Brian Carnell's Wiki

This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong.
<html>
<div class="ctr pgbreak v6 sm" id="frontispiece">
  <img
    class="figfull"
    alt="Portraits of regimental Leaders"
    style="width: 482px;"
    src="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:g:george-b-guild-brief-narrative-fourth-tennesee-cavalry-regiment-i_frontispiece.jpg" />
  <table>
    <tr>
      <td class="portraits">
        Col.<span
          class="smcap">Baxter Smith</span></td>
      <td class="portraits">
        Lt. Col. <span
          class="smcap">Paul F. Anderson</span></td></tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="portraits">
        Maj. <span
          class="smcap">W. S. Bledsoe</span></td>
      <td class="portraits">
        Adjt. <span
          class="smcap">Geo. B. Guild</span></td></tr>
  </table>
</div>

<div class="titlepage w75 pgbreak boxdouble v12">
  <h1 class="italic v0 no-break">
    <span class="xxs">A BRIEF NARRATIVE OF THE</span><br />
     Fourth Tennessee Cavalry Regiment</h1>
  <hr class="w80" style="border-bottom: .2em double #000000;" />
  <p class="v1 lg italic">
    WHEELER’S CORPS, ARMY</p>
  <p class="v0 lg italic">
    OF TENNESSEE</p>
  <hr class="w35" style="border-bottom: .2em double #000000;" />
  <img
    class="figfull"
    alt=""
    style="width:160px"
    src="https://brian.carnell.com/wiki/_media/etext:g:george-b-guild-brief-narrative-fourth-tennesee-cavalry-regiment-i_003.jpg" />
  <p class="v4 italic">
    By GEORGE B. GUILD</p>
  <hr class="w10 v8" />
  <p class="v12 xs italic">
    NASHVILLE, TENN.</p>
  <p class="v0 xs italic">
    1913</p>
</div>

<div class="w80 pgbreak boxdouble v12">
  <p class="v0 oldcentury lg ctr bold">
    Dedication</p>
  <p class="v2 italic ctr">
    To those comrades “who went with us but came not back again,”
    many of whom are sleeping in their blankets in unknown graves on
    the battlefields where they fell</p>
  <hr class="w10" />
  <p class="v2">
    The rough board that perhaps a comrade placed at the head to
    direct the footsteps of inquiring friends has long since rotted
    down; and the little mound they spread above their soldier breast
    has been leveled by the plowshare or the long years that have
    passed since then. But there the wild flower sheds its sweetest
    perfume to the morning air, and the song bird warbles its lay to
    the setting sun, and at night the stars of heaven, as they climb
    the Milky Way, look down and grow brighter as they pass.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="ToC">
  <h2 class="no-break v6" title="Table of Contents">
    CONTENTS.</h2>
  <div class="ctr">
    <table>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">&nbsp;</td>
        <td class="toc2">
          <a href="#Intro">Introductory</a></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_1">I.</a></td>
        <td>
          <p class="v0 toc2" >
            Organization and Early Movements</p>
          <p class="v0 ml3">
            Outpost Duty at Franklin, Tenn.—Battle of
            Murfreesboro—Retreat to Shelbyville.</p></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_2">II.</a></td>
        <td>
          <p class="v0 toc2" >
            From Fort Donelson to Chickamauga</p>
          <p class="v0 ml3">
            Fort Donelson—Woodbury, Tenn.—Trousdale’s Ferry on Caney
            Fork River—Resisting Rosecrans’s Advance on Shelbyville and
            Tullahoma—Bragg’s Retreat to Chattanooga—Wheeler’s Cavalry
            at Rome, Ga.—Battle of Chickamauga.</p></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_3">III.</a></td>
        <td class="toc2">
          Wheeler’s Raid into Middle Tennessee in 1863</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_4">IV.</a></td>
        <td>
          <p class="v0 toc2" >
            In East Tennessee</p>
          <p class="v0 ml3">
            Return to the Army of Tennessee at Missionary Ridge—Report
            of Lieutenant Colonel Anderson on the Battle of
            Chickamauga—Battles of Lookout Mountain and Orchard
            Knob—Missionary Ridge and Ringgold, Ga.</p></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_5">V.</a></td>
        <td>
          <p class="v0 toc2" >
            Campaigning in Georgia</p>
          <p class="v0 ml3">
            Gen. Joseph E. Johnston Succeeds General Bragg as Commander
            in Chief—Remarks about General Bragg—General Sherman
            Advances on Dalton, Ga.—March to Atlanta, Ga.—Battles of
            Resaca and Kingston—New Hope Church—Kennesaw
            Mountain—Marietta and Atlanta—General Johnston Superseded
            by General Hood.</p></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_6">VI.</a></td>
        <td>
          <p class="v0 toc2" >
            General Wheeler’s Capture of the Commands of Generals
            McCook and Stoneman</p>
          <p class="v0 ml3">
            Raid of General Wheeler into Tennessee in 1864—Behind the
            Lines.</p></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_7">VII.</a></td>
        <td>
          <p class="v0 toc2" >
            In Tennessee, Virginia, and Harassing Sherman</p>
          <p class="v0 ml3">
            March through East Tennessee—Battle of Saltville,
            Va.—Return to Atlanta, Ga.—Sherman’s March to the
            Sea.</p></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_8">VIII.</a></td>
        <td>
          <p class="v0 toc2" >
            The South Carolina Campaign</p>
          <p class="v0 ml3">
            Remarks about General Hood—Battle of Aiken,
            S.&nbsp;C.—Battle of Fayetteville, N.&nbsp;C.</p></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_9">IX.</a></td>
        <td>
          <p class="v0 toc2" >
            In North Carolina</p>
          <p class="v0 ml3">
            Change in Brigade Officers—Gen. Joseph E. Johnston Succeeds
            General Hood and Assumes Command in North Carolina—Battle
            of Averyboro, N.&nbsp;C.—Bentonville,
            N.&nbsp;C.</p></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_10">X.</a></td>
        <td>
          <p class="v0 toc2" >
            Further Movements in North Carolina, and the Beginning of
            the End</p>
          <p class="v0 ml3">
            Reorganization of the Army at Smithfield, N.&nbsp;C.—General
            Johnston Ordered to Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C.—Meets Confederate
            States Officials—General Johnston Confers with General
            Sherman, and an Agreement Made to End the War.</p></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_11">XI.</a></td>
        <td>
          <p class="v0 toc2" >
            The End of the Struggle</p>
          <p class="v0 ml3">
            Surprise of the Army at Information of
            Surrender—Sherman-Johnston Capitulation Rejected at
            Washington—Another Agreement Looking to a Surrender on
            Terms Given General Lee at Appomattox—General Johnston’s
            Farewell Address to the Army—General Wheeler’s Address to
            the Cavalry.</p></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_12">XII.</a></td>
        <td class="toc2">
          Casualty Lists</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_13">XIII.</a></td>
        <td class="toc2">
          Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and Other Officers</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_14">XIV.</a></td>
        <td class="toc2">
          An Address and a Speech</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_15">XV.</a></td>
        <td class="toc2">
          A Few Facts from History</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_16">XVI.</a></td>
        <td class="toc2">
          After the War</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_17">XVII.</a></td>
        <td class="toc2">
          <p>
            General Bragg’s Kentucky Campaign in 1862</p>
          <p class="ml3">
            (By Baxter Smith)</p></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="toc1">
          <a href="#c_18">XVIII.</a></td>
        <td class="toc2">
          Members of the Regiment Now Living</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
        <td class="toc2">
          <a href="#Appendix">Appendix</a></td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
        <td class="toc2">
          <a href="#Index">Index</a></td></tr>
    </table>
  </div>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="Intro">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    INTRODUCTORY.</h2>
  <p class="v2">
    Since the surrender of the Confederate army, in the spring of
    1865, I have been frequently asked by members of the Regiment to
    write its history. I have always promised, but have failed to
    comply till now I find myself attempting it forty-seven years
    afterwards. Many of those who survived the surrender have died.
    Some have removed to parts unknown, and a very few remain from
    whom I can obtain necessary information. So I am forced to write
    mostly from a personal recollection, without memorandum or note.
    This I regret; for it forces me to speak of some, while I have
    forgotten others equally as worthy of mention. I offer this as my
    apology for an imperfect record.</p>
  <p>
    It has been my effort to write a narrative of my own Regiment.
    Necessarily it can be of but little interest to the public,
    although it embraces a cursory history of the Army of Tennessee,
    of which it was a part. I see that some repetition appears in its
    pages, growing out of a predisposition to emphasize some facts,
    which I ask you to excuse.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_1">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER I.<br />
    <small class="smcap">Organization and Early
    Movements.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    The Fourth Tennessee Cavalry did not assume regimental form until
    General Bragg had returned from his Kentucky campaign, in the
    fall of 1862. It was made up of detachments that had served under
    different commanders since the beginning of the war. At its
    organization Baxter Smith was made Colonel; Paul F. Anderson,
    Lieutenant Colonel; W. Scott Bledsoe, Major; J.&nbsp;A. Minnis,
    Adjutant; W.&nbsp;A. Rushing, Sergeant Major; Marcellus Grissim,
    Quartermaster, with R.&nbsp;O. McLean, Bob Corder, and John Price
    his assistants; Captain Bone, Commissary, with Lieut. J.&nbsp;A.
    Arnold and Captain McLean his assistants; Dr. W.&nbsp;T. Delaney,
    Surgeon, with Dr. Tom Allen his assistant; Rev. W.&nbsp;W.
    Hendrix, Chaplain; Sergeant Finney, Ordnance Officer; J.&nbsp;A.
    Stewart and James B. Nance, Regimental Buglers; Bob Gann and
    Bennett Chapman, Wagon Masters.</p>
  <p id="c_1_2">
    The commissioned officers of the companies were:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v1" id="c_1_3">
      <i>Company&nbsp;A.</i>—Captain, D.&nbsp;W. Alexander; First
      Lieutenant, Rice McLean; Second Lieutenant, J.&nbsp;N. Orr;
      Third Lieutenant, Charles Beard. Recruited in Marshall County,
      Tenn.</p>
    <p id="c_1_4">
      <i>Company&nbsp;B.</i>—Captain, C.&nbsp;H. Ingles; First
      Lieutenant, Joe Massengale; Second Lieutenant, Joe Massengale;
      Third Lieutenant, G.&nbsp;W. Carmack. Recruited in Sullivan
      County, Tenn.</p>
    <p id="c_1_5">
      <i>Company&nbsp;C.</i>—Captains, Frank Cunningham<a
        href="#fn_1"
        class="anchor">1</a>
      and George C. Moore; First Lieutenant, James Hogan; Second
      Lieutenant, R.&nbsp;S. Scruggs; Third Lieutenant, Samuel
      Scoggins. Recruited in Smith County, Tenn.</p>
    <p id="c_1_6">
      <i>Company&nbsp;D.</i>—Captain, J.&nbsp;M. Phillips; First
      Lieutenant, Bob Bone; Second Lieutenant, J.&nbsp;T. Barbee;
      Third Lieutenant, J.&nbsp;A. Arnold. Recruited in DeKalb and
      Wilson Counties, Tenn.</p>
    <p id="c_1_7">
      <i>Company&nbsp;E.</i>—Captain, H.&nbsp;A. Wyly; First
      Lieutenant, H.&nbsp;L. Preston; Second Lieutenant, W.&nbsp;S.
      Sullivan; Third Lieutenant, John Fathera. Recruited in Cannon
      County, Tenn.</p>
    <p id="c_1_8">
      <i>Company&nbsp;F.</i>—Captain, J.&nbsp;R. Lester; First
      Lieutenant, C.&nbsp;S. Burgess; Second Lieutenant, W.&nbsp;H.
      Phillips; Third Lieutenant, James Williamson. Recruited in
      Wilson County, Tenn.</p>
    <p id="c_1_9">
      <i>Company&nbsp;G.</i>—Captain, J.&nbsp;W. Nichol; First
      Lieutenant, Dave Youree; Second Lieutenant,—McKnight; Third
      Lieutenant, J.&nbsp;A. Sagely. Recruited in Cannon and
      Rutherford Counties, Tenn.</p>
    <p id="c_1_10">
      <i>Company&nbsp;H.</i>—Captain, Sam Glover; Lieutenants, Green,
      Light, William Gaut, and William Fields. Recruited in Hamilton
      County and Bridgeport, Ala.</p>
    <p id="c_1_11">
      <i>Company&nbsp;I.</i>—Captain, Bob Bledsoe; Lieutenants,
      William Hildreth, J.&nbsp;W. Storey, Foster Bowman, and
      Elliott. Recruited in Fentress County, Tenn.</p>
    <p id="c_1_12">
      <i>Company&nbsp;K.</i>—Captain, Jim Britton; Lieutenants, W.
      Corbett and Dewitt Anderson. Recruited in Wilson, Sumner, and
      Davidson Counties, Tenn.</p>
    <p id="c_1_13">
      <i>Company&nbsp;L.</i><a
        href="#fn_2"
        class="anchor">2</a>—Captain,
      J.&nbsp;J. Parton; Lieutenants, Henry, Russell, and Tillery.
      Recruited in Knox County, Tenn.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v2" id="c_1_14">
    The Regiment was assigned to a brigade composed of the Eighth
    Texas, Eleventh Texas, First Kentucky, and Fourth Tennessee
    Regiments and Malone’s Alabama Battalion, Col. Tom Harrison as
    Senior Colonel commanding the brigade, Maj. Gen. John A. Wharton
    commanding the division (Gen. Joe Wheeler’s Corps, Army of
    Tennessee), and sent to Franklin, Tenn., on outpost duty. General
    Bragg, with the infantry force, was at Murfreesboro, confronting
    General Rosecrans’s Federal army at Nashville.</p>
  <p id="c_1_15">
    It is well enough to state here that there were two Fourth
    Tennessee Cavalry Regiments in the army—Colonel Stearns’s Fourth
    Tennessee and Colonel Smith’s Fourth Tennessee. They had been
    serving in different departments of the army, one under General
    Forrest and the other under General Wheeler, most of the time,
    and we did not know the fact until late in the war. Both had made
    character under that name, and each tacitly agreed to remain as
    they had been known, which they did. At the date of the
    organization of the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry Regiment it numbered
    one thousand men, rank and file, made up principally of stout,
    healthy, and vigorous young men. As stated, our first service as
    a regiment was at Franklin, on General Bragg’s front and left
    flank, some twenty miles from Murfreesboro and eighteen miles
    from Nashville, where we were kept busy for some two months or
    more in picketing, scouting on all the roads leading toward
    Murfreesboro from Nashville, occasionally having some hot
    contests with the enemy, killing, wounding, and capturing some,
    and losing some ourselves. At one time we scouted toward
    Nashville in the night, and remained all day in the vicinity,
    expecting the enemy to come out, as was their custom, on foraging
    expeditions, which they failed to do. But before leaving we
    concluded to give them a closer dare. In the evening we came up
    the Charlotte Pike as far as what is now West Nashville, and,
    going up Richland Creek, we came in contact with a force of the
    enemy at Bosley Springs, and, charging them, drove them back to
    the Harding Pike, capturing some and pursuing the others to where
    the old penitentiary wall stood, on Church Street. We remained in
    line a short distance down the road till near sundown; but no
    enemy appearing, we repaired to our station at Franklin.</p>
  <p id="c_1_16">
    The enemy made frequent scouts in the neighborhood of Franklin,
    sometimes resulting in quite a battle. I remember that in one of
    these Captain McMillin, a brother of Ex-Governor McMillin, was
    killed. He was on a visit to some acquaintances in the Regiment,
    and went out with the Regiment to meet one of these scouts of the
    enemy.</p>
  <p id="c_1_17">
    In the latter part of December, 1862, Rosecrans marched on
    Murfreesboro. The Regiment skirmished with his advance till he
    reached the place. Capt. J.&nbsp;R. Lester, of Company&nbsp;F,
    was desperately wounded in one of these skirmishes. We thought
    at the time that his wound was mortal, but he returned to his
    company in a few weeks, and served with them till the surrender
    at Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C. When Colonel Smith as Senior Colonel
    assumed the command of the brigade, Capt. J.&nbsp;R. Lester was
    made his Inspector General, and surrendered as such.</p>
  <p id="c_1_18">
    On reaching Murfreesboro we were placed on the right of our line
    on the Lebanon Pike, where General Bragg supposed the enemy would
    first attack; but changing his plans during the night, he
    attacked with his left flank about daylight. A terrific battle
    ensued here. It seems the enemy at the time was moving to attack
    Bragg from that flank, and the two armies unexpectedly met in
    deadly conflict. The battle raged in all its fury for hours.
    Charge after charge and countercharge was made time and again,
    with heavy losses on both sides. The Confederates, steadily
    advancing, gradually forced the enemy back, capturing many pieces
    of artillery and small arms, with many prisoners. Among the
    captured was General Willich and his German Brigade. Gen. Jim
    Rains, of the Confederate army, and General Sill, of the Federal
    army, were killed in one of these assaults. Before night the
    Federal army was forced back to the Nashville Pike, at right
    angles to the position they held when first attacked. The
    Confederates had gained a great victory. The loss of each was
    about equal—say, ten thousand. Six thousand Federal prisoners
    were captured, and several batteries of artillery, besides
    thousands of muskets and ammunition. The next morning every one
    expected the battle to be renewed, and were much disappointed
    that General Bragg did not follow up his advantage, instead of
    which he remained inactive for several days. In the meantime he
    ordered General Wheeler, with his cavalry corps, to the rear of
    General Rosecrans, toward Nashville. All along the way to La
    Vergne we were picking up prisoners, and everything indicated a
    defeat and rout of the enemy. At the latter place we came up with
    a long train of wagons moving toward Nashville with an escort of
    several thousand cavalry. We engaged them, and, after a
    considerable battle, they retreated. We captured and destroyed
    some two hundred wagons, some prisoners were taken, and a good
    many men on both sides were killed and wounded. Many of
    Rosecrans’s men had reached Nashville, reporting that his army
    had been badly beaten. Still no movement had been made by General
    Bragg at Murfreesboro. The enemy had taken advantage of this
    inactivity by collecting together their broken columns and taking
    position on high ground on the banks of Stones River, and crowned
    it with a number of batteries—fifty-seven pieces—well protected,
    awaiting the movement of General Bragg. On the first day of
    January he attacked this well-fortified place of the enemy with
    the single division of General Breckenridge. After a most gallant
    assault by Breckenridge, he was repulsed with heavy loss. That
    night the cavalry of Wheeler occupied the works of the infantry
    when they withdrew toward Shelbyville. General Bragg, it seems,
    had sent off during this lull in movements all of his wounded
    and the prisoners he had taken. At daylight on the 2d of January,
    1863, Wheeler’s cavalry also withdrew, following the infantry
    toward Shelbyville. No pursuit was made. The Federals were as
    much surprised as the Confederates at the result, and it was
    sometime during the day before they could realize the fact of the
    withdrawal of Bragg’s troops. Much adverse criticism was made of
    General Bragg’s failure to take advantage of the victory he had
    obtained in the first days of the battle, and especially of the
    assault he made against the well-prepared works of the enemy,
    when it should have been with his entire army instead of a single
    division. Such was the opinion of the humblest soldier in his
    army.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_2">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER II.<br />
    <small class="smcap">From Fort Donelson to
      Chickamauga.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    General Bragg upon reaching Shelbyville went regularly into camp,
    and remained there some three or four months drilling,
    recruiting, and strengthening his army. General Wheeler, with his
    corps, was on the front watching the movement of the Federal army
    at Murfreesboro, scouting all the approaches, with an occasional
    scrap with the enemy, sometimes approaching the dignity of a
    battle.</p>
  <p id="c_2_2">
    In January, 1863, Wheeler’s Corps was ordered to Fort Donelson
    with a view of capturing the garrison stationed there. General
    Forrest was ordered up from West Tennessee to coöperate with
    Wheeler. On reaching the place, Wheeler made his arrangements to
    attack, and did attack the fortifications; but General Forrest
    refusing to coöperate, he was repulsed and the expedition was a
    failure. Wheeler lost quite a number of men. Col. Frank McNairy,
    a well-known citizen of Nashville, was killed in leading a
    charge. The weather was extremely cold. The streams were full of
    ice and the dirt roads were frozen hard, making it a matter of
    difficulty to pass over. Men and horses suffered greatly, as much
    as at any time during the war. On going back to Shelbyville, the
    Fourth Tennessee was detached and sent by General Bragg to
    Woodbury to relieve a portion of General Morgan’s command under
    Captain Hutchison, who was killed in an engagement with the enemy
    the day before we reached there. He was a fine soldier, and his
    death was much regretted. His home was at Springfield, Tenn.,
    where he is affectionately remembered. The Regiment was at
    Woodbury some weeks, during which time we had frequent battles
    with the enemy coming up from Murfreesboro, where the Federal
    army was still stationed. We lost quite a number of men, killed
    and wounded.<a id="c_2_2a"> </a>In one of these engagements
    Colonel Smith received a saber cut, and would probably have been
    killed had not the bugler of the Regiment, J.&nbsp;A. Stewart,
    relieved the situation by a well-directed shot from his pistol.
    From Woodbury we were ordered over to Trousdale’s Ferry, on the
    Caney Fork River. We went from there on a scout toward Nashville,
    and, turning off the Lebanon Pike, went to a point on the
    Cumberland River a mile above Edgefield Junction, where we
    waited, in ambush, for a train on the Louisville and Nashville
    Railroad to come in sight. We had a piece of artillery with us,
    commanded by Lieutenant White; and when a long train made its
    appearance, he opened on it, and about the first shot went into
    the steam chest of the engine, bringing the train to a stop in
    full view of our position. The train was loaded with horses; and
    after demolishing it and everything in sight, we retired.</p>
  <p id="c_2_3">
    Some of the men asked to be permitted to go over and get some of
    the horses; but Colonel Smith would not allow it, as he had
    another trip in contemplation, to wit: to go over to the
    Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. Near Smyrna we captured a
    long train of cars full of officers and soldiers without firing
    a gun. The men were allowed to help themselves bountifully to the
    rich booty; and being paroled, the prisoners were permitted to
    pursue their journey toward Nashville on foot. From there we
    returned to our post at Trousdale’s Ferry. In a short while
    thereafter Colonel Smith and Adjutant Minnis were captured by the
    enemy under the following circumstances: They had been across the
    river inspecting the picket posts on that side, and on their
    return to camp after dark they were captured by a scout of the
    enemy which had been piloted around the pickets by a Union man
    of that vicinity. As soon as it was ascertained, a squad from the
    picket post pursued them to the vicinity of Carthage, about seven
    miles. They came in view of the scouts with the prisoners, whom
    they managed to keep so exposed that the Confederates were afraid
    to fire at them for fear of killing Colonel Smith and Minnis. The
    writer was appointed to fill the place of Adjutant Minnis, and
    served in this capacity till the battle of Fayetteville,
    N.&nbsp;C., in February, 1865, when he was appointed Adjutant
    General of the brigade, and served and surrendered as such at
    Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., April&nbsp;26, 1865. We remained some
    days longer on the Caney Fork, till General Rosecrans commenced
    his movement against General Bragg, when we were ordered to
    Shelbyville. We reached there in time to resist the advance of
    the enemy, having some well-contested battles with them, in which
    a good many of our men were killed and wounded, and inflicting a
    like loss on the enemy. Here the greater part of Colonel Malone’s
    Battalion, of Alabama, was captured, and we saw no more of them
    during the war.</p>
  <p id="c_2_4">
    When Rosecrans began his movement on Shelbyville with a heavy
    column, he sent a like column down the Chattanooga Railway toward
    Tullahoma. In order to meet this movement, General Bragg fell
    back to Tullahoma, where the two columns of the enemy were
    expected to concentrate.</p>
  <p id="c_2_5">
    The Army of Tennessee remained at Tullahoma some three or four
    weeks, during which time they were kept busy drilling, collecting
    supplies, recruiting, etc. The conscript law of the Confederate
    government was in full force, and Bragg received from this source
    quite an accession to his army. Some of these made as good
    soldiers as we had, but as a general thing they were a very
    uncertain quantity and would not do to depend on. In a short time
    General Rosecrans’s army appeared before Tullahoma. It had been
    largely recruited and numbered double the strength of the Army of
    Tennessee. In one of the cavalry battles around Tullahoma that
    great soldier, Gen. James Starnes, had been killed. His death
    created quite a gloom, and, had he lived, he would certainly have
    won higher rank. Judge McLemore, of Franklin, succeeded to his
    command.</p>
  <p id="c_2_6">
    General Bragg began his retrograde movement toward Chattanooga in
    June (I think), very wisely concluding to draw the Federals
    farther from his base before risking another general engagement.
