralia, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /></li>

<li>Fern, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>

<li>Finist&egrave;re, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /></li>

<li>Fir Bolgs, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /></li>

<li>Fire, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>-god, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>spirits of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Fires, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, 112. See also <a href="#Bonfires">Bonfires</a><br /></li>

<li><i>Flamina</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li>

<li>Flour, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /></li>

<li>Flowers, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>

<li>Fomor, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li>

<li>Footprints, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>

<li>"Forced-fire," <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li>

<li>Fort Worth, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Forts" id="Forts"></a>Forts, fairy, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /></li>

<li>France, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>

<li>Franks, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>

<li>"Free-night," <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li>

<li>Freya, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>

<li>"Furious Host," <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>

<li>Future, questions about, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_G" name="IX_G"></a><span class="smcap">Gabriel Ratchets</span>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li>

<li>Gaul, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>

<li>Germans, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>

<li>Germany, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Ghosts" id="Ghosts"></a>Ghosts, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, 155. See also <a href="#Dead">Dead</a><br /></li>

<li>Glass, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li>

<li>Gnomes, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /></li>

<li>Goat, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>

<li>Goblin, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li>

<li>Gods of Ireland. See <a href="#Tuatha_De_Danann">Tuatha De Danann</a><br /></li>

<li>"Good Neighbors," <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li>

<li>"Good People," 45, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /></li>

<li>Goths, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>

<li>Grallon, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>

<li>Great Britain. See <a href="#Britain">Britain</a><br /></li>

<li>Greek, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>

<li>Gregory, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li>

<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191" href="#Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>Guleesh, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /></li>

<li>Gunnar, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_H" name="IX_H"></a><span class="smcap">Hair</span>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Halloween" id="Halloween"></a>Hallowe'en, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>pagan, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>charms at, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>born on, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li><i>Hallowe'en</i>, poem, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>

<li><i>Hansel and Grethel</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>

<li>Hares, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /></li>

<li>Hartz Mts., <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li>

<li>Harvest, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>

<li>Hawthorn, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li>

<li>Hazel, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>

<li>Hearts, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>

<li>Hebrides, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>

<li>Hel, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>

<li>Hemp, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /></li>

<li>Henry VIII, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>

<li>Henry Hudson, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>

<li>Herbs, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li>

<li>Herne the Hunter, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li>

<li>Herodotus, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li>

<li>Hesperides, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>

<li>Highlands, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /></li>

<li>Hodur, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li>

<li>Holda, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li>

<li>Holiday, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /></li>

<li>Hollow Land, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li>

<li>Holly, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li>

<li>Hoop, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /></li>

<li>Horselberg, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>

<li>Horseshoes, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li>

<li>Horus, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li>

<li>Husking-bees, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_I" name="IX_I"></a><span class="smcap">Iceland</span>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li>

<li>Idun, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>

<li>Immortality, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>

<li>Indians, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>

<li>Invocation, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /></li>

<li>Iona, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li>

<li>Iphis, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /></li>

<li>Ireland <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>belief in fairies, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Irish Sea, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /></li>

<li>Iron, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li>

<li>Italy, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>

<li>Ivy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_J" name="IX_J"></a><span class="smcap">Jack-o'-lantern</span>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>

<li>Japan, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li>

<li>Jokes, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li>

<li>Jonah, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /></li>

<li>Juniper, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li>

<li>Jupiter, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_K" name="IX_K"></a><span class="smcap">Kale</span>. See <a href="#Cabbages">Cabbages</a><br /></li>

<li>Kensington Gardens, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>

<li>Ker-Is, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>

<li>Kettle, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>

<li>Key, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_L" name="IX_L"></a><span class="smcap">Laeg</span>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li>

<li>"Lambswool," <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /></li>

<li>Lammas, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /></li>

<li>Lancashire, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>

<li>Land of Heart's Desire, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /></li>

<li>Land of Youth, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /></li>

<li>"Lanterns of the dead," <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /></li>

<li>Lanterns in Japan, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li>

<li>Latin. See <a href="#Rome">Rome</a><br /></li>

<li>Lead-melting, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>

<li>Leek, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /></li>

<li>Legends, origin of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /></li>

<li>Lemons, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>

<li>Leprechauns, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /></li>

<li>Lewis, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li>

<li>Liban, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li>

<li>Lincolnshire, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /></li>

<li>"Little People," <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>

<li>"Livelong," <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /></li>

<li>Loki, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>

<li>London, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li>

<li>Lords of Misrule, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /></li>

<li>Love-knots, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>

<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192" href="#Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>Lucifer, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>

<li>"Luck of Edenhall," <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /></li>

<li>Luggies. See <a href="#Dishes">Dishes</a><br /></li>

<li>Lugh, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li>

<li>Lugnasad, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_M" name="IX_M"></a><span class="smcap"><i>Macbeth</i></span>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>