    General Wheeler covered his rear, which the enemy’s cavalry
    assailed very vigorously, using their batteries freely. This
    continued until we passed over Cumberland Mountain, both armies
    losing quite a number in killed and wounded, some prisoners being
    taken. After passing the mountain a lull in the operations of
    both armies ensued. The Confederate infantry had passed on to
    Chattanooga. Wheeler’s cavalry, reaching the Tennessee River,
    passed over the bridge at Bridgeport on the plank flooring that
    had been laid upon the girders. After reaching Shellmound, on the
    Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, General Wheeler was ordered
    to go to Rome, Ga., with a view to recuperating his much-jaded
    cavalry horses. Here we remained for two months or more and had
    the only real rest that we got during our service in the army.
    Rome was then a pleasant little city of about five thousand
    inhabitants, surrounded by a rich and fertile country. Wheeler’s
    Cavalry Corps numbered about five thousand, rank and file. The
    quartermasters of the respective regiments would buy a field of
    corn, move to it, and remain until it was exhausted, and then
    move on to another purchase. The horses would be fed on the corn,
    stalks and all, using a plentiful supply of salt, besides grazing
    them on grass for an hour or two each day. It was wonderful how
    they improved, and by the time we left there they looked as if
    they had been prepared for a State Fair.</p>
  <p id="c_2_7">
    The soldiers, too, were supplied with an abundance of substantial
    and wholesome rations. The strictest discipline prevailed. Drills
    were the order of the day, with both officers and privates, at
    least two hours each morning and evening. Prayer meetings and
    services by the respective chaplains were held regularly, were
    well attended, and many conversions took place. Drs. Bunting and
    Hendricks, our brigade and regimental chaplains, were kept busy
    and active in their duties, and we know that many lasting and
    substantial conversions were made through their efforts. We also
    had an election for Tennessee State officers while there. The
    Tennessee troops voted for Judge Robert L. Caruthers for Governor
    and for their respective Congressmen in their districts. The
    State Department was at Chattanooga at that time, and we suppose
    that the returns of the election were made to them. We have never
    seen any published returns of the election, but suppose it held.
    We suppose it was the only election ever held that had no graft
    or liquor dispensed as an inducement—truly a prohibition
    affair.</p>
  <p id="c_2_8">
    By the time we were ordered to move, Wheeler’s Corps was in
    splendid condition, both men and horses. Rumors were pending of a
    great battle, and all were anxious to be off to the war again.
    Early in September, 1863, we were ordered to the front. At
    La&nbsp;Fayette, Ga., we met a portion of General Bragg’s
    infantry. He had remained quietly at Chattanooga until the enemy
    made their appearance in front of the city, when he retreated
    south; and, marching back to La Fayette, he surprised the enemy,
    when General Rosecrans hastened to get his scattered army
    together to give battle. General Thomas, with his large corps,
    had crossed the Tennessee River at Bridgeport, marching across
    Sand Mountain toward Rome, Ga., and was separated some distance
    from General Rosecrans. Our brigade was sent back to Tryon
    Factory with the infantry brigade of General Helm to meet a
    Federal command, which we did. After some sharp fighting they
    retreated with a view of joining the main column of Rosecrans. We
    continued on their trail, after several hard contests with them,
    notably at Bluebird Gap and other places, till General Thomas had
    taken position in McElmore’s Cove, when General Bragg made his
    dispositions to capture them. General Hindman’s Division was
    ordered to a gap in the mountain to prevent Thomas’s escape; but
    for some reason he did not reach it in time to prevent it, and
    Thomas hurried to join with General Rosecrans. This failure on
    the part of General Hindman to get to the designated point in
    time is said to have brought about an inquiry of court-martial.
    It was evident that but for this failure we would have captured
    General Thomas’s splendid corps. General Wheeler continued his
    skirmishing with the right wing of General Rosecrans’s army till
    we reached the field of Chickamauga on the evening of the 19th of
    December.</p>
  <p id="c_2_9">
    We relieved General Breckenridge’s Division at Glass Mill, on the
    Chickamauga, where they had had a considerable battle with the
    enemy under General Negley. Other parts of General Bragg’s line
    on his right had been hotly engaged during the day and late in
    the evening by the combined attack of Generals Cleburne and
    Cheatham. Some success had been obtained by them.</p>
  <p id="c_2_10">
    I here insert a paper prepared by me after a visit to the battle
    field of Chickamauga more than twenty years afterwards, and which
    I was invited to read before Donelson Bivouac and an assemblage
    of the Daughters of the Confederacy in their hall at Gallatin:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v1" id="c_2_11">
      The battle of Chickamauga was fought on Saturday and Sunday,
      September 19 and 20, 1863, the farthest extremity of the field
      being about thirteen miles southwest of Chattanooga, extending
      up to about seven miles of that city, which is about the
      dividing line between the States of Georgia and Tennessee.
      General Rosecrans was in command of the Federal forces, and
      General Bragg was in command of the Confederates.</p>
    <p id="c_2_12">
      We are standing to-day on the exact spot in the old field near
      Glass Mill where we dismounted to fight, and from which we
      advanced to take part in that bloody and hard-fought battle
      between American soldiers. We feel that we are standing upon
      consecrated ground, baptized as it has been by the best and
      purest blood that ever pulsated in human veins. It was here,
      amid the smoke of battle, that the forms of personal friends
      and comrades faded from our sight and we beheld them no more.
      As we gaze up into the blue skies that panoply these mountains
      and valleys, we seem to feel that their spirits hover around
      here yet, and that we can again commune with them. As
      imagination paints, we feel that same inspiring emotion which
      nothing on earth can excite save the busy preparation for
      battle. As we listen to its roar—the boom of cannon, the crash
      of musketry, the shouts of advancing columns—we experience the
      light, airy feeling, twitching of the nerves, and restless
      expectation that an impending conflict alone can produce, and
      feel that we breathe an atmosphere high above this earth.</p>
    <p id="c_2_13">
      Rosecrans in advancing from Chattanooga had marched by his
      right flank toward the Alabama line. He had supposed that
      General Bragg was retreating; and when Bragg marched back,
      taking position at La Fayette, Ga., he seemingly became alarmed
      and, with a view of getting together his scattered columns,
      marched back toward Chattanooga along the line of Missionary
      Ridge, covered by the mountainous country and the Chickamauga
      River south of his line of march. About ten days before the
      battle Wharton’s Division of cavalry, to which he belonged, was
      ordered up from Rome, Ga., where we had been since our retreat
      from Middle Tennessee. This inactivity had become tiresome, and
      the order to move was received with delight. The air was
      pregnant with rumors. A great battle was said to be imminent.
      The men moved with alacrity and determination, for they felt
      that the opportunity was at hand when they could regain lost
      territory and drive the enemy beyond their homes. Some scouting
      and skirmishing took place before the general engagement. We
      remember that at Tryon Factory, Bluebird Gap, McLemore’s Cove,
      and other places we had hard fighting, driving in their right
      flank. General Forrest with his cavalry had opened the fight at
      Reed’s Bridge, on the Chickamauga, on Friday, the 18th. On
      Saturday, the 19th, most of the Confederate army had passed to
      the north side of the river and confronted the enemy, whose
      right wing rested at Lee &amp; Gordon’s mill and extended in a
      northern direction, covering the roads leading from La Fayette
      to Chattanooga. Fighting took place during the day, and late in
      the evening, by a united charge by Cleburne’s and Cheatham’s
      Divisions, they drove the enemy and gained some advantage, but
      with considerable loss. General Longstreet arrived late that
      evening, and a portion of his corps came upon the field that
      night—to wit, McLaws’s and Hood’s small divisions, numbering
      not exceeding eight thousand muskets. This was the only portion
      of his corps that participated in the next day’s battle. On
      consultation that night at Bragg’s headquarters, the
      Confederate army was divided into two wings, General Polk to
      command the right and General Longstreet the left. The order
      was for Polk to commence the fight on the morrow at daylight,
      when it was to be taken up successively along the line to the
      left. For some cause the attack did not commence until late in
      the day, which circumstance did and has since caused serious
      comment regarding the result. We thought then and see now that
      if the Confederates had had two more hours of daylight General
      Thomas would have shared the fate of McCook and Crittenden,
      commanding the other two corps of the enemy, and would have
      been completely shattered and broken to pieces. This failure of
      the brave old Bishop to come to time was afterwards the subject
      of court-martial investigation, though no one ever doubted his
      courage or loyalty to the cause for which he afterwards gave
      his life; yet history will hold him responsible for the great
      mistake, whether caused by subordinates or not. It was midday,
      we suppose, when General Wharton’s Division was dismounted in
      the old field upon the bank of the Chickamauga at Glass’s Mill.
      They formed the left of Bragg’s line of battle, with Hood’s
      Division on our right at Lee &amp; Gordon’s mill. We judged
      from the firing that the line of battle was some five miles in
      length, and that the battle was raging with desperate fury at
      this time.</p>
    <p id="c_2_14">
      It was Sunday—a calm, clear September day in the mountains of
      Georgia, amid scenery that Switzerland could not excel in
      romantic grandeur. The rich green foliage of the mountains
      served as a background, and from its sides and gorges arose in
      dense volumes the sulphurous smoke of battle. The fiery wave of
      battle boiled and surged in its maddening fury during the
      evening and until nightfall. Commencing on the right, the
      deafening thunder would roll along the line toward the left,
      when it would be taken up and swept back to where it started.
      The sound indicated with accuracy the result in different parts
      of the field; for as a column would advance to the charge you
      would first hear the rapid and quick discharge of the
      batteries, indicating that their position was threatened, then
      would come a crash of musketry as if every tree in the forest
      had fallen, and high above all this the shouts of the
      Confederates. For a moment a deathlike silence would ensue just
      there, unmistakably evidencing the fact that the battery had
      been taken or driven from the field. This would hardly die away
      at a given point before it would be repeated successively along
      the line and echoed back again, swelling at times to such a
      mighty chorus manufactured from the thunders of war that it
      seemed that both heaven and earth would be torn asunder.
      Truly</p>
    <div class="ctr">
      <div class="poem">
        <p class="pmQ v2">
          “Such a din was there,</p>
        <p class="v0">
          As if men fought on earth below</p>
        <p class="v0">
          And fiends in upper air.”</p>
      </div>
    </div>
    <p class="v2" id="c_2_15">
      We feel our inability to give more than a faint conception of
      the grandeur of the scene that met the eyes and fell upon the
      ears of those who participated in the battle of Chickamauga.
      They can never cease to remember it. The roar of the four
      hundred cannon from Round Top and Cemetery Hill, at Gettysburg,
      which preceded Pickett’s charge, has never been equaled, though
      the casualties resulting from this grand artillery duel were
      comparatively few; while at Chickamauga all day long on Sunday
      there was a series of infantry charges upon batteries in chosen
      position, in which whole companies and regiments were swept
      away like the morning mist before the rays of the sun.</p>
    <p id="c_2_16">
      While sitting upon our horses listening to all this, we noticed
      a courier gallop up to General Wharton and deliver a message.
      We were ordered to dismount, as heretofore stated, and advance
      toward a battery that was shelling us from an eminence across
      the Chickamauga and about one-half mile distant. The order to
      advance was received with lusty cheers, for the men were
      chafing to go forward. The brigade was composed of the Eighth
      and Eleventh Texas, the First Kentucky, and the Fourth
      Tennessee Regiments. Col. Thomas Harrison, of the Eighth Texas,
      commanded the brigade as senior officer, and Lieut. Col. Paul
      Anderson was in command of the Fourth Tennessee, which was on
      the right of the brigade. We moved in column down the road
      leading to the river and, fording the stream near the mill,
      formed a line of battle in regular infantry style in the edge
      of low, level beech woods, and, placing our skirmishers a short
      distance in front, advanced through the woods. The enemy knew
      that we were coming and kept up an incessant shelling of the
      woods, some of our men being injured by limbs of trees torn off
      by the cannon balls. We had advanced but a short distance when
      the skirmishers became hotly engaged, which was the signal for
      a rapid advance, and we swept through the woods, driving the
      enemy before us. They rallied at a fence at the edge of the
      woodland, delivered an effective volley, and fell back across a
      little field to a new line behind a fence and on the edge of
      another woodland along an eminence where their artillery was
      planted. As our line emerged from the wood into the open space
      this battery, shotted with grape, and the line behind the
      fence, armed with seven-shooting Spencer rifles, opened on us,
      and a perfect hailstorm of deadly missiles filled the air.
      Being commanded to lie down, we did so for a few moments, and
      then arose and charged across the field. Just here we sustained
      our heaviest loss, and in a few moments the Fourth Tennessee
      had forty men shot down as we arose from the ground. As we
      rushed across the field the line sustaining the battery broke;
      and as they ran off many were killed and wounded, two or three
      hundred of them surrendering in a body. We were struck here
      with the gallantry of a Federal officer. He was on horseback
      and with drawn saber was attempting to hold his men to their
      position. He was killed, and his body fell into our hands.
      Papers upon his person indicated that he was colonel of the
      First Ohio Regiment. We went half a mile farther until we drove
      them beyond Crawfish Springs, the field hospital of the Federal
      army. This explained, what we could not understand at the time,
      why we were making a fight so far from the line of our
      infantry. The Federals had been driven from the line of the
      Chickamauga, and, this being the only water accessible to them,
      they had made Crawfish Springs their field hospital. We have
      learned since that we were fighting the division of Gen. George
      Crook. Both sides lost quite a number in killed and wounded.
      Where a stand had been made they were thick upon the ground.
      The line of attack for a mile was well defined; but, really,
      though we gained the fight and drove them from the field, our
      loss in killed and wounded was as great as theirs. The immense
      crowd of men, tents, vehicles, etc., at Crawfish Springs caused
      us to believe at first that we had captured the whole Federal
      army. Dead men in rail pens for protection and wounded men in
      large circus tents were scattered about over acres of ground,
      with the accustomed retinue of hospital assistants and not a
      few shirkers from the fight. This spring is one of the largest
      and purest of clear water I have ever seen. Its volume is large
      enough to supply a great city, and the stream that flows from
      it is that of a small river. After detailing a guard to hold
      the captives, the remainder of the command were marched back to
      their horses. The road was full of our ambulances, litters,
      etc., bearing off the dead and wounded. Here was presented that
      other phase of grim-visaged war, sickening to look upon:
      friends and comrades dead and dying who a few hours before were
      full of life and soldierly enthusiasm; men with their pale,
      ashy countenances turned toward the sky. Such scenes dissipate
      the excitement that the advance creates. A friend who was
      mortally wounded recognized me as we passed. As he evidently
      wished to say something to me, I stopped and took his cold, icy
      hand. Fixing his glassy eyes upon me, he said in a faltering
      voice: “Let my people at home know that I died like a true
      soldier.” He died that night; and his body rests somewhere upon
      the field his valor helped to win, though his name will never
      appear in the “count of the battle.” His was the fate of
      thousands of gallant spirits whose memory lives in the hearts
      of a small circle of acquaintances, but whose heroism has made
      their commanders great in song and story.</p>
    <p id="c_2_17">
      I have had a desire to visit these scenes ever since the war
      closed. Soldiers are rushed upon battle fields and rushed away,
      leaving a desire to visit them again. It was just twenty-four
      years ago and the same hour of the day when I last saw this
      field where Harrison’s Brigade made their fight, yet many
      things are true to the impressions left; and what a rush of
      buried memories are resurrected! The old mill where we crossed
      the Chickamauga looks the same. The woodman’s ax has leveled
      the dense beech grove on the north side through which we moved
      to the attack. A few scattering trees are still standing to
      indicate the character of timber that once stood upon the
      ground. Now it is an inclosed field, upon which is growing in
      rich luxuriance “the tall yellow corn.” I tried to follow the
      line of our advance, and suppose I did so from the fact that,
      the timber being cleared away, the high ground upon which the
      enemy’s battery was located is plainly to be seen. I fancied
      that I found the little hillock on the far edge of the woodland
      where we were ordered to lie down while the enemy’s shot
      sprinkled us with gravel. I cut a cornstalk from the spot where
      so many of our men were shot down, and have it yet as a
      memento. The low log house on Snodgrass Hill is still standing,
      and looks as it did then. It was here that we captured so many
      cannons. This point in the field is upon its southern
      extremity, situated between the road leading from La Fayette
      and the one leading from Crawfish Springs to Chattanooga. Just
      here the hardest fighting occurred. The field is still an
      immense rugged and woody forest, and no particular marks can be
      seen except now and then the tall stump of a tree. All through
      the woods for miles the bodies of the trees have been chopped
      by curio hunters. In a dense jungle at the foot of Snodgrass
      Hill I noticed a number of graves. The letters on the rotted
      boards indicated that they were Alabamians. The Dyer, Vittitoe,
      Glenn, and Ross houses have been preserved, and look as they
      did then. But after traveling over the field for hours, I might
      say with truth that there is nothing here to tell the stranger
      of the spot where one of the bloodiest battles in the world’s
      history was fought. Hundreds of brave men of both armies were
      buried here in their blankets, and hardly a sign seems to mark
      their resting place. But the name and fame of Chickamauga will
      live in history as long as Lookout lifts its rocky ribs to the
      skies or the river of death winds its way to the sea. As I
      stood there musing I could not but ask myself the questions:
      Where are the men who were actors in this bloody drama a
      quarter of a century ago? Where is the spirit that pervaded
      this immense host and drove them to deeds of blood and
      slaughter? The glory, pomp, and circumstance of war have
      departed, and to such as survived that field and the long years
      that have passed since then it seems as a shadowy dream,
      without the semblance of reality.</p>
    <p id="c_2_18">
      But to resume: On Sunday night we slept upon the field near
      General Longstreet’s headquarters, at the foot of Snodgrass
      Hill. At an early hour the Fourth Tennessee was ordered to
      report to him for orders. We then anticipated a renewal of the
      battle. He sent us forward toward Chattanooga to report the
      whereabouts of the enemy. I remember that we passed a little
      white house near the Chattanooga Road. As we approached it,
      I noticed a hog running through the woods with a soldier’s
      amputated leg in its mouth. This was one of our field
      hospitals, the window of which was some three or four feet from
      the ground. The surgeons within as they amputated a limb would
      throw it out of the window. The pile outside was so high that
      they would have to brush away the topmost limbs. Just beyond
      here was an elevated plateau where a hard struggle had taken
      place. As many as six batteries of the enemy had been broken to
      pieces. Horses were piled thick one upon the other, mangled and
      torn in every conceivable shape. Behind these batteries was a
      long line of Federals who had been killed where they lay. The
      fence had caught fire, and many of the bodies were burned into
      a dark crisp. Every tree and bush was marked by balls, and in
      some places large trees were torn to pieces. To see it, you
      would conclude that a small bird could not have survived the
      storm of bullets that swept like a cyclone through the
      forest.</p>
    <p id="c_2_19">
      I have seen paintings depicting the horrors of the battle field
      which I supposed were overdrawn; but this idea was dispelled at
      Chickamauga, and I appreciate now the fact that the imagination
      cannot always do it justice. All through the woods were
      telegraph wires thrown over the top of the bushes, connecting
      every part of the Federal line. These were incased in something
      resembling a cotton rope. Our men utilized them for bridle
      reins. Everywhere we found abandoned property and gathered up
      many prisoners—indicating not only a defeat, but a rout of the
      enemy. We sent back couriers all day long with this
      information, but no pursuit was made. We went forward on
      Missionary Ridge as far as Rossville and in sight of
      Chattanooga, where great consternation existed among the enemy.
      We were informed that some of them were escaping to the north
      side of the Tennessee River. On Tuesday, the 22d, with the
      remainder of General Wheeler’s Cavalry Corps, we came through
      McFarland’s Gap and skirmished with the enemy close up to the
      corporate limits of Chattanooga. We captured their signal flag
      on the point of Lookout. Its operator worked his machine until
      hands were laid upon him. We skirmished all day, losing some
      men in killed and wounded. In the evening we were withdrawn,
      and here ended the battle of Chickamauga.</p>
    <p id="c_2_20">
      The humblest soldier believes we could easily have captured the
      Federal army on Monday, the 21st of September. The superior
      valor of the Confederate soldier was again published to the
      world, but the full measure which soldierly courage had won at
      fearful cost was permitted to slip away. I fully concur in the
      comment made by a gallant Federal officer, in speaking of
      Chickamauga the other day, that “it was the bravest standing-up
      fight of the Civil War.” It has never been depicted as have
      been the battle fields of Virginia; but no field save
      Gettysburg, where the forces engaged were larger, can show such
      a list of killed and wounded as lay upon that field on Sunday
      night after the battle. The best-authenticated reports from
      both sides place the killed and wounded alone at 34,000.
      General Bragg had about 55,000 men, and General Rosecrans had
      about 65,000 or 70,000. The great battle of Waterloo did not
      reach this <i>per centum</i> by one-half.<a id="c_2_20a">
      </a>The Confederates captured 8,000 or 10,000 (not including
      their wounded), 51&nbsp;pieces of artillery, 15,000 stands of
      arms, a large amount of ordinance stores and camp equipage. The
      enemy were driven from every portion of the field, leaving it
      in possession of the Confederates. It was fought on ground of
      their own choosing. In some parts they had erected breastwork
      protection that had to be assailed by Confederates, frequently
      in exposed fields; but they were driven from every inch of the
      field, leaving their killed and wounded in our possession. The
      Confederate loss in killed and wounded amounted to 17,300, and
      the Federal loss in killed and wounded 16,800—this for the
      reason that the Confederates, being the attacking party, were,
      of course, the more exposed.</p>
    <p id="c_2_21">
      Northern writers and speakers sometimes claim that the
      Confederate army was numerically larger at Chickamauga than the
      Federal army. I suppose this arises from the fact that they
      think General Longstreet was there with his entire corps of
      more than 20,000, when, in fact, but two reduced divisions of
      his corps were there to take part in the battle—namely, Hood’s
      and McLaws’s Divisions—and they participated only in the last
      day’s battle. These two divisions did not exceed 8,000. Bragg
      retreated to Chattanooga from Middle Tennessee a few months
      before with about 35,000, and the only accessions he had to his
      army were Quarles’s Brigade, from Mobile, numbering 3,000,
      Hood’s and McLaws’s Divisions, and a few loose detachments he
      had collected up from his department. His entire force could
      not have numbered more than 55,000.</p>
    <p id="c_2_22">
      These writers grow very eloquent over Missionary Ridge and draw
      gorgeous pictures of the “battle above the clouds.” The two
      fields are contiguous, and the battles were fought within a few
      weeks of each other. They do not admit of a comparison. I would
      not rob the Federal soldier of a single laurel, but what are
      the facts? After the battle of Chickamauga, Longstreet had
      left, taking with him General Bushrod Johnson’s Division of the
      Army of Tennessee, and other troops had returned to their
      stations; and General Bragg was holding Missionary Ridge with a
      force not exceeding 25,000 men, who were clamoring for a change
      of commanders. What could they now promise themselves with a
      smaller army against a heavily reënforced enemy? All of the
      renowned Federal leaders were at Missionary Ridge—Grant,
      Sherman, Hooker, Sheridan, and others—with an army of over
      100,000. With such numerical strength and the prestige of such
      commanders it was possible, as it proved, to break through our
      thin line at a given point and, taking it in reverse, to drive
      the Confederates from their position. But here was committed a
      graver error than Bragg had made at Chickamauga, for the
      Confederate army should have been captured. Instead of a
      vigorous onset and pursuit, but a feeble one was made, and that
      was arrested by a single division under Pat Cleburne at
      Ringgold Gap, a few miles below there.</p>
    <p id="c_2_23">
      Chickamauga and Gettysburg were the two great battles of the
      war, the one in the Middle West and the other in the East. They
      were the pivotal fields upon which the cause of the South
      turned. Two more hours of daylight at Chickamauga on Sunday,
      and an assault by General Lee at Gettysburg with his entire
      army, would have brought about a different result. On these two
      occasions the Confederate had reached the zenith of his
      strength and enthusiasm.<a id="c_2_23a"> </a>After this he was
      too intelligent not to know that he was wasting his weakening
      strength beating against a mighty stone which gathered force as
      it moved. He fought bravely and with some degree of success
      until the last, but with the desperation of a forlorn hope.</p>
    <p id="c_2_24">
      We cannot conclude without saying a word to the ladies who have
      honored this occasion with their presence. In fact, any meeting
      of Confederate soldiers would be incomplete without your
      presence. I would not be extravagant in what I say; but in
      truth the Southern woman has been the truest, the best, and the
      most devoted friend the Confederate soldier ever had. During
      the war she was his ministering angel in the camp, on the
      march, and in the hospital. She has been the light and sunshine
      of the desolated home that the war left him. Her sweet words of
      cheer have smoothed the rugged pathway of life and have guided
      his footsteps toward prosperity again. Her devotion has never
      flagged nor faltered for a moment; and to-day she is at work
      aiding and assisting the old, disabled, and indigent soldier,
      making happy his declining years. How can we forget you? We
      should be untrue to every principle of gratitude to do so.
      Before I die I want to see some lasting testimonial given
      expressive of our appreciation. Were I permitted to name it, it
      would be a shaft of the purest marble, the tall summit of which
      would touch the skies, and I would plant it upon the highest
      point of old Lookout, in full view of Chickamauga’s ensanguined
      field, where so many of the sons of Tennessee gave their lives
      for what is <i>just</i> and <i>right</i>.</p>
  </div>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_3">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER III.<br />
    <small class="smcap">Wheeler’s Raid into Middle Tennessee
    in&nbsp;1863.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    In the latter part of September, 1863, just after the battle of
    Chickamauga, by order of General Bragg, General Wheeler was sent
    into Middle Tennessee with his cavalry corps. The Army of
    Tennessee was occupying the field they had so gallantly won at
    Chickamauga. He moved up the Cleveland Road to Red Clay, and
    forded the Tennessee River at or near Cottonport, some thirty
    miles above Chattanooga. The object of the raid was to cut off
    all supplies from the North for Rosecrans’s army, then at
    Chattanooga. The Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad from
    Bridgeport to Chattanooga was then in possession of the
    Confederates. The opposite bank of the Tennessee was closely
    picketed by the enemy, and the command was to keep as still as
    possible so as not to draw their attention until we had crossed.
    We reached the ford after a night’s ride, and rested there till
    daylight. I can never forget the beauty and picturesqueness of
    the scene that was presented that moonlight night, when four or
    five thousand cavalry forded the beautiful Tennessee. It happened
    that the Fourth Tennessee Regiment was in front; and, headed by a
    single guide, we descended the banks and dropped into the river,
    and then the line swung down the stream across the silvery
    surface of the broad waters, like the windings of a huge dark
    serpent. When we reached the opposite shore, I looked back upon
    the scene presented. This, with the reflection that we had turned
    our faces homeward again after our glorious victory, was
    soul-inspiring indeed. Nearly half a century has elapsed, but its
    recollection is as vivid in my memory as it was then. No creation
    of art could have been more imposing. There is too much stern
    reality in a soldier’s life for such to claim his attention, but
    this scene has left an impression that I can never forget.</p>
  <p id="c_3_2">
    As we reached the opposite shore the gray dawn of a bright
    September morning was breaking upon us. About one-half of the
    regiment was dismounted and silently moved up the bank. But a few
    moments had elapsed before the bang of a solitary gun was heard,
    and in another second bang! bang! bang! went the guns, and then a
    perfect fusillade. All were now wide awake, and the stillness of
    the scene was suddenly transformed into busy preparation for a
    fight. Another regiment was hurried forward, and thundered down
    the road leading from the river in the direction of the firing.
    A few more shots were heard, and all was still again. A large
    picket of mounted men had been driven off with the loss of
    several men and some prisoners. The remainder of the command
    moved out from the river as they came over, and in due time all
    were safely over. The trail of the ford was a devious one and
    very deep in places. One would reasonably suppose that many
    mishaps would have occurred, but nothing of a serious character
    happened.</p>
  <p id="c_3_3">
    The command then moved toward Middle Tennessee across the
    mountains into the Sequatchie Valley, where we went into camp for
    the night at the crossroads. Nothing of note occurred during the
    day. About daylight the following morning we were aroused by an
    order to saddle up and mount our horses, as the bugle sounded
    “boots and saddles.” In a few moments more we were moving down
    the valley at a rapid rate, not knowing at the time what was up.
    How vividly these stirring scenes flit across my memory! And how
    many incidents of dash and spirit do they bring to mind of the
    early morning “racket, when from out the empty saddlebows bravely
    they fell!” A few miles away we commenced overhauling Federal
    wagons, partially plundered; then the cry of a wagon train was
    raised. As the pace quickened, these captures thickened along the
    way; and after going ten or twelve miles down the valley to the
    vicinity of Jasper, there opened the richest scene that the eye
    of a cavalryman can behold. Along the side of the mountain
    hundreds of large Federal wagons were standing, with their big
    white covers on them, like so many African elephants, solemn in
    their stately grandeur. They had been rushed up there by the
    teamsters and abandoned. This was too rich a bonanza to be left
    without an escort; and in a few moments the rifles sounded from
    the mountain sides, indicating that we would have to do some
    fighting for such booty. Men were dismounted in haste and hurried
    to the right and left. A vigorous fire was kept up for a while,
    when the enemy, seeing that they were greatly outnumbered,
    surrendered after some casualties on both sides. The escort
    numbered 1,200, with many drivers of the wagons. Some of them had
    escaped by cutting loose the mules and mounting them. We knew
    that there was a large infantry force not many miles away, and we
    set to work destroying everything at once. Orders were given that
    no plunder was to be carried off. This, however, was but
    partially enforced. The wagons were loaded with all manner of
    clothing and rations for the army of General Rosecrans. Among the
    wagons were a number belonging to sutlers, with rich stores of
    all kinds. The result of the capture was seven hundred and fifty
    wagons, twenty-six hundred fat mules, and twelve hundred
    prisoners. The wagons, or the most of them, were loaded with
    rations for the army. The enemy were afraid to risk railroad
    transportation, and were endeavoring to provision their army at
    Chattanooga by means of wagons from McMinnville. It had rained
    the night before and left the roads so slippery that the wagons
    could not go over the steep mountain pass. Such of the mules as
    we could not take off were destroyed. The wagons and the greater
    part of their contents were destroyed on the spot, the débris
    covering acres of ground. I was particularly struck with the fine
    harness that had been stripped from the mules, as it lay
    chin-deep over ten acres of ground. Such a calamity as this would
    have been most seriously felt by us, and would have retarded
    movements for months; but with “Uncle Sam,” with all the world at
    his back, it made no perceptible difference. If it created a
    ripple of discomfort anywhere, we never had the satisfaction of
    knowing it.</p>
  <p id="c_3_4">
    From here we moved on toward McMinnville, traveling all night
    long with the prisoners, mules, and a few of the wagons. General
    Dibrell had been sent forward from the crossroads where we camped
    to take McMinnville. We reached there the next morning. Dibrell
    had captured the garrison of four hundred, with stores that had
    been shipped there by rail to be transported by wagon train to
    Chattanooga. It was said that there was a full suit of clothing
    for every soldier in Rosecrans’s army, besides an immense amount
    of rations. During the night we overtook the guard in charge of
    the prisoners on foot. As we passed them I noticed a boy among
    them who could not have been over ten or twelve years of age,
    dressed in full Federal uniform. I asked him what he was doing
    there, and he answered that he was a soldier and a marker for a
    Michigan regiment. I took him up behind me and carried him the
    remainder of the night, leaving him with the guard in charge of
    other prisoners captured at McMinnville. We now had about sixteen
    hundred prisoners on our hands, and the most perilous part of our
    raid was still before us. So it was concluded that we would
    parole them. Marching them out a few miles from McMinnville, we
    ordered them to hold up their right hands, swearing not to take
    up arms again until they were legally exchanged, and then started
    them toward the Kentucky line. How many of them observed their
    parole, we will never know; but it seemed to us then and
    afterwards that for every one we killed or captured half a dozen
    would rise up in their places. When we lost a man, he was “dead
    for certain,” and, worse still, none was to be had to stand in
    his place. In fact, it was this that forced us to quit fighting
    after four years, during which time we had the satisfaction of
    knowing that we were giving them about all they could stand up
    to, and this after calling to their aid the negroes and an
    immense foreign importation.</p>
  <p id="c_3_5">
    From McMinnville General Wheeler moved toward Murfreesboro. The
    column was a very long and cumbersome one with the mules and
    wagons we were attempting to take with us. We must have been
    close on the rear of the column, for by the time we reached
    Woodbury (one-half of the distance) we were in a gallop; and when
    we reached Murfreesboro we were at running speed. We found the
    command in line of battle close up to the town, forming a
    semicircle covering the roads leading to the south. We took
    position in line, and remained there probably half the day,
    expecting every moment to be ordered to charge the town. All at
    once we moved in column down the Shelbyville Pike. The object was
    then comprehended to be a feint to cover the passing of the led
    stock and wagons. During the halt here miles of railroad track
    was destroyed. Christiana is a station on the Chattanooga
    Railroad where a ludicrous little episode transpired <i>en
    passant</i>. The pike was about half a mile from the station, but
    in sight. A body of bluecoats were seen about the station, and a
    small troop was sent over to take them in. After approaching the
    place, something like a cannon was observed upon an eminence back
    of the station, with the gunners standing about it ready to fire.
    The information was sent back to the pike, and one of Lieutenant
    White’s guns was brought down. About the time it was placed in
    position to rake the station half a dozen white handkerchiefs
    were flaunted in the air. We went over to receive the surrender,
    and the would-be artillery was found to be an ordinary stovepipe
    set on a couple of wagon wheels. There was a set of about one
    hundred jolly, well-fed fellows, belonging to an Indiana
    regiment. They were well fixed up and were equipped with every
    paraphernalia for camp life—in fact, they had more plunder about
    them than a brigade of our army. Of this, what was not
    appropriated was destroyed, with apologies, however, to our newly
    made friends, whom we paroled and started back toward
    Murfreesboro. Many detours of this kind were made from the main
    column during the raid, and hundreds of prisoners were taken and
    much property was destroyed.</p>
  <p id="c_3_6">
    At Shelbyville we expected to make a fight, as it was reported
    that a considerable force of the enemy was there and were
    prepared for us. On approaching the place the next morning, we
    found they had evacuated the town. Before leaving they had torn
    down the courthouse on the Square, and with the débris blocked
    all the streets leading to it. Had they held their ground,
    certainly some blood would have been spilled before taking the
    place. We found a great many shops, sutler’s stores, etc., in the
    town, well supplied with goods of every description. These were
    owned by the Northern camp followers, who failed to get
    sufficient warning for their removal. Such plunder was considered
    as legitimate for capture as a United States mule or wagon, and
    to many it was much more acceptable. No Southern sympathizer
    would be granted this privilege. Commanding officers would
    attempt to restrain in a degree, but efforts were generally
    futile; and the result was that, after a raiding party had left a
    place, not much was left to commence business on again. Both
    armies pleaded alike to this charge. I noticed soldiers moving
    out of town with their horses heavily laden with some articles
    that you would imagine were the last things they would have need
    of. A couple of ladies had come to town that morning to make some
    purchases. When they saw what had happened, they waved their
    handkerchiefs and cheered lustily for Jeff Davis. The soldiers
    gathered around them, filled their buggy full of goods, and then
    escorted them out of the town.</p>
  <p id="c_3_7">
    From here the command moved out near the Lewisburg and Nashville
    Pike and went into camp. I think we remained there as long as two
    days. It is said that General Wheeler’s object was to await the
    return of scouting parties. We had created such a stir among the
    enemy that they took the time to set on our trail all the forces
    that were available. It seemed that it should have been the
    policy of the commanding general to have hastened our escape at
    this time, as the men, I am sorry to say, were so full of plunder
    that fighting had gone out of their minds, and they were anxious
    to get to a safe place where they could make an inventory of
    their property. However, we moved out one morning toward
    Lewisburg. The Fourth Tennessee and the First Kentucky Regiments
    were the rear guard. The first intimation that we had of the
    presence of the enemy was when cannon balls came crashing through
    the timber and we could hear the firing of our men and the enemy
    out on the pike, half a mile off. We sent Captain Wyly, of the
    Fourth Tennessee, down in that direction. He returned in a few
    moments, reporting that the enemy were between us and the
    remainder of the command. Lieut. Col. Paul Anderson and Colonel
    Chenyworth, of the First Kentucky, held a hasty consultation,
    when it was concluded that we would cut our way through. When
    this was announced, it was amusing to see the men falling out of
    their new Yankee uniforms and donning the faded gray again. It
    was more amusing still, as I think of it, when the gallant
    Colonel Chenyworth waved his sword over his head and took his
    position in front of his regiment, crying out in a loud voice,
    “Follow me, my brave Kentuckians!” as we moved down a blind
    pathway overhung with bushes. The two regiments had hardly gotten
    straightened out when bang! bang! went the enemy’s guns,
    seemingly only a few paces distant in the dense growth. The order
    was given, “Right into line;” and we moved through the woods one
    hundred yards or more, when we could see to our left a narrow
    lane leading out to the pike, and could see our men engaged
    fighting the enemy. Then the order was given, “Left into column,”
    as we made for the lane. Fortunately, this lane was old and
    well-worn, and the roadway dipped considerably. By drooping on
    their horses’ necks, this, with the fence, afforded protection to
    the men from the firing of the enemy, about a hundred yards
    across a little field. The two regiments went through with but
    few casualties, and joined with the remainder of the command in
    the fight. When I meet an old comrade who was present, he always
    asks: “Did you ever see as much kindling wood flying in the air
    as at that time?” Here opened up what is well remembered as the
    battle of Farmington. I wish I were prepared with the data to
    give a correct account of this fight, but I am unable from memory
    to give more than the results. I think both sides lost about
    equally in killed and wounded—say, about two hundred each. We
    fought for two hours, when General Wheeler learned that a large
    column of the enemy both in our rear and on the right flank was
    moving to surround us. The Confederates quietly and without
    pursuit moved off down the pike toward Lewisburg. The enemy
    afterwards picked up and made prisoners about one hundred of our
    men who had not joined the column when the fight took place.
    Among the number of Confederates captured at the battle of
    Farmington was the present well-known and efficient Secretary of
    the State Pension Board, Capt. John P. Hickman. He and his squad
    had been on detail duty, and were endeavoring to get to their
    company when captured. He was probably the youngest man in his
    company. He was confined in Rock Island Prison, and was not
    released until some weeks after the surrender of the armies.
    General Wharton, Colonel Cook, Major Christian, Captain Jarmin,
    and Capt. Polk Blackburn were among the wounded. Blackburn was
    very seriously wounded, and was thereby rendered incapable of
    further service during the war. He is now living at Lynnville,
    Giles County. Tenn., as one of the best-known and most worthy
    citizens of the county. He has represented that county several
    times in the State Legislature. The enemy ought to have destroyed
    us at Farmington. The Confederates were flushed with booty, and
    the Federals were smarting under their heavy losses in men and
    material.</p>
  <p id="c_3_8">
    We camped at Cornersville that night, along the road. It was
    quite cold, and the men had to burn (what the owner doubtless
    thought afterwards) a considerable amount of rails. The next day
    we passed through Pulaski. Here the Fourth Tennessee was detailed
    to hold till sundown the bridge that spans Richland Creek. The
    remainder of the command passed on toward the ford at Bainbridge,
    on the Tennessee River. We sat upon our horses that evening and
    watched for hours long lines of Federals as they came over the
    hills into the town, and expected every moment for them to open
    upon us. We were commanded to hold the bridge at all hazards—in
    fact, to be sacrificed, if need be, for the good of the cause.
    All of which would have read very heroically to the boys of the
    fourth reader of the next generation, but it was void of
    sentiment to us as we watched with supreme satisfaction the god
    of day sink behind the western horizon. Never had we seen so
    lovely a sunset. We ventured five minutes longer at the post, and
    then followed the command. We traveled all night and overtook the
    rear guard a few miles from the river the next morning. It
    consisted of about two hundred and fifty men, a remnant of Gen.
    John Morgan’s command after his capture in Indiana. They were in
    command of that gallant soldier Capt. J.&nbsp;D. Kirkpatrick,
    whom we knew well; and to many of the men we expressed our fear
    of their capture, as we knew that the enemy had been convinced of
    our intention and were now pressing us vigorously with a heavy
    force. We passed on to the river, which we forded without
    interruption, near Bainbridge, Ala. Our conjectures about Captain
    Kirkpatrick proved too true, for we learned afterwards from those
    who escaped that the enemy rushed upon them from every point of
    the compass, frenzied that we should escape so successfully.
    About one-half of the men were killed or wounded and captured,
    not, however, without having inflicted severe loss upon their
    assailants.</p>
  <p id="c_3_9">
    Thus ended Wheeler’s celebrated raid in 1863, commencing at the
    crossing of the Tennessee River at Cottonport, above Chattanooga,
    and ending with the crossing of the Tennessee River at
    Bainbridge, Ala.—about four weeks’ time in passing from crossing
    to crossing. The result was as follows: We killed, wounded, and
    captured of the enemy three thousand men; burned and brought out
    one thousand wagons; captured thirty-five hundred mules and
    horses, half of which I suppose we had to abandon in the fight at
    Farmington. I cannot estimate the loss of the enemy in stores of
    clothing, provisions, arms and ammunition, the destruction of
    miles of railroad tracks, bridges, engines, etc., but it was
    immense. Our own loss in men, from all causes, was eleven
    hundred, which loss was replaced to a great extent by new
    recruits and absentees we brought out with us.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_4">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER IV.<br />
    <small class="smcap">In East Tennessee.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    We remained a short time in the vicinity of Bainbridge, Ala.,
    getting horses shod, etc. Many soldiers who had been cut off
    while in Tennessee crossed the river at different points and
    rejoined their command. In rejoining the Army of Tennessee we
    again passed through the field of the battle of Chickamauga.
    Though it had been six weeks since we had seen it, much of the
    ravages of the battle were still to be seen. I regret to say that
    many of the bodies of the Federal soldiers were lying where they
    fell, but such is the state of war. Missionary Ridge extended
    from Rossville Gap to a point above Chattanooga where the
    Chickamauga River empties into the Tennessee River, and about
    four miles from the city. General Bragg was occupying its top, a
    distance of four or five miles in length, with his thin line of
    about twenty-five thousand muskets. From its summit the immense
    army of General Grant could be seen in the vicinity of
    Chattanooga. It was naturally a very strong position, and no army
    near the number of the Confederates could have driven them from
    it.</p>
  <p id="c_4_2">
    The Fourth Tennessee was ordered from here to Trenton, Ga., for
    the purpose of picketing the gaps in Lookout Mountain, notably at
    Johnson’s Crook and other places some twenty miles from
    Chattanooga and on the extreme left. I suppose they were sent out
    there from the fact that a good many members of Company&nbsp;H
    lived at Bridgeport, Ala., and were familiar with the country and
    railroad track from there to Chattanooga. These same men had been
    detailed by order of General Bragg, and had given him important
    information preceding the battle of Chickamauga. They had been
    highly complimented by General Bragg on their scouts and the
    information they had given him. On reaching Trenton, Lieut. Col.
    Paul F. Anderson availed himself of the first opportunity he had
    had of making his report to brigade headquarters of the action
    the regiment had taken in the battle of Chickamauga. The same
    appears in the war records published by the United States
    government after the war. When Richmond fell the Federals
    captured many of the records of the Confederate government that
    were on file at the Capitol. We have copied it verbatim:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v1 smcap rt">
      Headquarters Fourth Tennessee Cavalry Regiment,</p>
    <p class="rt">
      In Field, Trenton, Ga., October 30, 1863.</p>
    <p class="v1 sm hang2">
      Capt. W. B. Sayers, Adjutant General Harrison’s Brigade,
      Wharton’s Division, Wheeler’s Corps.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_4_3">
      <i>Sir</i>: The report of the action taken by this regiment in
      the battle of Chickamauga has been delayed by reason of the
      fact that immediately after the battle we were ordered to
      Middle Tennessee with the balance of Wheeler’s Corps and did
      not return from that most eventful raid until a few days ago.