<li>Magic, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>black, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Maine, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>

<li>Malt, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li>

<li>Malta, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>

<li>Man, Isle of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /></li>

<li>Manitous, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>

<li>Mars, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li>

<li>Martinmas, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>

<li>Mary, Virgin, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>

<li>Mary Avenel, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>

<li>Maryland, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>

<li>Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li>

<li>Master of the Revels, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li>

<li>May-bride, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>

<li>May Eve and Day, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
<ul class="IX">
  <li>-fires, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>-pole, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>-ridings, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>-shooting, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li>
</ul></li>

<li>Meal, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li>

<li>Meath, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li>

<li>Medb, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li>

<li>Meg, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /></li>

<li>"Men of Peace," <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li>

<li>Mercury, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li>

<li>Midir, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li>

<li>Middle Ages, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /></li>

<li>Midsummer, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li>

<li>Milk, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /></li>

<li>Minerva, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li>

<li>Mirror, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /></li>

<li><i>Miserere</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>

<li>Mistletoe, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>

<li>Modred, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li>

<li>Mona, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>

<li><i>Monastery</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>

<li>Moon, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /></li>

<li>Moray, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>

<li>Moytura, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li>

<li>Music, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>

<li>Myths, origin of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_N" name="IX_N"></a><span class="smcap">Naples</span>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>

<li>Needles, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li>

<li>Negroes, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li>

<li>Nera, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /></li>

<li>Net, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>

<li>Neverland, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>

<li>New Brunswick, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li>

<li>New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>

<li>New Year, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, 154. See also <a href="#Years_end">Year's end</a><br /></li>

<li>New Year's Day, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li>

<li>Niflheim, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li>

<li>Nikko, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li>

<li>Norse, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>

<li>Norway, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li>

<li>"Nos Galan Gaeof," <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /></li>

<li>November, Eve, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>first, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>in Rome, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>second, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Nuts, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_O" name="IX_O"></a><span class="smcap">Oak</span>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li>

<li>Oats, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /></li>

<li>Oatmeal cakes, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>

<li>Obsession, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /></li>

<li>October 31st, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Odin" id="Odin"></a>Odin, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>

<li>"Oidhche Shamhna," <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li>

<li>Olaf, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Omens" id="Omens"></a>Omens, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>from sacrifices, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>evil, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Oonah, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /></li>

<li>Ops, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /></li>

<li>Ordeal, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>

<li>Osiris, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /></li>

<li>Ossian, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>

<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193" href="#Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>Ostia, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li>

<li>Otherworld, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>

<li>Ovid, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /></li>

<li>Owls, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_P" name="IX_P"></a><span class="smcap">Paddy Beg</span>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /></li>

<li>Paddy More, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /></li>

<li>Paganism, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li>

<li>Pageant, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>

<li>Pantheon, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li>

<li>Paradise, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /></li>

<li>Partholon, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /></li>

<li>Parties, Hallowe'en, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>

<li>Peace, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /></li>

<li>Peas, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /></li>

<li>Pelagius, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>

<li>Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>

<li>Perthshire, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>

<li>Peru, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li>

<li>Peter Pan, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>

<li>Ph&#339;nicians, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li>

<li>Picts, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>

<li>Piper, fairy, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /></li>

<li>Pixies, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /></li>

<li>Pomona, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>

<li>Pontypridd, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /></li>

<li><i>Preparedness for Peace</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>

<li>Procopius, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>

<li>Prophets,<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>Druids as, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>witches as, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Pumpkins, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /></li>

<li>Purgatory, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>

<li>Puy de Dome, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>

<li>"Puzzling-jug," <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_R" name="IX_R"></a><span class="smcap">Races</span>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /></li>

<li>Rapunzel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li>

<li>Red Mike, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>

<li>Rick, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /></li>

<li>Ring, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>

<li>Rip Van Winkle, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Rome" id="Rome"></a>Rome, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>relations to Druids, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>All Saints' in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Roses, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /></li>

<li>Rowan. See <a href="#Ash-tree">Ash-tree</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_S" name="IX_S"></a><span class="smcap">Sacrifices</span>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>to Baal, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>,&nbsp; <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>omens from, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>to Tyr, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>St. Augustine, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>

<li>St. Bridget, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="St_Colomba" id="St_Colomba"></a>St. Colomba, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li>

<li>St. Gertrude, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>

<li>St. John's Day and Eve, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li>

<li>St. Kilda, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>

<li>St. Michael, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>

<li>St. Ninian, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>

<li>St. Odilo, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li>

<li>St. Patrick, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>

<li>Saga, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>

<li>Salerno, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>

<li>Salt, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>

<li>Saman, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Samhain" id="Samhain"></a>Samhain (S&aacute;veen), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /></li>