      On or about the 10th of September, 1863, we received while at
      Rome, Ga., marching orders from the commanding general, and
      reported to him near La Fayette, Ga., where our infantry were
      being mobilized. A corps of the enemy had crossed the Tennessee
      River at Bridgeport, Ala., and, crossing Sand Mountain, marched
      toward Rome. We were sent to the front, and were engaged in
      daily skirmishing till the battle occurred. On the 15th of
      September, in conjunction with Gen. Ben Harden Helm’s brigade
      of infantry, at Tryon Factory, on the Rome Road, we had quite a
      brush with the enemy, driving them off; also at Catlett’s Gap,
      Bluebird Gap, McLemore’s Cove, and other places, driving them
      toward Chattanooga to the right wing of Rosecrans’s army. On
      Saturday evening, September 19, Wharton’s division of cavalry
      relieved Gen. John C. Breckenridge’s infantry division at
      Glass’s Mill, on the south bank of the Chickamauga River. He
      had had a heavy fight there that evening with General Negley’s
      Federal division, and still farther to the right there had been
      heavy fighting. We remained in this position during the night,
      ascertaining that about the time Breckenridge was moved to the
      right Negley’s infantry had moved to the Federal left, Gen.
      George Crook’s cavalry taking Negley’s position at Glass’s
      Mill. At an early hour on Sunday morning, September 20, the
      skirmishers from both armies faced each other along the banks
      of the Chickamauga. About eleven o’clock the enemy planted a
      battery upon an eminence half a mile distant and commenced
      vigorously to shell us. At this time the battle to our right
      was raging with desperate fury along the whole line, and seemed
      to be a succession of infantry charges upon batteries in chosen
      position. You would first hear the rapid discharges of the
      guns, indicating that their position was threatened. Then would
      come the crash of musketry, as if every tree in the forest had
      fallen, and, high above all this, the shouts of the
      Confederates. We could tell unmistakably that we were driving
      them. It was twelve o’clock in the day, we suppose, when
      General Wharton ordered the brigade to dismount and take the
      battery that was shelling us from across the Chickamauga. The
      brigade consisted of the Eighth and Eleventh Texas, the First
      Kentucky, and the Fourth Tennessee, Col. Thomas Harrison
      commanding. The Eighth Texas remained mounted, while the other
      regiments counted off (No. 4 being directed to hold the horses)
      and formed line in infantry style. We forded the river at the
      mill, formed line in the edge of a low beech wood, placed our
      skirmishers in front, and advanced through the woods. The enemy
      knew we were coming, and kept shelling the woods. Some of our
      men were injured by the limbs of trees torn off by cannon
      balls. We had advanced but a short distance before the
      skirmishers became hotly engaged, which was the signal for a
      rapid advance, and we swept through the woods, driving the
      enemy before us. They rallied at a fence at the outer edge of
      the woods. After delivering an effective volley at us, they
      fell back rapidly across a small field to the position of their
      battery on the hill. As we emerged from the woods, this
      battery, shotted with grape and the support armed with
      seven-shooting Spencer rifles, opened upon us. We were
      commanded to lie down, which we did for a moment, then arose
      and charged across the field. The battery limbered up and
      disappeared. We killed many of the enemy as they ran off. About
      two hundred surrendered in a body. We pursued for some distance
      till we came in sight of Crawfish Springs, and were the first
      to reach that place, where we captured an immense host. Besides
      their killed and wounded, the enemy lost a large number of
      wagons, hospital attendants, and many shirkers from the fight.
      When we first came in sight, we supposed that the whole army
      had surrendered to us, so large was the crowd that met our
      sight. Our loss was considerable. The line of attack for a mile
      or more was well defined with the killed and wounded, and where
      a stand was made they lay thick upon the ground. This was our
      first experience with the seven-shooting Spencer rifle. We
      armed two of our companies from the captures. We do not think
      the enemy’s loss in killed or wounded exceeded our own.
      However, we captured several hundred prisoners on the field.
      Among the killed was Capt. J.&nbsp;J. Partin, of
      Company&nbsp;L. Lieutenants Barbee, Corbett, Preston, Scruggs,
      and McLean were among the wounded. The regiment’s loss in
      killed and wounded was forty-five, the details of which from
      the company officers accompanies this report.</p>
    <p id="c_4_4">
      After the capture of Crawfish Springs, we left a guard there.
      Being ordered to our horses, we mounted and moved rapidly to
      Lee and Gordon’s Mill, where we crossed the bridge and,
      charging down the road, captured a long line of prisoners,
      wagons, ambulances, etc. We bivouacked upon the field of battle
      Sunday night, and at an early hour on Monday morning the
      regiment was ordered to report to General Longstreet, which we
      did. He ordered us forward toward Chattanooga, and all day long
      we were sending him couriers, telling him that the enemy had
      retreated into Chattanooga, leaving behind every evidence of a
      complete rout and defeat. We secured many prisoners and much
      abandoned property. On Tuesday, September&nbsp;22, with the
      balance of Wheeler’s cavalry, we skirmished with the enemy up
      to the line of the corporate limits of Chattanooga. We captured
      the signal flag of the enemy on the point of Lookout Mountain.
      The officer worked his machine until hands were laid upon him.
      This ended the battle of Chickamauga, and we left the field on
      Wednesday, the 23d, with the balance of Wheeler’s cavalry on
      the raid into Middle Tennessee.</p>
    <p id="c_4_5">
      Permit me to say that I never found my regiment in better
      fighting trim. From the highest ranking officer to the humblest
      private they seemed to vie with each other in the performance
      of a soldier’s duty. Where all demeaned themselves with such
      soldierly fidelity it would be invidious to make individual
      mention, but I must be permitted to mention the following:
      Surgeon W.&nbsp;T. Delaney, who was often in the thickest of
      the battle caring for the dead and wounded, and his assistant,
      Dr. T.&nbsp;A. Allen. Captain Grissim, Quartermaster, and Capt.
      R.&nbsp;O. McLean, Commissary, both rendered efficient service
      upon the field and in attending to the wants of the men. I
      would like to mention acts of individual courage of men and
      officers, but time forbids. A grateful country will remember
      them and embalm their names as heroes worthy of honor and
      distinction.</p>
    <p id="c_4_6">
      I am respectfully,</p>
    <p class="rt smcap">
      Paul F. Anderson,</p>
    <p class="rt italic">
      Lieutenant Colonel Commanding Fourth Tennessee Cavalry.</p>
    <p class="rt smcap">
      George B. Guild,</p>
    <p class="rt italic">
      Adjutant.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_4_7">
    The Regiment remained in the vicinity of Trenton, and were not
    ordered back to the main army till after the battles of Lookout
    Mountain, Orchard Knob, and Missionary Ridge had been fought,
    including the battle of Ringgold, which occurred successively
    from the 23d to the 27th of November, 1863.</p>
  <p id="c_4_8">
    Gen. Joe Hooker’s Corps bravely led the assault up Lookout
    Mountain. They were gallantly resisted by General Walthall’s
    brave little brigade of less than one thousand Confederates.
    General Hooker’s men reached the Cravens house, which stands
    there still, and is, I suppose, three-fourths of the distance
    from the base and one-half the altitude of the mountain. Some
    distance from there the palisades of solid rock rise to the
    summit of the mountain, a distance of several hundred feet, very
    precipitately. The enemy halted at the Cravens house for the
    night. The next morning, everything appearing to be so quiet, a
    call was made for volunteers to go up and view the situation. A
    captain and twelve men from a Kentucky regiment went up and
    reported the fact that a citizen had informed them that “they had
    left the night before.” This ended the “Battle above the Clouds.”
    Lookout Mountain and Orchard Knob were both outposts of the army
    on Missionary Ridge, with small commands at each.</p>
  <p id="c_4_9">
    The Confederates were driven from Orchard Knob the next day, and
    on the third day General Grant assaulted Missionary Ridge with
    his whole army, attacking the entire line of General Bragg. At
    some points the line held out bravely, repulsing every assault,
    and were about to conclude that they had successfully repulsed
    General Grant’s large army. But at last he penetrated the left of
    General Bragg’s line, pouring in in large force and, taking the
    line in reverse, drove the Confederates in rout and confusion
    from the summit, capturing a large number of prisoners, many of
    whom, we regret to say, abandoned their colors by voluntarily
    surrendering to the enemy. No pursuit was made; if there had
    been, one-half of General Bragg’s force would have been captured.
    At a favorable position near Ringgold, Ga., Gen. Pat Cleburne
    placed his division and artillery to await the coming of the
    enemy. He killed and wounded twenty-five hundred of them, with
    comparatively little loss of his own. The enemy withdrew and did
    not attempt to come any farther. The Confederates fell back to
    Dalton, Ga., and Wheeler’s Cavalry Corps were left on outpost
    duty at Tunnel Hill, about seven miles north of Dalton.</p>
  <p id="c_4_10">
    On the point of Lookout Mountain, near the magnificent monument
    erected by the State of New York, are quite a number of tablets
    which were agreed upon and placed there by a joint committee of
    ex-Federal and ex-Confederate soldiers, with the following
    inscription upon their faces:</p>
  <p class="v1 blk5 sm" id="c_4_11">
    In the battle of Chattanooga, from November&nbsp;23 to
    November&nbsp;27, 1863, which includes Orchard Knob, Lookout
    Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Ringgold Gap, Ga., it is
    authoritatively written that the Confederates had eight divisions
    and the Federals thirteen.</p>
  <p class="v1" id="c_4_12">
    It must be remembered that the Confederate divisions were much
    smaller than the Federals’. The enemy had been recruited to the
    highest point, while the Confederates from long service had but
    little to draw upon and were very small. The Confederates in
    these four battles, from November&nbsp;23 to November&nbsp;27,
    lost in killed, wounded, and missing 6,667; the Federal loss in
    killed and wounded alone was 5,824. The Confederates missing were
    4,146; the Federals, comparatively nothing. We know the fact that
    nearly all the missing from the Confederate ranks were men who
    voluntarily left their ranks in the rout at Missionary Ridge. The
    loss of the two armies in killed and wounded, then, was as
    follows: Federals, 5,824; Confederates, 2,521. The Federal loss
    in killed and wounded was more than double that of the
    Confederates in the four engagements.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_5">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER V.<br />
    <small class="smcap">Campaigning in Georgia.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    After the Army of Tennessee had become settled in their winter
    quarters at Dalton, Ga., in December, 1863, criticism of General
    Bragg became hot and severe both on the part of the soldiers and
    the citizens, and a change of commander was demanded of the
    government; so much so that General Bragg tendered his
    resignation, and General Joseph E. Johnston was appointed in his
    stead.</p>
  <p id="c_5_2">
    General Braxton Bragg was seemingly a cold, austere officer and a
    thorough disciplinarian, but no one ever doubted his bravery and
    patriotism. The greatest battles fought by the Army of Tennessee
    were fought while he was commander in chief. His plans and orders
    for battle could not be excelled in their clocklike accuracy.
    Every soldier knew that when Bragg got ready to fight it was to
    be a real fight, and some one was sure to be hurt before it was
    over. He was particularly unfortunate in the failure of his
    officers in obeying important orders. He died without giving to
    the public a history of his campaigns, as other generals have
    done. But we must add that Bragg seemed to lose his head at the
    supreme moment after gaining a battle and let its fruits slip out
    of his grasp when he could have accomplished decisive results, as
    was the case at Murfreesboro and Chickamauga. He was a great
    favorite with President Davis, and was given a position in the
    War Department at Richmond. Just before the war closed he was
    placed in the field again. He fought a battle at Kingston,
    N.&nbsp;C., defeating General Cox and capturing fifteen hundred
    prisoners and some field artillery. Let us forget his faults and
    remember with pride his valor as a soldier and his patriotism to
    his native Southland.</p>
  <p id="c_5_3">
    Gen. Joseph E. Johnston’s appointment to the chief command of the
    Army of Tennessee was received with much satisfaction by the
    soldiers. The morale of the army had depreciated after the battle
    of Chickamauga, and especially after the disastrous rout at
    Missionary Ridge. The transportation facilities of the
    army—horses, mules, wagons, etc.—were in bad condition. The ranks
    had greatly diminished in numbers, and there was no expectation
    of their being recruited except from conscript camps and the
    return of absentees. The Confederate armies at Gettysburg and
    Chickamauga on the two occasions had reached the zenith of their
    strength and enthusiasm. General Johnston, upon assuming command,
    soon exhibited his great ability as an organizer, in which he had
    no superior; and it was but a little while till all of his
    departments put on a cheery appearance, and, what is better, the
    morale of his soldiers showed confidence and enthusiasm again.
    Men and horses were well supplied with good, substantial
    rations—not dainty food, for it could not be had. Drills of men
    and officers were held daily, and dress parades were the order of
    the day. He showed, too, that he was in every sense a thorough
    disciplinarian. We thought General Bragg was well up in the
    service in this regard, but General Johnston far excelled him.
    In the maximum punishment meted out to deserters judge advocates
    were kept busy. We remember on one occasion to have met Col.
    Andrew Ewing in the road near Tunnel Hill. While we were talking
    a volley of musketry was heard from the direction of the infantry
    encampment at Dalton, when he remarked that the volley had killed
    twelve deserters. Colonel Ewing was a distinguished lawyer, whose
    home was at Nashville, and was then Judge-Advocate-General of the
    army. Notwithstanding this, General Johnston was popular with the
    soldiers and had their fullest confidence.</p>
  <p id="c_5_4">
    General Wheeler’s headquarters were at Tunnel Hill, some seven
    miles from Dalton. His cavalry were kept busy all winter in
    scouting and fighting back the enemy. Some of his encounters
    approached the dignity of a battle, in which he lost in killed
    and wounded a good many men and inflicted a like loss upon the
    enemy. The country surrounding Tunnel Hill and Dalton was thin,
    mountainous land and very poor in production and sparse in
    population. The subsistence of the army had to be brought there
    by railway. The soldiers always say that they went hungry longer
    there than at any other encampment during the war. However, I
    don’t think any one really suffered.</p>
  <p id="c_5_5">
    General Sherman did not begin his march on Atlanta till the 1st
    of May, 1864. (See Appendix, <a
      href="#Apdx_c">C</a>.)
    His army was more than double in number that of General Johnston,
    and he had all the reserves he could ask for, which he received
    time and time again before reaching Atlanta. General Johnston had
    no accessions but, as has been stated, from conscript camps and
    absentees, except the brigade of General Quarles, from Mobile,
    and probably some few small detachments of infantry and cavalry
    from other points in the South that joined during the march to
    Atlanta.</p>
  <p id="c_5_6">
    The Fourth Tennessee Cavalry happened to be holding the advance
    station in front of Tunnel Hill and on a direct line to
    Chattanooga when Sherman commenced his march, giving and
    receiving the first shots that were fired. The cavalry contested
    every foot of ground to the vicinity of Dalton, having quite a
    battle on the outskirts of the town. It was ascertained from
    scouts that Sherman, about the time he began his advance on
    Tunnel Hill, had sent a large column of his army to the right to
    flank Dalton. General Johnston had anticipated this movement, and
    had a strong line of works at Resaca, about fourteen miles below,
    to which he hastened with his little army. Thus Sherman began
    what his large force enabled him to do: while he would attack in
    front with a formidable force, he would use as large a one for
    flanking purposes against his enemy’s rear. When Sherman came up,
    a heavy battle took place at Resaca, lasting two days, and in
    which both sides lost a large number in killed and wounded. It
    was here that Col. S.&nbsp;S. Stanton, of the Tennessee infantry,
    was killed. It is not designed in this brief narrative to
    undertake to describe specifically these battles, and the reader
    can consult the battle reports. Among others, see the history
    that General Johnston has contributed of his campaigns to the
    Southern war lore. We know, however, that Sherman’s losses at
    Resaca were heavier than the Confederates’; for we fought behind
    breastworks most of the time, which protected us to some extent.
    About the second or third day at Resaca, Johnston was forced to
    fall back to Kingston (or Calhoun), where the Federals were
    crossing the river. In fact, the Atlanta campaign of Sherman was
    a series of flank movements upon General Johnston’s army. He
    would approach his front with a large army and send a like column
    to the rear to break his communications. The Federal army was
    driven off at Kingston. The next halt of Johnston’s was near
    Cassville, Ga., where he issued his well-remembered battle order
    to the effect that “we would now turn upon the enemy and give
    battle.” This order, as it was read to the different commands,
    was received with the wildest enthusiasm. The bright reflection
    from the long lines of the enemy’s guns across the open space was
    an inspiration for the troops to move upon them at once. Some
    delay ensued, when General Johnston was informed by a staff
    officer from General Hood that the enemy could enfilade his
    lines, and that he would not be able to hold it. This from one of
    his highest ranking officers caused him to countermand the order,
    to the great dissatisfaction of the troops. That night Johnston
    retired, and it was not surprising that some soldiers dropped out
    of line, to be picked up by the enemy.</p>
  <p id="c_5_7">
    About Allatoona we had some fighting, participated in by
    detachments of the army. From here General Wheeler was sent back
    across the river to protect and drive off a force that was
    destroying some large manufacturing establishments. In the fight
    that ensued he killed and wounded quite a number of the enemy and
    destroyed some two hundred wagons. We had some more heavy
    skirmishing with the enemy at Allatoona; then we were hastened to
    New Hope, some distance to the right rear, to meet the enemy. On
    arriving there, the Fourth Tennessee, in conjunction with a
    brigade of A.&nbsp;P. Stewart’s infantry, had a hard fight, but
    finally drove the enemy back. The regiment had quite a number of
    killed and wounded. That evening General Stewart built some
    temporary breastworks. At night (about ten o’clock, I suppose) a
    large force of the enemy attacked Stewart’s works, but were
    repulsed with heavy loss. It is stated that seven hundred and
    fifty soldiers were found dead in front of General Granberry’s
    line, and that many of the Federal attacking column were in an
    intoxicated condition and actually staggered over the works when
    they were captured. At another time General Bate’s division made
    an attack upon the enemy protected by breastworks, but was
    repulsed with heavy loss. There was hard fighting on other
    portions of the line during our three or four days of battle at
    New Hope Church, but no general engagement of the army took
    place.</p>
  <p id="c_5_8">
    We left there on a dark, rainy night, going to Marietta. The
    infantry had preceded us, leaving the cavalry in the ditches;
    later we followed, leaving about ten o’clock at night. It had
    been raining, and the road which the infantry had passed over was
    left much torn up. I remember that a cavalryman just ahead of us
    went down in a mudhole, horse and rider; and as he scrambled to
    his feet again, he cried out to the amusement of the boys: “Be
    aisy, men; old Joe will get them yet.” This was the most
    comforting expression we heard during the long, dark ride through
    the slush and mud.</p>
  <p id="c_5_9">
    General Johnston fell back to Kennesaw Mountain, and the enemy,
    coming up, assaulted the position with a large force. “Fighting
    Joe” Hooker again led the attacking force of the enemy. Gen.
    Frank Cheatham’s division held the center of the Confederate
    line, where the most desperate part of the fighting took place,
    though other portions were hotly engaged. It was a brave attack
    made by the enemy. Some of them came up to the works, and many of
    them were killed near our line. The battle lasted several hours
    before the enemy were repulsed. The next day Sherman asked an
    armistice to bury his dead, which was granted. General Johnston
    in his report of the battle says that “the Federal loss was 4,000
    or 5,000. More of Sherman’s best soldiers lay dead and wounded
    than the number of British veterans that fell in General
    Jackson’s celebrated battle at New Orleans.”</p>
  <p id="c_5_10">
    In the vicinity of Kennesaw stands Lone, or Pine, Mountain,
    somewhat isolated and standing to itself. Lieutenant General Polk
    had occupied its base with a force in temporary breastworks—to
    wit, with General Bate’s division. He had gone over with his
    staff to make observations of the enemy, as it afforded a fine
    view of the surrounding country. The position of his infantry was
    a constant target for the enemy’s largest guns. On reaching the
    summit, Polk and his staff dismounted and, walking out to the
    front, were plainly seen by the gunners, who immediately
    commenced a furious cannonade, and about the first shot killed
    General Polk. His death was greatly lamented by the whole army.
    He was educated at West Point, but had retired from the army to
    become a minister of the gospel; and when he enlisted in the
    Confederate army he was a bishop in the Episcopal Church. Since
    the beginning of the war he had served most gallantly in the
    Confederate army as a general in the Army of Tennessee. He had
    taken a conspicuous part in all of its campaigns and battles.
    Gen. A.&nbsp;P. Stewart was made lieutenant general in his place,
    Lieutenant General Hardee having before this been transferred to
    another department. John B. Hood and A.&nbsp;P. Stewart became
    lieutenant generals of the Army of Tennessee.</p>
  <p id="c_5_11">
    Several hot contests were had with the enemy in the neighborhood
    of Marietta, amounting frequently to the dignity of a battle. In
    some of these we remember that Col. Ed Cook, of the Thirty-Second
    Tennessee, Colonel Walker, of the Third Tennessee, and his
    adjutant, John Douglas, were among the number killed.</p>
  <p id="c_5_12">
    Marietta, Ga., is a distance of some twenty miles from Atlanta,
    the Chattahoochee River intervening eight or ten miles from the
    latter city. Its banks are low and approachable, and the river is
    fordable in many places. Further than the usual cannonading and
    skirmishing of the two armies, nothing of interest occurred until
    General Johnston reached Atlanta. General Johnston fought battles
    out at Peachtree Creek and perhaps at other places. In one of
    these Colonel Walker, of the Nineteenth Tennessee Infantry, was
    killed. He was the father of Laps Walker, the well-known and able
    editor of the Chattanooga <i>Times</i>. Colonel Walker was in
    command of the brigade when killed. It was well known in the army
    at this time that General Johnston was making ready to attack
    Sherman by placing the militia under command of General Smith in
    the forts and fortifications around Atlanta, and then moving with
    his entire army to the flank of Sherman, to defeat him and
    destroy his army before they could reach their base at
    Chattanooga. The army was in high spirits in anticipation of this
    movement. Instead of being dispirited by the long retrograde
    movements, their confidence had increased, and they were ready to
    obey his every order with supreme confidence in its success.</p>
  <p id="c_5_13">
    At this time President Davis visited the army at Atlanta, and in
    a few days General Johnston was relieved of the command of the
    Army of Tennessee and Lieut. Gen. J.&nbsp;B. Hood named as his
    successor. It is said that another had been asked to take the
    command, but had declined, saying that the army had the supremest
    confidence in General Johnston. I repeat what was reported and
    generally believed. Nothing could have overwhelmed both soldiers
    and citizens with more surprise than this order. Soldiers were
    speechless, shaking their heads in answer to questions, as much
    as to say that a great mistake had been made, predicting the most
    direful results, which were proved in so brief a time afterwards.
    I remember having heard an able address since the war from that
    highly intellectual Christian gentleman and splendid soldier,
    Lieut. Gen. A.&nbsp;P. Stewart, upon this subject. His position
    in the army and in its councils enabled him to speak advisedly
    and in stronger and more convincing words than I have used.</p>
  <p id="c_5_14">
    The distance from Dalton to Atlanta is about seventy-five miles.
    The contending armies were seventy days in covering the
    distance—a little more than a mile a day. It was a great battle
    scene from its beginning to its close. At night the camp fires of
    the two armies were visible one from the other. A number of large
    battles were fought, and many were killed and wounded on both
    sides. The daytime was an incessant crash of musketry from the
    skirmishers and heavy cannonading from batteries. In fact, from
    the number of killed and wounded in many of these skirmishes,
    they would be called battles at the present time. There was no
    evidence of rout or hasty retreat on the part of the Confederates
    along the way, not even the waste of a peck of corn meal.</p>
  <p id="c_5_15">
    I notice the statement made in a magazine recently that in
    looking over the private papers of Mr. Davis there was found a
    correspondence between him and his Secretary of War, Mr.
    Benjamin, when the following reasons were assigned for the
    dismissal of General Johnston: “That he had failed to give battle
    to the enemy at the many available positions passed from Dalton
    to Atlanta, and that he now proposed to move upon the enemy with
    his entire army, leaving the State militia to hold the works at
    Atlanta.” It has been said, and General Johnston repeats it in
    his book styled “Johnston’s Narrative of His Campaigns,” that
    “his loss from Dalton to Atlanta was ten thousand, while that of
    the enemy was equal to the number of the soldiers then in his
    army.” I take this to mean at least thirty-five thousand. Sherman
    was enabled to keep his army up to its original strength by
    troops sent him from time to time during the campaign. The
    Confederates had none except those I have mentioned before.
    General Hood in taking command issued a battle order, and in ten
    days’ time is said to have lost as many men as Johnston had
    during the campaign.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_6">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER VI.<br />
    <small class="smcap">General Wheeler’s Capture of the Commands of
    Generals McCook and Stoneman.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    On the 27th of July, 1864, General Hood ordered Wheeler’s cavalry
    to the rear of Atlanta with a view of beating off a Federal raid
    commanded by Generals McCook and Stoneman, having for its purpose
    the breaking up of Southern communications, releasing the large
    army of Federal prisoners at Andersonville, destroying
    manufactories, etc. Before leaving Atlanta General Wheeler
    divided his cavalry of about five thousand into two columns,
    Generals Dibrell and Iverson going to the left after General
    Stoneman, and assuming in person the command of the column to the
    right sent after General McCook. Wheeler came up with McCook at
    Jonesboro, thirty miles below Atlanta, where his troops were
    engaged in destroying the railroad tracks. The Confederates at
    once charged them. After a short but spirited fight, they drove
    them off with some loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners. McCook
    retreated toward Newnan, Ga. He was hotly pursued all night long.
    At a bridge, just at daylight, we came up with a large picket of
    the enemy. We at once charged them and drove them off. The entire
    command hastened over the bridge and in a little while came up
    with the enemy. A battle ensued in which there was a considerable
    loss on both sides.</p>
  <p id="c_6_2">
    After a little while the enemy resumed their retreat toward
    Newnan, hotly pursued by the Confederates. We here discovered
    that they had been looting and burning our wagon trains, which we
    had not seen since we left Dalton, and which had been sent south
    three months before. McCook, on approaching Newnan, had been
    fired upon by a militia command stationed at the depot, which
    caused him to turn to the left and take position in a hilly and
    wooded locality near the town, awaiting the coming of the
    Confederates. The Confederates arrived in a little while, though
    in a somewhat disordered and straggling way, after two days and a
    night of hard and strenuous riding and fighting. As they came up,
    without general orders they went into the battle where the fight
    was raging hottest. The battle, I suppose, lasted two hours. At
    one time the enemy captured the line of dismounted horses of the
    Fourth Tennessee Regiment, when the Regiment wheeled about and
    recaptured them, killing, wounding, and taking prisoners. The
    Regiment lost quite a number here. Among the killed was James
    Turner, orderly sergeant of Company&nbsp;A. J.&nbsp;A.
    Stewart lost his right arm. Both were good soldiers and most
    excellent gentlemen. Fighting took place in several places on the
    field. A white flag was displayed, and General McCook and about
    fifteen hundred of his men surrendered with a battery of
    artillery; also about three hundred of our soldiers who were with
    the train were recaptured, among them being a soldier wearing the
    military coat of Capt. W. W. Thompson (the only brother of my
    wife), of the Fourteenth Tennessee Infantry, who was killed at
    Chancellorsville, Va. I had it in a box in our wagons that had
    been destroyed by the enemy, and the soldier had put it on with a
    view of saving it for me, which I greatly appreciated, for I was
    anxious to return it to his father and mother. Besides the
    fifteen hundred taken as prisoners, some five hundred of General
    McCook’s men escaped during the parley. They were pursued to the
    river, which they crossed after abandoning most of their horses.
    Some of the men threw away their arms and accouterments to
    lighten their bodies, it was supposed, for swimming the river. As
    we passed through Newnan on our return to the Army of Tennessee,
    the hospital on the streets was crowded to overflowing with
    wounded soldiers.</p>
  <p id="c_6_3">
    Generals Dibrell and Iverson were equally as successful in their
    engagement with Stoneman near Milledgeville, Ga., capturing him
    and his entire command. McCook and Stoneman, when their commands
    joined, were to make a joint attack upon the prison at
    Andersonville.</p>
  <p id="c_6_4">
    After this Wheeler’s Corps was ordered to rendezvous at
    Covington, Ga., to the left of Atlanta. He had destroyed the
    entire cavalry force of Sherman. He remained at Covington some
    days recuperating and having horses shod, when he was ordered
    upon his second raid into Middle Tennessee. He moved to the rear
    of Sherman at Atlanta, and, going north along the railroad,
    destroyed miles of track, depots, and bridges, and capturing some
    small detachments, with but little resistance until he reached
    Dalton. Here the enemy had built a strong fortress well supplied
    with cannon, and had a considerable force to defend the place. A
    line of battle was formed as if we were going to charge, and by a
    feint its strength was developed. It was wisely concluded that
    the booty was not worth the cost of capture. However, we
    succeeded in destroying a large lot of provisions that had
    accumulated there and a large camp of wagons, tents, etc.,
    located in the suburbs of the town, which were abandoned by the
    occupants, who, we supposed, had taken refuge in the fort. Some
    of these occupants must have been quartermasters, for an
    enterprising soldier picked up a tin box that contained several
    thousand dollars in greenbacks.</p>
  <p id="c_6_5">
    From here we moved to the right, and, entering East Tennessee, we
    crossed the railroad at Strawberry Plains, sixteen miles above
    Knoxville. Here a cavalry force coming up from Knoxville attacked
    our rear; but upon turning on them, they were put to flight and
    were pursued to the outskirts of the city, killing and wounding
    some, capturing prisoners and horses, with the loss of a few of
    our men in killed and wounded.</p>
  <p id="c_6_6">
    After this Wheeler moved over into Sequatchie Valley, where the
    Fourth Tennessee was detached and sent to Tracy City with a view
    of capturing a force that was said to be occupying an unfinished
    fort. Upon reaching the place, Lieut. Col. Paul Anderson made his
    disposition for capture by detailing Lieut. W.&nbsp;H. Phillips,
    of Company&nbsp;F, with ten men to charge down the road leading
    to the fort in order to attract their attention, when Colonel
    Anderson would come up from the rear, where the fort was said to
    be unfinished and open, and capture it. Before reaching his
    position, Colonel Anderson discovered that the opening had been
    closed and that there were as many of the enemy on the inside of
    the log structure as he had on the outside. He at once dispatched
    a message to Lieutenant Phillips countermanding the order; but
    before it was delivered Phillips, growing impatient, charged as
    directed. The courier reached there in time to see Phillips upon
    the ground in front of the fort shooting at the portholes, and
    saw him scramble to his feet and stagger across the road into the
    timber where his comrades had sought protection. He had been
    terribly wounded in the breast and shoulder, showing evidence of
    paralysis from the wounds. A conveyance was impressed with a view
    of taking him and others who had been wounded with us; but after
    traveling a mile or two, Phillips was suffering so that he asked
    to be left at a house to die. His friends thought that he
    certainly could live but a little while. For six months after
    this he was reported in company reports as killed in action in
    Tennessee. To the surprise of every one, and just before the
    surrender, Phillips came marching into camp, very thin and
    feeble, but alive. He said that after he had been at the house a
    few days the Federals found him there; and when he was able to be
    moved, they carried him to the fort and had every attention paid
    to him, saying he was too brave a man to die from neglect.
    Phillips remained at the fort for some time. When he had
    convalesced sufficiently, a proposition was made to him that if
    he wanted to go home to his family he could do so if he would
    take the oath. This he declined to do, and asked to be sent north
    as a prisoner. He was sent to Johnson’s Island Prison. Being a
    very much disabled prisoner, he was sent on exchange to Richmond
    in March, 1865, reaching the camp of his regiment a few days
    before the battle of Bentonville. He died a few years ago a
    highly respected citizen, but never recovered from his severe
    wounds and suffered the remainder of his life.</p>
  <p id="c_6_7">
    The Fourth Tennessee Cavalry left Tracy City for Lebanon with a
    view of overtaking General Wheeler. A great many of our soldiers
    were permitted to go by their homes to remount themselves, pick
    up absentees, and obtain recruits if possible. I availed myself
    of this opportunity, thinking it was the last chance I would have
    to visit my family, residing in Gallatin, Tenn., whom I had not
    seen for nearly three years. An account of this individual raid I
    made upon Gallatin I here insert under the head</p>
  <p class="v1 ctr smcap">
    Behind the Lines.</p>
  <p class="v1" id="c_6_8">
    I tell this incident, not so much to interest the present
    generation, who have lived so close to it and have heard for
    themselves from the enactors in the War between the States many
    and probably more hazardous undertakings than here related, but
    that the future generation may know the state of affairs that
    existed in this country about the homes of those soldiers who
    were driven from them and sought to see their families again
    after a forced exile of years.</p>
  <p id="c_6_9">
    Soon after starting from Atlanta on General Wheeler’s second raid
    into Middle Tennessee, in 1864, I resolved to go into Gallatin,
    my home and native place, and see my family, from whom I had been
    absent for more than two years. I knew that Gallatin had been
    occupied by the Federal forces a long time, and that the
    commandants of the place, Payne and then Scarret, had been placed
    there for their well-known disposition to lord it over a helpless
    and noncombatant population. Many outrageous crimes had been
    committed by them, and scores of Confederate soldiers had been
    brutally murdered for no other reason than that they sought to
    see their dear ones again. The darkest chapter in our War between
    the States could be written under this head. I was fully posted
    then of the hazard of such an undertaking; but I wanted to see my
    wife and little boy (who was but a few weeks old when I left
    there), and I fully determined in my own mind to risk it, as I
    felt convinced that this would be the last opportunity.</p>
  <p id="c_6_10">
    When the command reached the Sequatchie Valley, General Wheeler
    sent the Regiment down to Tracy City to take an unfinished fort
    that was in course of erection and to be occupied by a garrison.
    Fearing that we would not return in time to make my anticipated
    trip home, I went to Lieut. Col. Anderson, my warm-hearted and
    true friend, and told him how disappointed I was, disclosing to
    him my well-digested plan to go into Gallatin at night, stay
    concealed in the house all day, and return the next night, making
    myself unknown to any I should meet along the way. I reminded him
    that it might be possible to obtain valuable information for the
    army. The Colonel did not think my plan feasible, remarking in
    his nasal way: “Guild, you are certain to be killed or captured.”
    I told him that I had resolved to make the attempt and believed I
    could successfully accomplish it. He finally concluded to let me
    go.</p>
  <p id="c_6_11">
    Capt. Marcellus Grissim, Knot Harris, Billy Bell, and Clay Smith,
    Colonel Smith’s colored servant, went with me. These men all
    lived on this side of the Cumberland River and some distance from
    Gallatin, and I was the only one intending to go that far. We at
    once set out for Crossville, on the mountain, and then to
    Cookeville. Soon after leaving the Regiment we found ourselves in
    the country infested with the bushwhacking band of Tinker Dave
    Beatty, the notorious Federal jayhawker, a terror to Southern
    sympathizers in that part of the State, whose whole object was to
    kill, not to capture. On several occasions as we passed along the
    citizens would tell us in terrified whispers that he and some of
    his band had but a moment before preceded us, and death was
    certain if we fell into his hands, as they took no prisoners. To
    avoid such results, we concluded to lay by in the daytime at some
    secluded place and travel at night. Some very amusing things
    occurred during our night riding. A good many Federal soldiers
    belonging to Colonel Stokes’s regiment were furloughed and at
    home. If we chanced to meet any of these upon the road, and we
    sometimes would as we passed houses, we told them we were Federal
    soldiers and had been sent to notify them to return at once to
    their post at Carthage, Tenn., as it was rumored that Wheeler was
    coming across the mountain.</p>
  <p id="c_6_12">
    These things delayed the little squad of ours in reaching their
    destination. Captain Grissim’s home was in Smith County, near
    Rome. Before reaching there I had promised him to stay all night
    to rest up before I started alone for Gallatin. When I stated
    that we had been delayed so that I was anxious to start at once
    in order to get back and meet the command as it passed Lebanon,
    he still insisted, but I declined. Leaving my horse and Clay, the
    servant, with him, I started on foot to Gallatin. It was then
    near sundown. My first object was to get a boatman to paddle me
    across the river. I found much difficulty in this. I had on all
    my army equipment—gray uniform, two army pistols around me, and
    haversack in which I carried all my papers as adjutant of the
    Regiment. But over these I had on a long linen duster, which
    somewhat concealed them from view. I had determined, if I was
    captured, to have no evidence upon me as a spy or to disguise the
    fact that I was a Confederate soldier, though the old duster
    would easily conceal me, and I posed as a Federal soldier when
    asking information. I had walked some distance down the road when
    I overtook a man driving an ox wagon going in the same direction.
    I asked him if he knew where I could get some one to put me
    across the river. He replied that he did not, and wanted to know
    who I was and where I was going. I told him that I was one of
    Colonel Stokes’s men and had been absent on furlough at my home
    in the mountains; and that, having heard that the rebels were
    marching that way, I was hurrying to get to my command across the
    river. I noticed him eying me closely, and after a few words more
    he said to me: “Come, get up on the tongue of the cart. I don’t
    believe you are telling the truth; I have seen you somewhere
    before. You are no Yankee, but a Confederate soldier. My name is
    Walton. Tell me what you are after.” He spoke so frankly that I
    concluded at once that he would do to confide in. I got on the
    cart, told him who I was, and that I wanted to go to Gallatin
    that night and return the next; that I had left my horse and
    servant with Captain Grissim, and when I returned we would go
    over and meet General Wheeler’s command as it passed Lebanon. He
    knew Captain Grissim, but said: “If you go to Gallatin, you will
    certainly be killed. The meanest kind of an officer is in command
    there, and he kills every Confederate soldier he captures.
    Besides, I learned that they are greatly stirred up, are
    impressing the citizens to work in strengthening the fort, and
    have drawn in their picket posts close up to the town.” This was
    a worse state of affairs than I had anticipated; still I replied
    that I would attempt it. At this he said: “If you will go, get up
    and ride; I live about one mile down the road. Go by the house
    and get your supper, and I will put you across the river.” It was
    dark when we reached the house, and his wife had prepared supper.
    After supper I started; and after getting across the river, he
    gave me directions how to reach the Gallatin and Hartsville
    Turnpike, about four miles distant.</p>
  <p id="c_6_13">
    Unfortunately, after reaching the Sumner County side I remembered
    the house of a man whom I knew well as a most enthusiastic
    Southern man and in full sympathy with the Confederate cause when
    I left there. So I went to see him. He did not seem to know me;
    and when I told him my name, he still seemed not to recognize me.
    It was too apparent that two years of Yankee rule had wrought a
    change, cooling his Southern ardor; and I left him,
    congratulating myself that I had not told him where I was going.
    I fully resolved that I would make no more experiments in this
    direction.</p>
  <p id="c_6_14">
    I was now pretty well posted, so I continued my course toward the
    pike. A short distance from the pike I passed the house of
    another citizen whom I knew well, Mr. Carey. He was standing at
    his front gate, and I easily recognized him in the starlight and
    the candle reflection from his house, which stood near by. I
    passed, not intending to stop with a “Howdy-do,” when he
    remarked: “You seem to be traveling at a late hour and all
    alone.” “Yes,” I replied. “I am anxious to get to my command at
    Gallatin.” He spoke up quickly, remarking: “If you had been here
    a few minutes ago, you would have met up with scouts that stopped
    here, fed their horses, and got something to eat.” I asked him
    what direction they went, and he replied: “To Gallatin from
    Carthage.” He then set out and without any questions from me told
    me the same condition of things that my friend Walton had told
    me, except that he added that all the roads out of Gallatin were
    being scouted, as they were anticipating an attack then from
    Wheeler. About this time he stopped and remarked: “Listen! I can
    hear the horses’ feet upon the pike traveling toward Gallatin.”
    This was a very probable occurrence; but I could not hear them,
    though I seized the opportunity to start in that direction,
    saying: “I can probably overtake a straggling cavalryman, and I
    will get to ride.” I congratulated myself again, but with more
    satisfaction for sharpness than I did in the former interview,
    and with the fuller determination that this would end my
    interviewing of citizens and would risk all on the information I
    had. I am satisfied, however, that if I had confided my case to
    Mr. Carey he would have assisted me to the utmost extent.</p>
  <p id="c_6_15">
    I then began my travel down the pike toward Gallatin, about
    fourteen miles distant, stopping to listen occasionally. At
    Bledsoe’s Creek, six miles from the town, I stopped on the hill
    near the toll-gate to listen, and thought I heard the sound of
    horses’ hoofs on the turnpike. After waiting awhile, I moved
    across the bridge and, to avoid meeting any one, got over the
    fence with a view of traveling parallel with the pike until I
    came to a lane that led from the pike to Cairo, my intention
    being when I struck the lane to travel along it back to the pike
    again. When I reached the lane, I sat on the fence, and to save
    me I could not remember which end to take. I remember to this day
    my sitting there and trying to reason it out. I do not think I
    was asleep; but I was so exhausted from six weeks’ riding day and
    night that I became bewildered and chose the wrong end of the
    lane. When consciousness returned, I found myself near Cairo,
    more than a mile off of my route. I immediately turned and
    retraced my steps to the turnpike. When I reached it, the same
    bewilderment again overtook me. I stood there for some time
    debating with myself the way to Gallatin, and at length set out
    again, supposing I was right until I found myself approaching the
    point at Bledsoe’s Bridge which I had left more than an hour
    before.</p>
  <p id="c_6_16">
    I knew every foot of ground in the neighborhood, and had traveled
    these roads hundreds of times. My grandfather Blackmore’s farm
    was contiguous to them, and the people in the neighborhood were
    friends whom I knew and had visited. I had gone at least four
    miles out of my way; and looking toward the east, I could
    discover evidences of day breaking. I knew it would be death to
    be caught in that vicinity in daylight, and, tired, worn-out, and
    footsore, I struck a trot toward Gallatin with all the vim and
    strength I could command, determined not again to leave the
    beaten track. At Mr. Barry’s I took the old Cairo Road to
    Gallatin. At the Chambers farm I left it and, passing Mr. Calgy’s
    place, passed on to my father’s farm and house, south of
    Gallatin, on the Lebanon road and about half a mile from the
    courthouse at Gallatin. The Hartsville Pike that I traveled down
    approached Gallatin from the east.</p>
  <p id="c_6_17">
    As I got into the field near the house day was evidently breaking
    in the east. I looked toward town and saw a camp fire on
    Fitzgerald’s Hill, which adjoins the corporation line, and saw
    soldiers standing around. I knew then that this was the picket
    base, and that the vidette stand would be near the front gate of
    the yard that stood upon the next eminence in the road from the
    picket. The house stood on the opposite side of the road from the
    direction I was approaching. Thus the whole situation was before
    me. Concluding that there might be a foot race before the fight
    was over, I thought that I had better lighten myself for such an
    event, should it occur. As I have said, I had been carrying two
    large army pistols in my belt, and they had become burdensome,
    rubbing the skin on my side and hips till it seemed as if they
    were pieces of raw beef. So I concluded to conceal one of them in
    the fence corner and get it when I returned. I did not intend to
    disarm myself, and I retained one army pistol and a smaller one
    that I had in my haversack, a Smith &amp; Wesson. A difficulty
    was the last thing I could wish for, but I wanted to be prepared
    for any forced defense.</p>
  <p id="c_6_18">
    I then proceeded down the fence toward the house, expecting to
    pass through the hedge of burdock along the pike and on to the
    opposite side from the house, where I remembered there was an
    opening covered by rails. On reaching it, I looked up and down
    the pike and saw the pickets about one hundred yards off,
    standing at the upper gate of my father’s yard fence and looking
    south, with their backs toward me. All seemed right at the guard
    post; and then, lifting myself quietly over the rails, I slipped
    across the road to the garden fence between the guard and vidette
    stand and, climbing over, fell into the garden. Another lightning
    process suggested itself to me—to pull off the heavy cavalry
    boots that I had swapped for with one of General McCook’s cavalry
    soldiers at Newnan, Ga., a few weeks before. They had skinned my
    feet till I could hardly hobble along. So, going into the summer
    house, I sat down on a bench and shed them, and never saw them
    again. I proceeded to the yard and, going around the house, saw a
    light burning in my mother’s room and felt then (which was a
    fact) that she was up with an invalid sister. I pulled up the
    back steps to a gallery in the rear, and, going to my mother’s
    room and making a smothered knock at the door, heard some one
    say: “Who is that?” In a low tone of voice I whispered my name,
    when I heard my sister exclaim: “Lord, ma, it is Brother George!”
    The door was opened, and I quietly entered. I could not, if I
    wanted to, tell what happened then. It was a sudden and
    unanticipated apparition. Both my mother and sister looked dazed
    and could not believe for a moment what they saw. If I had fallen
    from the skies, they could not have been more surprised. After
    some explanations and conversation, I asked for my wife and baby,
    and was told that they were on a visit to Nashville. I shall not
    undertake to describe the deep disappointment that this news
    created. I remember to have exclaimed in tones of deep despair:
    “Is it possible, after all, that I will not be permitted to see
    them?” After a little while my mother said to me: “My son, do you
    know the risk you are running? The soldiers are at the gate, and
    every day they are through the yard, and they frequently come
    into the house. There is not a negro about the place who would
    not take pleasure in informing them that you are here. The
    soldiers in town are expecting an attack. They are strengthening
    the fort in anticipation of this, and are impressing everybody
    that comes about town to work on the fortifications. Besides, if
    they capture you, they will kill you and burn up the house.” I
    said: “Yes, I understand all this and know what risk I am
    running. But if you do as I suggest, I do not think any harm will
    come of it. I have come to stay but to-day, and will return to
    the army as soon as it is night again. Let me go upstairs to the
    room looking toward town. I am so tired that as soon as I strike
    the bed I will go to sleep, when you can lock the door; and if
    any of you want to see me, you can slip in during the day, and
    there is no reason that any one’s attention should be directed to
    the room if you are vigilant and discreet. Let no one know the
    fact that I am here but those of the immediate family, for I did
    not come for or expect to see any one else. As soon as it gets
    quiet after nightfall, I will come downstairs and, after telling
    you all good-by, will start back to the army.”</p>
  <p id="c_6_19">
    I had to pass a long and open porch before reaching this room.