<li>Samhnagan, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /></li>

<li>Samhanach, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>

<li>Sark. See <a href="#Shirt">Shirt</a><br /></li>

<li>Satan, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li>

<li>Sauin. See <a href="#Samhain">Samhain</a><br /></li>

<li>Scandinavia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>

<li>Scotland, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>belief in fairies in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Scots, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>

<li>Seasons, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li>

<li>Seaweed, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li>

<li>Secrecy, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>in Druid rites, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Seed-cake, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li>

<li>Seeds, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li>

<li>Serpent's-egg. See <a href="#Adder-stone">Adder-stone</a><br /></li>

<li>Seville, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>

<li>Shee, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Shirt" id="Shirt"></a>Shirt-sleeve, wetting the, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>

<li>Shoe, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>

<li>Shony, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li>

<li>Shropshire, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /></li>

<li>"Sid," <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>. See also <a href="#Forts">Forts</a><br /></li>

<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194" href="#Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>Sigurd, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>

<li>S&icirc;tou, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /></li>

<li>Sleep, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li>

<li>Sloe, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>

<li>Snakes. See <a href="#Adder-stone">Adder-stone</a><br /></li>

<li>Snap-apple. See <a href="#Apples">Apples</a><br /></li>

<li>Sol, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li>

<li>Soul-cakes. See <a href="#Cake">Cake</a><br /></li>

<li>South, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>

<li>South Uist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /></li>

<li>Sowens, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>

<li>Spain, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>

<li>Spectre Huntsman, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li>

<li>Spirits, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>abroad, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>evil, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Staffordshire, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /></li>

<li>Stones, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>

<li>Stories, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>

<li>Straw, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>

<li>Strunt, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>

<li>"Summer's end," <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /></li>

<li>Sun-god, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;<br />
<ul class="IX">
  <li>-worship, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>-wise, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /></li>
</ul></li>

<li>Superstitions, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>-<a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li>

<li>Swans, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li>

<li>Swastika, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li>

<li>Sweden, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li>

<li>Symbols, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_T" name="IX_T"></a><span class="smcap">Tam o' Shanter</span>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /></li>

<li>Tannh&auml;user, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Tara" id="Tara"></a>Tara, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>

<li><i>Tempest</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /></li>

<li>Teuton, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>

<li>Teutonic, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li>

<li>Thanksgiving, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>for harvest, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Thimble, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>

<li>Thor, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>

<li>Thorn, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /></li>

<li>Thread, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li>

<li>Thuringia, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>

<li>Tiberius, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>

<li>Tigernmas, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /></li>

<li>"Tin Islands," <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li>

<li>Tlactga, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li>

<li>Toads, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li>

<li>Toasts, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>

<li>Todmorden, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li>

<li>Torches, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>

<li>Tree-worship, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>

<li>Trefoil, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li>

<li>Trinity, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li>

<li>Tripod, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>

<li>Trolls, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Tuatha_De_Danann" id="Tuatha_De_Danann"></a>Tuatha De Danann, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>

<li>Tub, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>apples in. See <a href="#Apples">Apples</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Tyr, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_U" name="IX_U"></a><span class="smcap">United States</span>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_V" name="IX_V"></a><span class="smcap">Valhalla</span>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li>

<li>Vali, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li>

<li>Valkyries, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li>

<li>Vandals, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>

<li>Venus, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /></li>

<li>Vertumnus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li>

<li>Vortumnalia, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li>

<li>Vulcan, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>

<li>Vurdh, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_W" name="IX_W"></a><span class="smcap">Wales</span>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>belief in fairies in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>Walnut-tree, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /></li>

<li>Walpurga, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li>

<li>Ward, Hill of. See <a href="#Tara">Tara</a><br /></li>

<li>Water, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>

<li>Wedding of sun and earth, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li>

<li>"Weird Sisters," <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>

<li>Wendy, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>

<li>Wheel,<br />
  <ul class="IX">
  <li>sun-symbol, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /></li>
  <li>of fortune, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /></li>
  </ul></li>

<li>White Lady, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>

<li>Wild Huntsman, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>

<li>Will-o'-the-wisps, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li>

<li>Windsor Forest, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li>

<li>Winnowing, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /></li>

<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195" href="#Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>Winter, first day of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /></li>

<li>Witches, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>

<li>Witchcraft, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>

<li>Wood, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li>

<li>Wotan. See <a href="#Odin">Odin</a><br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_Y" name="IX_Y"></a><span class="smcap">Yarn</span>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>

<li><a name="Years_end" id="Years_end"></a>Year's end, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li>

<li>Yellow, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>

<li>Yggdrasil, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li>

<li>Yorkshire, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li>

<li>Yule, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>
</ul>

<ul class="IX">
<li><a id="IX_Z" name="IX_Z"></a><span class="smcap">Zschokke</span>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li>
</ul>
</div>
</html>