    Daylight was then evident. Looking toward the front gate, the
    pickets were plainly to be seen, and to shelter myself from their
    view I got down on my hands and knees and crawled to the door of
    the room. Without divesting myself of clothing, I fell across the
    bed, and in a few minutes was fast asleep. If any one came into
    the room before twelve o’clock in the day, I did not know it.
    About this hour I heard some one in the room, and, looking up, I
    discovered that it was my wife. She had left Nashville the
    evening before, and had come in her buggy as far as
    Hendersonville, where she stayed all night with an acquaintance,
    and then went on to her father’s house in Gallatin. Her father,
    Dr. George Thompson, who had been out to see me, had told her
    that I was at my father’s, and without getting out of the buggy
    she had driven on out. She said, further, that she had heard in
    Nashville the morning before that Wheeler was on a raid into
    Middle Tennessee, and that she had started at once that she might
    be where I could communicate with her if possible. I then asked
    to see my little boy, when she answered, “No,” saying that my
    mother and herself had concluded that it might reveal the fact to
    others that I was in the house; that the child was a great pet
    with the soldiers that came around the house; and that he was
    constantly telling them that his father had a gun too, and a
    pistol and sword, and that he was coming home soon and would cut
    their heads off and shoot them too. I asked if she could not
    devise some way for me to see him, when she said that she would
    contrive to get him out on the porch under a side window of the
    room, which she did, and I had the pleasure in this way of seeing
    him. At night when I left he was asleep in his bed, and before
    leaving I gave the little fellow a hug and kissed him
    farewell.</p>
  <p id="c_6_20">
    During the day members of the family would slip in and see me for
    a few minutes, one at a time. I saw only five people to speak to
    during my day’s visit. My father was at Nashville practicing law.
    He had to do something to meet the necessities of a large and
    helpless family. The large farm was in ruins, the stock was all
    taken, and the servants had gone to the Yankees. My father had
    been arrested by Andrew Johnson, who was military Governor of
    Tennessee, as a civil prisoner and sent to Fort Mackinac, Mich.
    After an incarceration of nearly a year, he was exchanged for
    Judge Ritter, of Kentucky. Gen. John H. Morgan had arrested
    Ritter for the purpose of making the exchange.</p>
  <p id="c_6_21">
    About four o’clock in the evening I was dozing upon the bed when
    I heard loud talking. Glancing out of the window, I saw Federal
    soldiers running through the yard in every direction in an
    excited way. I at once concluded that they had been informed that
    I was in the house, and that they were making their arrangements
    to kill or capture me. I concluded at once to meet it as best I
    could. I hobbled to a chair and, placing it in the room opposite
    the door, drew my army pistol, clicked the cylinder around to see
    that all was right, and, holding it under my coat so that it
    could not be seen, I awaited the issue. I remained in this state
    of suspense ten or fifteen minutes, I suppose, when my wife
    tiptoed into the room to inform me that a citizen of Wilson
    County had come into Gallatin that day, that the guard was after
    him to put him to work on the fortifications, that he had evaded
    them and had run through the large yard full of shrubbery to make
    his escape, and that everything was now quiet. I do not know that
    I was ever more relieved by a piece of information.</p>
  <p id="c_6_22">
    The five individuals mentioned above continued to slip in and see
    me until I left. They were much distressed that I could not take
    clothing with me, which, of course, I sadly needed. However, they
    managed to get me a soft pair of shoes to take the place of the
    army boots that I had abandoned. I do not think I am exaggerating
    at all when I say that if a corps of army surgeons had made an
    examination of my person they would have unanimously reported
    that I would not be able to move in ten days. Between nine and
    ten o’clock, all being quiet, I got up and adjusted my clothing,
    haversack, and pistol, and, taking my shoes in my hand, quietly
    walked down to my mother’s room, where I was to meet them before
    leaving. I quietly unbolted the door and walked in. I shall never
    forget that scene. It remains in my memory yet as a “death
    watch.” All were weeping with smothered sobbing. There was no
    occasion to remain longer now, so I immediately commenced bidding
    them farewell. The last to meet me was my old mother, who as she
    arose from the old family rocker and threw her arms about my neck
    said in these never-to-be-forgotten words: “O, my son! Do you not
    think your little army is already crushed and overwhelmed? I sit
    here day after day thinking and praying for you all and listening
    to the running of train after train of soldiers from the North,
    and feel that you cannot withstand such numbers.” I replied: “It
    is a gloomy outlook, indeed; but my duty as I feel it is to
    return to my comrades, to share whatever fate may befall
    them.”</p>
  <p id="c_6_23">
    At that I stepped out into the dark and began my sad tramp again.
    Somehow I felt stronger and better in getting out in the open air
    once more. I concluded that I would go around the pickets this
    time on their front. I stopped at a convenient stump and put on
    my shoes for the first time. They were exactly what I needed;
    they were loose upon my feet and gave me no annoyance. After
    traveling around, I remembered my other pistol, and went toward
    the place I had hid it. Upon reaching there, I searched and
    searched, but could not find it. After passing through a
    cornfield and at a point where the lands of my father and Mrs.
    Calgy joined, I noticed the tall weeds growing in the corners of
    the fence. It was a first-rate hiding place, and was inviting to
    rest, which I so much needed. The place was about half a mile
    from my father’s house, where I concluded to avail myself of a
    night’s rest and a day also before proceeding. I argued, too,
    that if I should be captured out there, there would not be such
    dire results—in other words, they would not interfere with the
    family. So I crept into the high weeds, and in a few moments was
    fast asleep.</p>
  <p id="c_6_24">
    When I awoke it was late in the day—a calm, crisp September day
    in 1864. I could hear the Federal forage wagons lumbering along
    the pike, and the Federals actually came into the field, which
    was a very large one, and gathered corn. I quietly lay in the
    weeds and ate the lunch my folks had placed in my haversack,
    partaking pretty freely of a bottle of blackberry wine, and then
    smoked my pipe. I recollect while lying there to have heard the
    thunder of Wheeler’s guns away across the Cumberland. When night
    came on I went back and had no difficulty in finding my pistol. I
    felt much refreshed after my night and day’s rest, but was
    absolutely perishing with thirst for water. The bottle of wine
    had produced it, I suppose. I remembered a wet-weather branch on
    Mrs. Calgy’s farm about a mile distant, and I broke for it. It
    lay just along the way I was to travel. Upon reaching it, I found
    a pool of muddy water. Kneeling down, I filled my stomach with
    the vile stuff; but it did not slake my thirst a particle, and
    smelled and tasted of a hog wallow strong enough to kill one. I
    filled my empty wine bottle full, and hurried on to the old
    spring on the Chambers farm, where my father was reared and
    educated by his uncle, Colonel Conn, who lived another mile
    distant, but still along my course of travel. Occasionally I
    would take a sip from the bottle and wash out my mouth, which
    seemed to do some good; and when I reached the spring, I filled
    my stomach full of the sweet beverage, which at once did me great
    good. I had never before come so near perishing for water, and I
    know now what it means to thirst.</p>
  <p id="c_6_25">
    Upon reaching the Hartsville Pike, I determined not to leave it
    till I reached Anthony’s store, where I was to go on to the
    Cumberland River, determining that if I met Federal scouts I
    would conceal myself until the squad passed; and then if I
    chanced to meet a straggler I would unhorse him and, mounting his
    horse, go at breakneck speed till I reached the point on the
    river where my good friend Mr. Walton was to come for me at a
    given signal. Fortunately, I met no one and proceeded on foot
    till I reached the vicinity of the river a little after
    daylight.</p>
  <p id="c_6_26">
    I found some difficulty in locating the exact place. Looking
    about, I recognized the house of a lady and gentleman whom I knew
    well. Having reached the time and place when I could throw off my
    disguise, I went over to Mr. McMurtry’s house. He and his wife
    were glad to see me. They had a good breakfast prepared, which I
    partook of very liberally, telling Mr. McMurtry that Mr. Walton
    had promised to meet me at the river on giving the usual signal.
    McMurtry seemed to understand this “grapevine” way of doing, and
    went with me, giving the customary signal himself. A few minutes
    later Walton came over in his canoe. About the first words he
    spoke were to tell me that Captain Grissim had been killed by a
    scout of Federal soldiers from Carthage on the night I had
    promised to stay with him and rest before going to Gallatin, that
    Grissim and two young recruits who were to go to the army with
    him had all been killed in their mother’s yard and in her
    presence, and that if I had consented to stay that night I
    certainly would have been killed with them. He stated further
    that later in the day, and after the scouts had left the
    neighborhood, he had gone up there and was told where he could
    find my horse and the servant, who were hiding out; that he had
    brought them down and concealed them; that the country, he
    understood, was still full of scouting Federal soldiers; and that
    I must go up to his house and remain quietly till night, when he
    would go with me to get my horse. Passing over the river, I did
    as he suggested. At night I mounted my horse and proceeded toward
    Lebanon, where I expected to meet some of our command. Before
    leaving I thanked Mr. Walton for his great kindness; and having
    nothing to give, I reached in my haversack and, taking out the
    beautiful little Smith &amp; Wesson pistol, I gave it to him to
    give to his wife with my thanks for her goodness and her
    ever-to-be-remembered kindness to a stranger under
    difficulties.</p>
  <p id="c_6_27">
    I expected to close the details of this lengthy incident here,
    though I do not know how I could have said less; but I feel that
    I should tell one more hazard I encountered before reaching a
    point of safety, and it is as follows:</p>
  <p id="c_6_28">
    More than a year ago an elderly lady came into my office and
    asked if I was Mr. Guild. I replied that I was. Then she said: “I
    am the woman you met when you called at my house, three miles
    from Lebanon, on the Big Spring Road, in the fall of 1864, to
    inquire if there were any Yankees at Lebanon. It has been more
    than forty-five years ago. I moved to Texas soon after the war,
    and this is my first visit to Tennessee since I left. I have
    heard from you occasionally since through Tennesseeans I chanced
    to meet from time to time, and I have frequently thought that if
    I ever returned to Tennessee I would look you up. You remember
    the circumstances, don’t you?” I replied that I could never
    forget them. She then proceeded to tell in her own way that she
    saw me down on the road that night, and that I was seeking
    information. Three Confederate soldiers of Colonel Starnes’s
    regiment were sitting in the hall with me at the time. They had
    been visiting their homes in the Rome neighborhood, and were
    there when Captain Grissim and his young brother and nephew were
    killed by Colonel Stokes’s soldiers from Carthage, and were in
    search of their regiment. The Federal scouts, whom they were
    dodging in trying to escape, were patrolling that section. “Yes,”
    I said, “I remember to have seen them when they ran through the
    hallway into the back yard.” “Yes,” she said, “when you
    dismounted and started up the walk to the house, they seized
    their guns to get ready to shoot you, when I jumped up and said:
    ‘Don’t shoot! It may be some acquaintance, and I will go down and
    meet him to find out his business.’ At that they rushed out of
    the house. When we met, you told me that your name was Guild,
    that you were a Confederate soldier, and had been to Gallatin for
    a few days to see your family, and that you were returning to the
    army again. You then asked what the condition of things was at
    Lebanon, and if there were Confederate or Federal soldiers about
    the place. You said that you had come in with Captain Grissim,
    and that upon returning to the neighborhood of Rome you learned
    of the killing and had yourself been looking out for Federal
    scouts. In reply to your question I said that I did not know, had
    not been there myself or seen any one who had for the last day or
    so, and that everybody was afraid to go.” Thanking her for the
    information, I returned to my horse and mounted, proceeding
    toward Lebanon. She remained at my office an hour, I suppose, in
    interesting conversation. She told me her name, but, I am sorry
    to say, it has escaped my memory. I saw her no more, and suppose
    that she returned to Texas after her visit.</p>
  <p id="c_6_29">
    On approaching Lebanon, a deathlike stillness prevailed. I could
    see neither individuals nor lights about the streets or houses.
    The numerous white houses glistened in the moonlight like a
    whitened cemetery. I remembered where Mrs. Dolly Anderson
    McGregor lived. She was the wife of Capt. Andrew McGregor and a
    sister of Lieutenant Colonel Anderson, of the Fourth Tennessee
    Cavalry. She readily informed me that a Georgia command of
    cavalry had passed down the street toward Nashville about
    sundown. I concluded that they would stop at the creek about a
    mile away to water or feed their horses or probably to camp for
    the night. I hurried in that direction to overtake them. As I
    approached Seawell Hill, near the residence of Judge Abe
    Caruthers (now deceased), I came upon a picket. I went forward
    and told them who I was, and found out that the Georgia battalion
    had gone into camp for the night. I told them I was so tired that
    I would lie down at the post and sleep till daylight, when I
    would go forward and meet the major of their battalion, whom I
    knew. I took advantage of the opportunity offered to review the
    very successful campaign I had just finished; and, to be brief, I
    wisely concluded that the army was the safest refuge in time of
    civil war, and that if the war were to last a thousand years I
    would not undertake a campaign “behind the lines” again. There
    were too many unanticipated difficulties and hairbreadth escapes
    along the way. The day that I spent at home was one of untold
    agonies to my family, such as is hardly possible for human nature
    to endure. I could not and would not impose it upon them
    again.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_7">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER VII.<br />
    <small class="smcap">In Tennessee, Virginia, and Harassing
    Sherman.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    On reaching Lebanon, I came up with a squadron or more of the
    Fourth Georgia. They had been sent out on detached duty, and were
    trying to overtake the command. General Dibrell came in from
    White County with four or five hundred men, mostly recruits and
    returning absentees. We learned definitely that General Wheeler
    had passed over the Nashville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis Railway
    near Nashville, and that in passing Franklin he had a fight with
    the enemy and had gone farther south. General Kelly, a well and
    favorably known officer of his command, and others had been
    killed. Dibrell assumed command and marched down the Murfreesboro
    Pike, expecting to cross the railroad near Smyrna, in order that
    he might hear something of General Wheeler; but being informed
    here that Gen. “Cerro Gordo” Williams was at Sparta with a
    command of about fifteen hundred men and he being the ranking
    officer, General Dibrell concluded that he would go to Sparta and
    unite with him. There were not more than three hundred guns in
    Dibrell’s little command at that time.</p>
  <p id="c_7_2">
    Upon reaching Blackshop, about eight miles from Murfreesboro, we
    marched over to the Woodbury Pike, near Readyville, and went into
    camp for the night on the first high ground from the bridge. We
    had been informed by a citizen that a few hours before the
    Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment had passed down the pike
    toward Murfreesboro. Before lying down on the grass for the night
    a picket was placed at the bridge. At daylight the next morning
    this Federal regiment came charging into our camp. It is said
    that they were eleven hundred strong; for they had just returned
    from the North, where they had been recruited to the highest
    limit. Many of the Confederates had not arisen from their
    pallets. A general mix-up fight was had, our men using their navy
    pistols and outfighting the Yankees with sabers. General Dibrell
    rallied the men at the other end of the line and gave the enemy a
    volley which rather staggered them. After some hard fighting,
    General Dibrell withdrew his men. No pursuit was made, except
    that their advance guard attacked our rear guard at the bridge
    this side of Woodbury and were repulsed. Quite a number of men
    were killed and wounded on both sides. The Federals captured
    about one hundred of our disarmed men. With their numerical
    strength and advantage, they should have captured the entire
    command of General Dibrell.</p>
  <p id="c_7_3">
    We then pursued our way to Sparta. We met General Williams at
    Sparta with his force of about fifteen hundred men. We went from
    there over to a place called Sinking Cave, where we remained two
    days, feeding our horses and having them shod. General Williams
    concluded to return to the army at Atlanta. We passed on through
    Crossville and up through Upper East Tennessee. Gen. John H.
    Morgan had just been killed at Greeneville, Tenn., where he was
    stationed. The circumstances attending this unnecessary murder
    greatly exasperated the men. After killing him, it is said that a
    soldier lifted his dead body up on his horse and paraded the
    streets of Greeneville with it, amid the cheers of the Federal
    soldiers. Federal bushwhackers were thick along our line of march
    and occasionally killed some of our men. This, with the killing
    of General Morgan, caused our men to retaliate, and they were
    guilty of some outrageous conduct. General Williams tried to stop
    it, and had three privates and a lieutenant arrested and
    regularly tried by court-martial. The facts alleged against them
    were proved to be true, but the court-martial left it to the
    commanding general, Williams, to fix the penalty, when he ordered
    the severest punishment to be enforced—death by hanging. As soon
    as it was known, four members of the court (one refusing to sign)
    and the Judge Advocate petitioned General Williams to change his
    order, claiming that the offense was not at all commensurate with
    the penalty he imposed. This he refused to do, saying that it was
    necessary to make an example in order to stop it. His orders were
    executed the next morning.</p>
  <p id="c_7_4">
    When in the neighborhood of Rogersville, Tenn., General Williams
    received an order from General Breckenridge, at Saltville, Va.,
    to hasten there with his command, as General Burbridge was
    marching on the place with a view of destroying it. This was the
    chief salt supply for the Southern States. We passed through
    Bristol and Abingdon, Va., and reached Saltville in the nick of
    time, for General Giltner, with his brigade, was skirmishing with
    the Federals when we came upon the field.</p>
  <p id="c_7_5">
    General Breckenridge’s force at Saltville consisted of Giltner’s
    small brigade of cavalry, some cadets from the Military Institute
    in Virginia, workmen about the salt works, and the cavalry
    command of Gen. “Cerro Gordo” Williams, numbering altogether
    about three thousand men. Burbridge had a well-equipped command
    that considerably outnumbered the Confederates. The Fourth and
    Eighth Tennessee were assigned to a position on a somewhat
    elevated knoll, in rather an advanced position in the line, and
    received the first onset of the enemy. They were slow in
    approaching the line, and our men went forward to meet them. The
    cry was raised that we were fighting negroes. They were the first
    we had ever met. Many of them were killed and wounded. There was
    fighting all along the line, continuing for three hours or more,
    when Burbridge was driven off and commenced to retreat. About six
    hundred on both sides were killed and wounded. This field
    presented a scene that was never witnessed before. There were
    more dead men than wounded. We lost some of our best soldiers.</p>
  <p id="c_7_6">
    That night we pursued the enemy, passing over the mountain to a
    gap with the view of cutting them off. They had to travel over a
    distance of forty miles on a well-built macadamized road. The
    mountain path to the gap was only twelve miles in length, and the
    men had to dismount and lead their horses. The night was very
    dark, and it was hard to discern the path. Occasionally a horse
    would make a misstep and tumble down the steep mountain side,
    when you could hear the noise of falling stones for minutes
    afterwards as they rolled down and down the precipitate mountain
    side. There was nothing for the soldiers to do but sit down till
    daylight near the track the column made. We were told afterwards
    by some of these soldiers that they found their horses miles
    below where they fell. I have occasionally met an old soldier who
    was at Saltville, and about the first thing he would speak of
    would be: “Did you ever experience anything like that dark night
    ride at Saltville, Va.? And the wonder is that a number of men
    were not dashed to pieces down the steep mountain side.” We
    reached the gap at daylight. Burbridge’s rear guard was passing
    through, and we killed and wounded a few of them. We asked an old
    citizen if any one had ever traveled over the pathway before. He
    replied: “Occasionally I have seen citizens going over it and
    coming back with a bag of salt on a lead horse, but nobody that I
    have ever heard of would dare to do so at nighttime. It is a
    wonder that half of you were not killed.”</p>
  <p id="c_7_7">
    When General Williams left Sparta for the Army of Tennessee, at
    Atlanta, all of the independents and bushwhackers in that part of
    the State went out with him. It got so hot thereabout, and the
    Federals were swarming so in Tennessee (like bees), that they
    concluded the better part of valor was to get away. Champ
    Ferguson, of the one side, and Dave Beatty, of the other, both, I
    believe, from Fentress County, were the respective leaders. A
    warfare had been raging in this part of the State and Southern
    Kentucky since the beginning of the war, and some outrageous
    murders had been perpetrated upon citizens as well as soldiers.
    The name of each was a terror to one side or the other. Champ
    Ferguson and his followers participated actively at Saltville.
    After the battle was over a Lieutenant Smith, of the Federal
    army, was left with others wounded. He was taken to Emory and
    Henry College, which was made a hospital for both armies. When
    Ferguson heard the fact, he went over there and killed Lieutenant
    Smith. It was said that Smith had during the war killed a Colonel
    Hamilton, who was a comrade, neighbor, and personal friend of
    Ferguson; that Smith had captured Hamilton after a fight between
    members of the two clans, and had been ordered with a squad of
    soldiers to take him to headquarters over in Kentucky; but that,
    after starting with his prisoner and going a short distance, he
    ordered his men to take Hamilton to the side of the public road,
    where he was stood up by a tree and shot to death.</p>
  <p id="c_7_8">
    A short time after the Confederates had returned from the
    surrender, in May, 1865, Ferguson, who had surrendered to the
    Federals, was undergoing trial by court-martial at Nashville. He
    had been arrested at Saltville, Va., by order of General Williams
    for the alleged killing of Smith and sent to Richmond, as we
    understood it, and we saw him no more afterwards. The war
    terminated a short time after this. I presume in the confusion of
    things he was permitted to return to his home in Tennessee. I was
    told that frequent attempts had been made to capture him; but
    finally, after being advised and on being assured by Federal
    authority that if he would surrender he would be given the same
    terms that had been extended to other Confederates, he gave up.
    After this he was placed on trial by a military court-martial on
    various charges of murder. Among others was the charge of the
    murder of Lieutenant Smith at Emory and Henry College, in
    Virginia. He was convicted and executed by hanging at Nashville.
    I do not approve of the murder of Lieutenant Smith, nor do I
    approve of the promises made Ferguson to induce him to surrender;
    for if half is true that I have heard about Ferguson, he
    certainly had his grievances.</p>
  <p id="c_7_9">
    Before leaving Saltville for the army, General Williams was
    ordered under arrest and directed to report at the headquarters
    of the corps to answer the charge of his failure to join General
    Wheeler while in Middle Tennessee. We moved through Bristol and
    down to Jonesboro, Tenn., where we turned and passed over the
    mountains dividing Tennessee and North Carolina to Asheville,
    thence to Greenville, S.&nbsp;C., thence to Athens, Ga., and
    across to Atlanta.</p>
  <p id="c_7_10">
    General Hood fought battles on the 22d and 28th of July at
    Atlanta and then at Lovejoy’s Station and Jonesboro, Ga. They
    were large and hotly contested battles, with heavy losses on both
    sides, but without material effect. He and General Sherman agreed
    and exchanged what prisoners either had of the other.</p>
  <p id="c_7_11">
    After this General Hood began his campaign into Middle Tennessee.
    General Dibrell was in command of the forces lately commanded by
    General Williams. He started at once to overtake General Hood;
    but after about two days’ marching we met General Wheeler with
    his command returning to Atlanta, with instructions to remain
    there and watch the movements of General Sherman and follow him
    in whatever direction he might take. Dibrell also returned to
    Atlanta with Wheeler, making their joint commands about 3,000
    cavalry. As soon as he had ascertained that Hood was moving into
    Middle Tennessee, Sherman began his march to Savannah, Ga. His
    army was composed of 64,000 infantry, a large artillery corps,
    and 5,000 cavalry under General Kilpatrick.</p>
  <p id="c_7_12">
    The distance from Atlanta to Savannah is about two hundred
    miles—about the distance that Nashville is from Memphis.
    Sherman’s line of march was along the Savannah River, giving full
    protection to his left (for it is a large, deep river). Along the
    river a strip of rich country extends forty miles out into the
    State of Georgia. The large crops of rice, cotton, corn, and
    potatoes were ripened and ready to be gathered into houses. No
    one ever saw a more enchanting country, and the despoiler had
    never left his track upon the soil before. The section was
    thickly settled at the time by old men, women, and children,
    happy in the enjoyment of peace and plenty, with no means of
    defense, for the men and boys of legal age were all away from
    home in the army. Sherman marched through a country forty miles
    in breadth with his great army, with nothing to hinder his
    burning and pillaging but about 3,000 cavalry, as we have stated.
    He left it, when he reached Savannah, a long, black, charred
    waste of country that a bird could hardly have subsisted upon.
    Sherman spoke from experience and observation when he said: “War
    is hell.”</p>
  <p id="c_7_13">
    When Sherman with his large army of over 70,000 marched out of
    Atlanta, Wheeler’s small force of cavalry commenced at once to
    skirmish with his advance guard, and did so until he reached
    Savannah, with an occasional battle with Kilpatrick’s cavalry,
    invariably driving him back upon the infantry support and
    circumscribing as much as possible the pillaging of Sherman’s
    army. It is said that Sherman deliberately prepared for all of
    this before commencing his march by mounting a considerable
    number of his infantry upon horseback, under officers and in
    companies, to do the pillaging and burning, his cavalry
    protecting and covering their front while so engaged. It
    certainly was evident that his men were systematically organized
    beforehand for this purpose.</p>
  <p id="c_7_14">
    After a few days’ march, Kilpatrick with his cavalry made a dash
    for Macon, Ga., with the view of destroying the public works of
    the Confederates, which had been extensively established in that
    city. Wheeler at once pursued, heading him off at the village of
    Griswoldville, some seven miles from Macon. A portion of the
    Georgia militia was occupying the place when we came up; and when
    Kilpatrick appeared, a fight ensued lasting some hours. The
    militia fought like veterans, which convinced us that if Johnston
    had been permitted to place them in the fortifications around
    Atlanta when he proposed to lead his entire army against
    Sherman’s flank, he would never have been removed; for they would
    have held the forts and breastworks as a safe retreat for his
    infantry, had they failed upon the flank of the enemy. After a
    fight lasting some hours, Kilpatrick was driven off with loss.
    Wheeler’s, as well as the militia’s, loss was considerable. I
    know that the Fourth Tennessee lost a number of their best
    soldiers. Kilpatrick soon afterwards made a move toward Augusta,
    presumably for the same purpose as at Macon; but General Wheeler,
    ever on the alert, headed him off by a night ride and saved the
    city.</p>
  <p id="c_7_15">
    After this we came up with Kilpatrick at Waynesboro, Ga. It was
    a dense, foggy morning, so much so that you could hardly discern
    the form of a man fifty feet ahead. We at once attacked them in a
    large field near the town in a very mixed-up fight, in which we
    killed and wounded many and took many prisoners, losing quite a
    number ourselves. In the midst of the battle, with balls whizzing
    in every direction, I came across a squad of our men who had
    taken as prisoners four of the enemy. They were threatening to
    kill them, when I remonstrated and told them to turn them over to
    the rear guard near by. Just then an officer of higher rank rode
    up. I appealed to him, telling him that the soldiers proposed
    killing them. His only reply was: “They know best what to do with
    them.” As I rode off into the fight, I heard the popping of the
    pistols, and I could see the prisoners tumbling over into the
    high sage. I had not proceeded far when I noticed this officer
    reel from his saddle with a shot in his arm. I could not help
    saying to myself: “I wish it had been your head shot off.” It
    would be proper here to say that many most outrageous
    transactions were done by the Federals as they passed through
    Waynesboro, and these were told to the men. It was enough to
    excite to vengeance; but nothing can excuse the killing of
    prisoners after capture, as was done in this case.</p>
  <p id="c_7_16">
    Later in the day we came upon Kilpatrick at or near Buckhead
    Church, where he had intrenched his command behind a long line of
    fence that (we afterwards ascertained) extended from swamp to
    swamp, covering his entire front. General Wheeler ordered General
    Dibrell to proceed to the left flank of the enemy and to attack
    them, saying that the firing of his guns would be a signal for
    him to charge the line of fence with the remainder of his force.
    The signal was given by Dibrell, but probably before the exact
    situation was observed by him, and Wheeler charged with his
    entire force mounted. In fifteen minutes Wheeler had many of his
    men killed and wounded, losing more horses than in any battle
    during the war. Of course this created confusion for a little
    while when we went over the works, but the enemy had mounted
    their horses and were making for their infantry force, which was
    but a short distance off. This was one battle in which there
    could be no doubt that our loss was greater than that of the
    enemy. There could be no controversy over this. There was picked
    up on the field an officer’s military cap indicating high rank.
    It was supposed to be Kilpatrick’s, and General Wheeler returned
    it to him with his compliments.</p>
  <p id="c_7_17">
    It would be a difficult undertaking to relate anything like the
    destruction of property accomplished in the “march to the sea” by
    Sherman’s men. Every rice and grist mill was burned, as well as
    cotton gins, barns of corn, and fields of potatoes destroyed; and
    in some instances dwelling houses, if not burned, were stripped
    of their contents, which were removed or burned. Fine carpets
    were torn from the floors, and men were permitted to take them
    for saddle blankets. Provisions of all kinds—hay, corn, etc.—were
    destroyed. I have seen smokehouses with the meat all appropriated
    and barrels of molasses poured out on the floor and mixed with
    salt and ashes to destroy its use. I have seen, time and again,
    long rows of dead horses numbering from thirty to one hundred and
    fifty. Upon taking every mule and horse that the citizens had,
    they would kill their own, not leaving the citizens as much as a
    half-dead mule. At night you could tell exactly the position of
    their army by the light of burning houses, and during the day by
    the black smoke that hung over their line of march. It was as if
    there had been a great spring cleaning, and the whole atmosphere
    was thick with it. Sherman’s line of march was well defined by
    cinders and burning débris. In his report of this march he
    says:</p>
  <p class="v1 blk5 sm" id="c_7_18">
    We consumed the corn and fodder in the region of country thirty
    miles on each side of a line from Atlanta to Savannah; also the
    sweet potatoes, hogs, sheep, and poultry, and carried off more
    than ten thousand horses and mules. I estimate the damage done to
    the State of Georgia at <i>one hundred million dollars</i> at
    least, twenty millions of which inured to our benefit, and the
    remainder was just simply waste and destruction.</p>
  <p class="v1" id="c_7_19">
    Henry Grady, then a resident of Atlanta, in his great speech
    before the New England Society, of New York City, in speaking of
    General Sherman a few years after the war, said: “You people up
    here think he is a great general, but down our way we think he is
    too fond of meddling with fire.” The speaker doubtless thought of
    saying: “Not till the chapter on his march to the sea is
    eliminated from his record as a soldier and its black and dark
    criminality is eradicated from the minds and hearts of the
    Southern people can we agree to this.”</p>
  <p id="c_7_20">
    The first and greatest object of a general is to crush and
    destroy all armed opposition to constituted authority. Why, then,
    was it that Sherman did not turn and follow Hood into Middle
    Tennessee when he and Thomas, who had a large army at Nashville,
    could have crushed the little army of General Hood, as it were,
    between the upper and nether millstones and thus end the
    war—anyhow in the Middle West? There was nothing of the strategic
    in the movement. Was it not a wanton and unnecessary destruction
    of the property of an unarmed and helpless community and the
    making homeless and breadless the families of old men, women, and
    children? Will not the student of the truth of history in after
    years so conclude as he reads with surprise the report of an
    American general who has had the temerity to confirm the facts
    under his own signature?</p>
  <p id="c_7_21">
    We continued skirmishing with the enemy, circumscribing their
    burning and pillaging until we reached the vicinity of Savannah.
    Shifting to the front of Sherman, we reached Savannah before he
    did. His march was slow, taking about four or five weeks, giving
    full time to his soldiers for the work they had set out to
    accomplish. General Hardee was occupying a line of intrenchment
    in the front, his force consisting of detachments (including
    seamen, workmen from the public shops, etc.) numbering altogether
    a few thousand. General Wheeler with his command took position in
    the outer breastworks. About this time Fort McAllister, on the
    coast below there, had fallen. A large force of the enemy were
    marching up to join Sherman, but before they reached there
    General Hardee very wisely concluded to abandon the place, which
    he did by crossing the Savannah River into South Carolina.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_8">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER VIII.<br />
    <small class="smcap">The South Carolina Campaign.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    Gen. Wade Hampton assumed command as chief of cavalry, although
    General Wheeler retained command of his old corps. The Fourth
    Tennessee was sent up the east side of the Savannah River to
    protect the citizens and prevent the destruction of a large
    number of rice mills. Their first station was at the plantation
    of Dr. Chisholm, about thirty miles above Savannah, where we
    remained several days.</p>
  <p id="c_8_2">
    The large rice mill immediately on the Savannah River was an
    immense frame structure, four stories in height, and afforded an
    unobstructed view of the country on the other side, including
    Sherman’s line of march to Savannah. The smoldering débris of
    mills from which smoke was ascending could be seen. There were
    two or three crops of rice in the mill, to which we were told to
    help ourselves, for the sheaves of rice made fine feed for our
    horses after placing it in water the night before. While here the
    enemy made several attempts to cross the river, but were
    repulsed. After we had been there several days, at nightfall a
    young soldier rode up to our camp fire with a lady (whom we
    presumed to be his mother) riding behind him on his horse. The
    young man said that he had been informed that we had orders to
    leave that night. When we informed him that we had and expected
    to leave at daylight the next morning, he and the lady had a
    consultation and, approaching the camp fire, removed a lighted
    fagot and, going over to the mill, applied the torch and burned
    the mill and its contents, which we were told was worth half a
    million dollars. The only word he spoke afterwards was that they
    had “concluded to burn it rather than leave that pleasure to the
    Yankees.”</p>
  <p id="c_8_3">
    At Aiken, S.&nbsp;C., we had quite a battle with the enemy. We
    had just reached the place when a large force unexpectedly
    appeared at the foot of one of their broad and beautiful streets.
    We charged them at once and drove them back into the suburbs,
    where we fought for an hour, finally driving them off with loss.
    We, too, lost a few men, among whom was Jo Rushing, of
    Company&nbsp;E. He was a relative of our much esteemed and most
    efficient Sergt. Maj. W.&nbsp;A. Rushing, who remained with his
    relative till he died a few days afterwards. Our Sergeant Major
    is still living, as honorable and worthy a citizen as he made a
    brave and sturdy soldier during the war. He has been the
    representative of his constituency in the State Legislature.</p>
  <p id="c_8_4">
    After reaching the State of South Carolina, it seemed as if the
    enemy were invading the State from all directions—north, south,
    east, and west. It was a difficult matter to calculate when and
    where we would meet the next marching column. We would meet and
    check them temporarily, when we would be threatened by another.
    It seemed that the enemy were making an effort to cover every
    community in the whole State, still exhibiting their propensity
    to burn and destroy. I remember having seen some correspondence
    between General Sherman and General Hampton that appeared in some
    of the local papers. Sherman had sent a note to Hampton informing
    him that if his men murdered any more of his after they had
    surrendered he would retaliate by killing a like number of his
    prisoners. Hampton replied that when his men found the enemy
    burning the houses of citizens, as they were in the cases
    referred to by him in his note, when the women of the house were
    following his soldiers through the rooms, putting out the fire
    they had thrown upon the beds and other inflammable objects, no
    orders would restrain them; and to Sherman’s threat to retaliate
    Hampton replied that he would kill two of his soldiers for every
    one he executed. I heard no more of the correspondence, but must
    say that the enemy’s destruction still continued.</p>
  <p id="c_8_5">
    We moved across the Slate to the eastern shore, where we had
    frequent skirmishes with the enemy, sometimes with parties who
    would come ashore from their blockading ships, notably from a
    point that we called the Summer House. Late in December, 1864, we
    found ourselves at Grahamville, S.&nbsp;C., about forty miles
    below Charleston. I remember that we spent Christmas day there. A
    few days before General Wheeler gave the men permission to go to
    the coast and get the wagons filled with oysters in the shell,
    which we did. I suppose that was the first time an army was
    feasted upon oysters. The soldiers would sit out in the open
    before a log-heap fire, throw the shells into the fire, toast
    them sufficiently, then break them open and eat the delicious
    bivalve. This reminded us of Christmas time before the war, “when
    life ran high and without a ripple upon its surface to disturb
    its happiness.” It was there that we learned for the first time
    of General Hood’s disastrous campaign into Middle Tennessee.</p>
  <p id="c_8_6">
    General Hood marched to Sherman’s rear at Atlanta, Ga., and,
    going north along the railroad, attacked the Federals at
    Allatoona, Ga., in a well-fortified fortress, with General
    Cockrell’s brigade, who, after a most gallant fight, was repulsed
    with heavy loss. Hood then deflected to the left and north,
    reaching the Tennessee River at or near Decatur, Ala. Crossing
    the river, he moved north, passing through Mt. Pleasant and on
    to Columbia, Tenn. There, after considerable cannonading and
    musketry, he flanked the place and, reaching the neighborhood of
    Spring Hill, stopped for the night. He gave specific orders to
    attack the enemy if they attempted to move along the pike toward
    Nashville. General Hood, in his book of campaigns that he has
    written styled “Advance and Retreat,” says that “General Frank
    Cheatham was assigned to this duty, which he failed to do, and
    the enemy was permitted to pass on to Franklin without
    interruption.” This has been denied in most positive terms by
    General Cheatham and his friends. Many strong articles have been
    written by soldiers whose opportunities to know were good,
    denying the fact as charged.</p>
  <p id="c_8_7">
    The next morning Hood resumed his march. Upon reaching Franklin,
    eighteen miles from Nashville, he found the enemy strongly
    intrenched behind a long line of breastworks. He immediately made
    his preparations to attack across an open field where one would
    conclude that a bird could not have survived the storm of shot
    and shell that swept across it. The divisions of Cleburne,
    Cheatham, Stewart, Bate, and Brown with their brave soldiers
    charged up to the enemy’s breastworks, some of them reaching them
    and others going over them. They had done all that mortal
    strength and bravery could do, but had failed. Men were shot down
    on the field of Franklin, and while they lay in a helpless
    condition were shot again, some of them as many as three or four
    times. In a few moments General Hood had lost several thousand of
    his soldiers. More general officers were killed and wounded at
    Franklin than in any battle of our War between the States. Five
    of his generals were killed. Gen. Pat Cleburne was killed within
    a few feet of the works, with many of his division. Brigadier
    General Stahl, with his horse, was found dead on top of the
    enemy’s works. Brigadier Generals Granbery, Carter, and Adams
    were also killed, and five or six other generals were wounded. A
    more daring exhibition of soldiers’ courage was never made on any
    field or by any army than that of the Army of Tennessee at
    Franklin on that chilly afternoon in November, 1864. General Hood
    was an eyewitness to all this, and I regretted and was surprised
    to read in his book the assertion that the Army of Tennessee had
    been so accustomed to fighting behind breastworks under General
    Johnston that they would not fight any other way. It is
    charitable to conclude that this was made while he was laboring
    under the sore disappointment occasioned by the failure to obey
    his orders at Spring Hill the night before, to attack the enemy
    if they attempted to move from Columbia. A Federal officer who
    commanded a brigade at Franklin, and now a member of Congress,
    General Sherwood, took occasion to say at the funeral obsequies
    of the late Gen. G.&nbsp;W. Gordon, Representative from the Tenth
    District of Tennessee: “Franklin was the fiercest, the bloodiest,
    and the most signal battle of the entire war.”</p>
  <p id="c_8_8">
    The war histories tell us more of the two days’ battle at
    Nashville, fifteen days later; but Nashville was a dress parade
    compared to Franklin. I was at the front in both battles. General
    Gordon was a brigadier general in command of a brigade at
    Franklin, and he was abreast of the front line of bayonets in
    that mad, wild, desperate charge. He was wounded and captured on
    the Federal breastworks. I quote the following from Colonel
    Vance’s war history: “There was greater loss, greater sacrifice,
    and more bloody fighting on the part of old Frank Cheatham’s men
    on that beautiful Wednesday afternoon, November 30, 1864, than
    took place on any field of the Crimean War. While thirty-seven
    per cent of Lord Cardigan’s 673&nbsp;men were killed or wounded
    in the memorable charge of the 600 at Balaklava, more than half
    of General Cleburne’s and Brown’s divisions were left dead or
    wounded in the fields and gardens of that little Tennessee town.”
    In summing up, General Sherwood said: “More generals were killed
    and wounded in that six hours’ struggle in front of Franklin than
    were killed and wounded in the two days’ fight at Chickamauga or
    the three days’ fight at Gettysburg, where three times as many
    soldiers were engaged. I have seen many battle fields, but never
    saw evidence of so terrible a conflict as at Franklin.” I am glad
    that I have been able to use what General Sherwood has so
    truthfully, forcibly, and recently said in refutation of what
    General Hood has so unfortunately and unthoughtedly said in
    regard to the Army of Tennessee.</p>
  <p id="c_8_9">
    The Federals evacuated Franklin that night, falling back to
    Nashville, where General Thomas had collected a large army.
    General Hood followed in a few days, and by the 15th of December
    had placed his little army in front of Nashville, when a two
    days’ battle ensued. It is sufficient to add here that after some
    hard fighting on the different parts of the long line presented
    by the Federals the Confederate lines were broken, and they were
    driven from the field in disorder.</p>
  <p id="c_8_10">
    The weather was exceedingly cold, creating much suffering among
    the soldiers. They were thinly clad, and many were barefooted,
    leaving bloody footprints upon the frozen ground. Many of them
    went to their homes to get clothing, some of whom never joined
    their columns again. Nothing like a vigorous pursuit was made,
    except between Pulaski and the Tennessee River. Quite a battle
    was had between the Confederates under Generals Walthall and
    Forrest and the advance guard of the enemy, in which the Federals
    were driven back with heavy loss.</p>
  <p id="c_8_11">
    General Hood crossed the Tennessee River near Corinth, Miss.,
    with his broken and disorganized troops. In a short while he
    tendered his resignation, and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was again
    called to the command of the Army of Tennessee. Thus General
    Johnston was reinstated by the same authority that had so
    summarily dismissed him a few months before. If anything could
    have relieved the gloom that was hanging over that army then, it
    was the reinstating of General Johnston.</p>
  <p id="c_8_12">
    Gen. John B. Hood was a brave and gallant officer. None made more
    reputation than he did while in command of a division in the Army
    of Northern Virginia. He had resigned from the United States
    army. He was elected colonel of the Fourth Texas Infantry, which
    was among the first troops that were hastened to Richmond on the
    breaking out of the war. He served through all the campaigns and
    battles of Virginia till he came with Longstreet to Chickamauga
    on the second and last day of that great battle,
    September&nbsp;20, 1863. His division and that of General McLaws,
    numbering less than ten thousand, were all the troops of General
    Longstreet’s Corps that arrived in time. He lost a leg at
    Chickamauga; and as soon as he had convalesced sufficiently he
    was given the rank of lieutenant general and assigned to the Army
    of Tennessee, which was then at Dalton, Ga., commanded by Gen.
    Joseph E. Johnston, just before the opening of the Atlanta
    campaign by General Sherman. I do not think that he was of the
    temperament to command an army or direct its campaigns. He was a
    tall, handsome man of commanding appearance, fully six feet in
    height, before he lost his leg. I have heard his couriers say
    that he would never dismount in battle, but would frequently call
    upon his staff and couriers to do so when balls were falling
    thick and fast about them. It was necessary for the commanding
    general to remain stationary close up to the battle line in order
    to receive and give the necessary orders as the fight progressed.
    At such times he would sit on his horse as calm and serene as
    though he were viewing a dress parade. Some years ago General
    Hood died in New Orleans of yellow fever. He had been in
    successful business there since the close of the war, and died
    one of its best and most respected citizens.</p>
  <p id="c_8_13">
    But to recur to the encampment of General Wheeler’s command at
    Grahamville, S.&nbsp;C. We had not exhausted our Christmas supply
    of oysters before the enemy became very busy again, and we were
    ordered away to meet them. We had some fights at Pocotaligo and
    other places. They gradually forced us to the north and west.
    When we reached Columbia, they were hot on our track.</p>
  <p id="c_8_14">
    I have seen some controversy in late years about a fight that was
    had at a bridge on that side of the river. I do not remember
    about this; but I do remember passing over the bridge and going
    into the city, when the Fourth Tennessee was detailed as provost
    guard. We remained there all night, patrolling the place, with
    orders to leave at daylight, which we did. There was considerable
    excitement among the citizens; and at the depot, where we had a
    picket, a large amount of household goods were awaiting
    transportation. When we left, everything was quiet and orderly.
    Very few stragglers were found in the city, and we had them move
    on ahead of the command. The enemy came into the city as we moved
    out. We took the road leading north. When we had gone probably a
    mile from the corporation line, I looked back and saw dense smoke
    arising from the city. I remember that the sun was rising at this
    time. As we went on we could see the smoke thickening, and I
    supposed then, as I have concluded since, that Sherman’s men did
    the burning, as it was in “accordance” with their purpose and
    acts after leaving Atlanta. It may be added that this has been a
    matter of controversy with some who have denied the fact. I only
    give my conclusions from what I consider the more reasonable
    evidence of the case. Why should the citizens of Columbia have
    burned their own property? If it was accidental, why did not a
    common feeling of humanity induce the Federal officers to order
    their soldiers to extinguish it?</p>
  <p id="c_8_15">
    General Wheeler continued to move northwardly toward Chester,
    Cheraw, and Winnsboro, S.&nbsp;C. We had some skirmishing and
    fights with the enemy’s cavalry in which we held our own, giving
    as much as we received. A short time after this I remember that
    General Hampton assumed in person the command of our forces, and
    that he and Gen. M.&nbsp;T. Butler, both of whom were afterwards
    United States Senators from the State of South Carolina, riding
    at the head of the column in a forced march all night long,
    halted the column for a few minutes as the word was passed for
    all to stand still and make no noise. We had been there only a
    little while when we heard footsteps; and looking up the road, we
    saw some of our men passing us, having in charge a large picket
    of the enemy. We knew at once that something of a wakening
    character was at hand, and this was a signal for the men to
    arouse from their sleep on the ground and to mount their horses.
    We were soon in a rapid charge, and as daylight opened we found
    ourselves in Kilpatrick’s camp.</p>
  <p id="c_8_16">
    The battle of Fayetteville, N.&nbsp;C., occurred on the 16th day
    of February, 1865, in the early morning. The battle field was
    some ten miles from the city. The soldiers who fought the battle
    speak and know of it as the Kilpatrick fight near Fayetteville,
    N.&nbsp;C. Many of the Federals had not arisen from their sleep;
    when we charged in among them, we concluded that we had the
    entire thing in our hands. Kilpatrick made his escape in his
    night clothes from a log house near the encampment; but we
    captured everything about his headquarters—a dozen horses,
    several carriages, and a number of attendants about the place. A
    few of his soldiers escaped on foot. Some of them commenced to
    fire upon us, and then there was a scattered fire for some little
    time. One column of our command was to make a charge and enter
    the encampment on our left. Unfortunately, they encountered a
    swamp, which occasioned a delay and some confusion, which caused
    the enemy to fire on us. Some infantry coming to the enemy’s
    assistance, quite a battle took place, lasting for an hour or
    more, till, with further assistance from their infantry, they
    were able to drive us out of their encampment. We took with us
    five hundred horses and four hundred prisoners. The enemy lost a
    good many in killed and wounded. General Hume, in command of our
    division, Colonel Harrison, of our brigade, and Capt. Billy
    Sayers, his adjutant general, were so seriously wounded that they
    did not report for duty again during the remainder of the war.
    Lieut. Col. Paul Anderson, of the Fourth Tennessee, was also
    among the wounded. Lieutenant Massengale, of Company&nbsp;B, was
    killed with others, and quite a number of the Regiment were
    wounded. My opinion of this affair is: We did very well under the
    circumstances; but we would have done better had not the men
    commenced too soon a distribution of the captures, or had the
    other half of our command succeeded in crossing the swamp.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_9">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER IX.<br />
    <small class="smcap">In North Carolina.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    After the wounding of the officers named in the foregoing
    chapter, Col. Henry Ashby, of the Second Tennessee Cavalry,
    succeeded to the position of major general of Hume’s Division;
    Col. Baxter Smith, of the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry, to that of
    Col. Thomas Harrison’s brigade; Adjt. George B. Guild, to that of
    Captain Sayers, as adjutant general of the brigade; Maj. Scott
    Bledsoe, to the command of the Fourth Tennessee; and Lieut. E.
    Crozier was made adjutant of the Regiment.</p>
  <p id="c_9_2">
    The enemy did not pursue us at once, and the command passed on to
    Fayetteville. We passed down the main street of the city and
    crossed the bridge that spans the Cape Fear River. As we passed
    over the bridge, I noticed that it had been rosined, and upon the
    other side near the bridge I noticed several cannons that had
    been masked. We were halted here. After a while we heard a
    considerable firing of small arms. In a few moments General
    Hampton came dashing over the bridge with a few cavalrymen
    trailing him. When he had crossed, the bridge was ignited, and
    soon the flames mounted the large frame structure, enveloping it
    in fire and smoke. A considerable number of the enemy’s cavalry
    and infantry rushed down the street and into the opening on the
    other side, which was the signal for the battery to open upon
    them, which they did, rapidly throwing shells and shot into the
    dense mass, causing a scattering, falling down, and scrambling to
    get out of the way. It was too serious a matter to laugh at, but
    it really was amusing. Dr. Jim Sayers, of Company&nbsp;C of the
    Fourth Tennessee, was one of the squad that had come across with
    General Hampton. When asked what the firing meant preceding their
    coming over, he said that General Hampton had picked up about a
    dozen soldiers who were following the command, and, placing them
    in a turn of the street, awaited the coming of the advance guard
    of the enemy; and when the enemy had approached near enough,
    General Hampton and his men suddenly and unexpectedly dashed upon
    them with their revolvers, emptying some saddles, scattering and
    rushing them back upon the main line. He said that “General
    Hampton certainly killed several of the enemy in the mêlée,
    besides others that were killed or wounded.”</p>
  <p id="c_9_3">
    Upon leaving here, we marched toward Bentonville, N.&nbsp;C. Gen.
    Joseph E. Johnston, who had been appointed commander in chief,
    had his headquarters near here and was arranging and collecting
    his small army to resist the advancing columns of the enemy, who
    seemed to be headed that way from every quarter. The railroads
    had been torn up in all directions, and the Army of Tennessee was
    arriving in small detachments, traveling the distance from
    Corinth, Miss., partly on foot and partly by rail. Many of the
    absentees from Hood’s campaign in Tennessee were joining in small
    squads. Some of them were captured in trying to cross the
    Tennessee, and some remained at home, giving up the contest as
    lost.</p>
  <p id="c_9_4">
    Soon after reaching Bentonville General Wheeler was ordered to
    Averyboro, N.&nbsp;C., to assist General Hardee. This took a day
    and night’s march, if I remember rightly. General Hardee had
    taken position there to resist a column of the enemy marching
    toward Bentonville. Skirmishing was going on when we arrived upon
    the field. While awaiting orders Private Liter Herndon, of
    Company&nbsp;G, came up and asked permission to carry a battle
    flag that had been given us by a lady friend who happened to be
    at Winnsboro, S.&nbsp;C., as we passed through there a few weeks
    before. It was a beautiful flag of fine material, said to have
    been made in Scotland. It was a Maltese cross, with eleven stars
    forming the cross of St. Andrew. We thanked the lady for the
    gift, promising her that it should be unfurled in our next
    battle. Remembering this, I asked Colonel Smith and his inspector
    general, Capt. J.&nbsp;R. Lester, to let Herndon have it, which
    was agreed to; and Herndon, cutting a sapling, attached the flag
    to it and soon disappeared. In a little while the brigade was
    ordered off to the right, where we were engaged in brisk
    skirmishing till nightfall, when we were ordered to our left
    front to relieve some infantry in a line of temporary works. We
    learned that the enemy were intervening between us and
    Bentonville, that General Johnston’s little army was threatened,
    and that a battle was imminent. In passing up the road to the
    works, the rosin on the pine trees had been lighted, and we were
    visible to the enemy, who kept up a constant fire. As our
    infantry would pass us going to the rear, we heard more than one
    squad speaking of a soldier who had come upon the line that
    morning and said to them: “What are they keeping up such a racket
    for? I can see no one to fire at.” Deliberately climbing over the
    works and, reaching an elevated position some distance to their
    front and mounting it, he waved his flag toward the enemy, who
    immediately turned loose a volley at him, and he and his flag
    fell to the ground. This brought to mind the incident of Herndon
    and the flag. When I inquired of the next soldier that passed, I
    was informed that he had been sent to the field hospital. I at
    once dispatched one of his company back to investigate the
    matter. I did not see him until the next day, when he reported
    the facts as stated, and that he found Herndon in the field
    hospital badly wounded in several places, and that one of the
    surgeons in charge told him that Herndon was mortally wounded and
    was certain to die. Before the friend left him, Herndon requested
    him to look in his haversack and get out the flag and return it
    to headquarters with his compliments. I have never heard of
    Herndon since, and I suppose that he died and was buried at or
    near Averyboro, N.&nbsp;C. This flag was afterwards most
    gallantly carried by James B. Nance, the bugler of the regiment,
    through the battle of Bentonville. The surrender of the army
    occurring a few weeks after this, Nance concealed the flag and
    brought it home with him to Smith County, Tenn. I have regretted
    since that I did not preserve the flag. I did not meet Nance for
    a year after we came home, when he said that he had given the
    flag to his wife and she had made an apron of it for her little
    girl. If I had it now, it could tell of more fire and battle,
    though short-lived as it was, than many of the flags we see so
    heroically flaunting at latter-day reunions.</p>
  <p id="c_9_5">
    A few days before the battle of Averyboro General Bragg, who was
    reporting to General Johnston, fought a battle at Kingston,
    N.&nbsp;C., with the Federal General Cox, driving him from the
    field with the loss of 1,500 prisoners and three pieces of
    artillery. At daylight we left the intrenchments at Averyboro,
    following General Hardee, who was hurrying on to Bentonville.
    When we reached Bentonville, the battle was on. General Johnston
    had had some success the day before, but the enemy were
    constantly arriving in great numbers.</p>
  <p id="c_9_6">
    This was the last general battle of the war fought by the Army of
    Tennessee. General Johnston, in his narrative of his campaigns,
    says that his available forces at Bentonville were about 5,000
    men of the Army of Tennessee, and that the troops of the
    department amounted to about 11,000. Sherman was marching against
    him with an army of 70,000, and nearly as large a force was
    approaching from the North Carolina coast. The last day of the
    battle, which, if I remember right, was the 19th or 20th of
    March, 1865, Wheeler’s cavalry command was ordered to the front
    along a curved line that was to be extended from the right at a
    point on Mill Creek around to the left, so as to cover the small
    village of Bentonville and the bridge which spanned Mill Creek, a
    large and muddy creek with marshy approaches. The bridge was the
    only egress for the army. We moved along the curved line occupied
    by the infantry, and had hardly passed the crescent of the curve
    when we found General Johnston and his staff standing there in
    earnest conversation with General Wheeler. We heard Johnston
    order Wheeler to send a regiment to the left front and develop
    the enemy. The brigade commanded by Col. Baxter Smith happened
    to be in front, and Wheeler ordered him to send forward his front
    regiment, which was the Fourth Tennessee. Colonel Smith
    accompanied his old regiment, leaving the remainder of the
    brigade standing in line upon their horses in the edge of a wood.
    They had not proceeded far when, in passing over and down the
    slope of a hill, they came into the view of a line of the enemy’s
    skirmishers extending for half a mile across the field. Upon
    seeing us, they commenced firing, and our horses and men were
    falling fast when the Regiment was ordered to dismount and the
    horses were sent to the rear. The men, moving out in the field to
    the left, threw down a fence and began firing upon the advancing
    skirmishers. We remained there some time, until it looked as if
    they would envelop us, when a courier came from General Wheeler
    with the order to fall back upon the line in the edge of the
    wood. As we moved back up the hill, the enemy continued to fire
    vigorously at us, and we could see our mounted men falling from
    their horses as we approached. The shots intended for us passed
    over our heads, killing and wounding many of them.</p>
  <p id="c_9_7">
    The courier who brought us the message to fall back was on
    horseback, and was shot in the head and instantly killed. His
    body was thrown into a passing ambulance, with directions to take
    it back to the village and bury it, marking the grave. He was
    Robert Davis, of Company&nbsp;K, and, though but nineteen years
    of age, had been in the war since its commencement. His father
    lived at Lebanon, Tenn., and soon after the war went to
    Bentonville and brought the body home. A gentleman had buried it
    in his garden, marking the grave. He had also kept his horse, and
    the father brought it home with him.</p>
  <p id="c_9_8">
    Johnston shifted his infantry farther to the left; the enemy
    coming no nearer, Wheeler was ordered still farther to the left.
    Here was encountered the enemy again in a sharp contest in a
    dense woodland. Among the wounded was Capt. J.&nbsp;W. Nichol, of
    Company&nbsp;G. This was the third wound that this most gallant
    officer had received. He was shot through the breast; and as he
    was borne from the field, pale and bleeding, it was remarked that
    we would never see him again. Remarkable to state, he was back at
    the surrender a few weeks thereafter, surrendering with his
    regiment. Colonel Smith had the Third Arkansas and the Eleventh
    Texas to dismount and march forward to where the skirmishing was
    going on. The Eighth Texas and the Fourth Tennessee were standing
    there in column. An officer of General Hardee’s came riding in
    haste from down the road, and, inquiring for the officer, said to
    Colonel Smith that the enemy were threatening the bridge, and
    asked him to come down there as soon as possible, that such were
    the orders of General Hardee. Colonel Smith hastened with all
    dispatch with his two mounted regiments to the designated spot.
    The field hospital of General Johnston’s army was close by; and
    as the command passed down the road, we could see men escaping
    from the hospital and a general scattering of men, evidencing
    that something of a stirring nature was happening. We found
    General Hardee standing in the road about half a mile or more
    from where we started. He at once ordered the regiments into line
    along the road and to charge through the woods, and, in coming up
    with the enemy, to drive them from the field. There was no force
    of our own in front of us, and there was a gap of a quarter of a
    mile or more from the creek to where our line extended from the
    right. We charged promptly and vigorously, as ordered, and had
    not gone far till we struck a long line of the enemy’s
    skirmishers. They were taken by surprise at the suddenness of the
    attack; and as we rode in among them, using our “navies,” we
    scattered them and forced them back to their main line, a
    distance of several hundred yards. Some were killed and wounded,
    and a few prisoners were taken. We lost a few men ourselves. At
    this juncture of affairs a line of our infantry appeared in our
    rear; and before the enemy could recover from their surprise we
    had a sufficient force to hold the position till General
    Johnston’s army passed over the bridge that night. Undoubtedly
    this charge of the Eighth Texas and the Fourth Tennessee saved
    the bridge and made certain the escape of Johnston’s little army
    at Bentonville, for at that time the enemy numbered six to our
    one. The enemy we were fighting was a large skirmish line of
    General Mower’s division of infantry. General Hardee extended his
    thanks to Colonel Smith for the success of the gallant charge of
    his two regiments.</p>
  <p id="c_9_9">
    These facts I have stated were well known by soldiers of the army
    at the time, and I have frequently heard them expressed since. In
    late years some writers have written upon the subject, claiming
    that their respective commands took part in the fight on this
    part of the line. If they did, I am free to say that I did not
    see them, and my opportunities were good to know of it if they
    had done so. When the two regiments reached the point where
    General Hardee stood, there was some artillery firing toward the
    enemy from the right of our line and some artillery immediately
    in our rear that fired over our heads as we went down the slope
    into the wood. I remember that a piece of wood that had become
    detached from a canister shell struck Lieutenant Scoggins, of
    Company&nbsp;C, stunning him and making him unconscious for a
    while. He is now living in Nashville, and is one of its most
    prominent citizens.</p>
  <p id="c_9_10">
    This gap in General Johnston’s line had suddenly become the most
    important part in the line, and all available forces were hurried
    there to repel the danger that seriously threatened: but I do not
    think any further firing took place. This was the last firing
    from the Army of Tennessee in its last battle during the war.
    General Johnston, in his report of the battle of Bentonville,
    says: “In the Eighth Texas Regiment, Lieutenant General Hardee’s
    only son, a noble youth of sixteen, charging bravely in the
    foremost rank, fell mortally wounded. He had enlisted but a few
    days before.” General Hardee reported his loss at Averyboro at
    500. Prisoners taken said that the Federal loss was about 3,000.
    General Johnston, in his report on the three days’ fighting at
    Bentonville, says that his loss was 223 killed, 1,467 wounded,
    and 653 missing. Of the missing, many of them reported to him
    afterwards at Smithfield, having charged through the Federal
    lines where gaps were made by the thick timber, and, passing into
    the country beyond, rejoined their commands in a few days
    thereafter. Maj. Buck Joyner, of the Eighteenth Tennessee
    Infantry, was one of this lot, who reported with about one
    hundred of his men. General Johnston, speaking further in his
    report on Bentonville, says: “We captured 903 prisoners.” The
    Federals reported their loss to have exceeded 4,000, which is
    about correct, I suppose, when we remember that the Confederates
    fought for the most of the time in intrenchments. The appearance
    of the field of battle certainly justified such a conclusion.</p>
  <p id="c_9_11">
    My comment on the battle of Bentonville is that the Confederates
    fought with as much bravery and patriotic zeal as they had shown
    at Murfreesboro or at Chickamauga. It is true that they had
    everything to discourage them, had they stopped to think; but an
    instinct of honor suggested that they would stick it out to the
    end, let consequences be what they may, and the idea of a
    surrender had not then entered their heads.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_10">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER X.<br />
    <small class="smcap">Further Movements in North Carolina, and the
    Beginning of the End.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    After the battle of Bentonville General Johnston retreated to
    Smithfield, N.&nbsp;C., a distance of seventeen miles. Gen. Frank
    Cheatham, with two thousand of the Army of Tennessee, joined him
    there, and small squads of that army continued from time to time
    to come up, marching on foot from Corinth, Miss. A lull took
    place in the movements of the Federal army at this time. Generals
    Sherman and Schofield had united their large armies, and were
    deliberating on their next movement to encompass General Johnston
    and his army. The Confederate recruits that had joined since the
    battle of Bentonville about supplied the losses Johnston had
    sustained during his North Carolina campaign.</p>
  <p id="c_10_2">
    During this lull in military movements General Johnston availed
    himself of the opportunity to reorganize his much depleted army.
    Five or six companies were consolidated into one, three or four
    regiments into one, and so on through the list to that of
    divisions. This, of course, retired many commissioned officers
    from the lowest rank to that of major generals of divisions. I do
    not remember that any lieutenant generals were interfered with,
    as I am of the opinion that we did not have an oversupply of this
    grade on hand. But to the honor of these retired officers, I did
    not hear of one who sulked in his tent for this reason; but they
    patriotically became members of the army again in some capacity,
    even down to enlisting, as many of them had done at the beginning
    of the war, as privates in their company. The infantry say to
    this day that most of them joined the cavalry. I know that some
    twenty of them, the highest rank among them being that of
    colonel, joined the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry and were paroled
    with that regiment. I remember after the reorganization to have
    met a soldier in the old Second Tennessee Infantry, and I asked
    him what was the number of his regiment since the reorganization.
    He replied that he did not know, as it was one of the questions
    that was past finding out; that he knew of a company of a
    lieutenant and five men that had been built up to the regulation
    limit of seventy-two men by the consolidation of five other
    companies and the enlistment of commissioned officers from the
    lowest rank to that of major general to reach the required limit.
    Of course the soldier was romancing, but really he was drawing a
    truthful picture of what the Confederate army was then, after
    four years of campaigning and fighting the battles that they had
    passed through.</p>
  <p id="c_10_3">
    Before General Johnston had left Smithfield he was officially
    notified of the fact that General Lee had been forced to leave
    Petersburg, Va., with his army on the 2d day of April, 1865.
    Richmond, the Confederate capital, had been evacuated, and the
    President and his Cabinet were then at some point in North
    Carolina, of which Johnston was notified by telegram, summoning
    him to meet them in conference. I do not suppose that any other
    officer of the Army of Tennessee knew of this fact at the time,
    even the highest ranking officers. While this conference was in
    session General Lee notified President Davis of the surrender of
    his army at Appomattox. I will be pardoned here for quoting
    liberally from Johnston’s narrative for the purpose of showing
    what transpired at the interview between General Johnston and Mr.
    Davis and his Cabinet. The army was totally ignorant of all this,
    and the thought of a surrender had not entered their minds:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v1" id="c_10_4">
      The three corps of the Confederate army reached Raleigh,
      N.&nbsp;C., on the evening of the 10th of April, 1865. In a
      telegram dated Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C.,
      4:30&nbsp;<small>P.M.</small>, the President directed me to
      leave the troops under Lieutenant General Hardee’s command and
      report to him there. Taking the first train, about midnight, I
      reached Greensboro about eight o’clock on the 12th, and was
      General Beauregard’s guest. His headquarters was a freight car
      near by and in sight of those of the President. The General and
      myself were summoned to the President’s office in an hour or
      two, and found Messrs. Benjamin, Mallory, and Reagan with him.
      We had supposed that we were to be questioned concerning the
      military resources of our department in connection with the
      question of continuing or terminating the war. But the
      President’s object seemed to be to give, not to obtain,
      information. He said that in two or three weeks he would have a
      large army in the field by bringing into the ranks those that
      had abandoned them in less desperate circumstances, and by
      calling out the enrolled men whom the conscript bureau with its
      forces had been unable to bring into the army. It was remarked
      by the military officers that men who had left the army when
      our cause was not desperate, and those who under the same
      circumstances could not be forced into it, would scarcely in
      the present desperate condition of our affairs enter the
      service upon mere invitation. Neither opinions nor information
      was asked, and the conference ended.</p>
    <p id="c_10_5">
      General Breckenridge, as was expected, arrived that afternoon
      and confirmed the report of the surrender of the Army of
      Virginia. General Beauregard and myself, conversing together
      after the intelligence of the great disaster, reviewed the
      condition of our affairs, carefully compared the resources of
      the belligerents, and agreed in the opinion that the Southern
      Confederacy was overthrown. In conversation with General
      Breckenridge afterwards I repeated this and said that the only
      power of government left in the President’s hands was that of
      terminating the war, and that this power should be exercised
      without more delay. I also expressed my readiness to suggest to
      the President the absolute necessity of such action, should an
      opportunity to do so be given me. General Breckenridge promised
      to make this opportunity. Mr. Mallory came to converse with me
      on the subject. He showed great anxiety that negotiations to
      end the war should be commenced, and urged that I was the
      person who should suggest the measure to the President.</p>
    <p id="c_10_6">
      General Breckenridge and myself were summoned to the
      President’s office an hour or two after the meeting of his
      Cabinet the next morning. Being desired by the President to do
      so, we compared the military forces of the two parties to the
      war. Our force was an army of about 20,000 infantry and
      artillery and 5,000 mounted troops. That of the United States
      was three armies that could be combined against ours, which was
      insignificant when compared with either: Grant’s army of
      180,000 men, Sherman’s army of at least 110,000, and Canby’s
      army of 60,000—odds of seventeen or eighteen to one, which in a
      few weeks could be more than doubled. I represented that under
      such circumstances it would be the greatest of human crimes for
      us to attempt to continue the war, for, having neither credit,
      money, nor arms but those in the hands of our soldiers, nor
      ammunition but that in their cartridge boxes, nor shops for
      repairing arms or making ammunition, the effect of our keeping
      the field would be, not to harm the enemy, but to complete the
      devastation of our country and the ruin of its people. I
      therefore urged that the President should exercise at once the
      only function of government still in his possession and open
      negotiations of peace.</p>
    <p id="c_10_7">
      The President then desired the members of his Cabinet to
      express their opinions on the important subject. General
      Breckenridge, Mr. Mallory, and Mr. Reagan thought that the war
      was decided against us, and that it was absolutely necessary to
      make peace. Mr. Benjamin expressed the contrary opinion, making
      a speech for war, much like that of Sempronius in “Soldier’s
      Play.” The President said that it was idle to suggest that he
      should attempt to negotiate when it was certain from the
      attempt previously made that his authority to treat would not
      be recognized, nor any terms that he might offer would be
      considered by the government of the United States. I reminded
      him that it had not been unusual in such cases for military
      commanders to initiate negotiations upon which treaties of
      peace were founded, and proposed that he should allow me to
      address General Sherman on the subject. After a few words in
      opposition to that idea, Mr. Davis reverted to the first
      suggestion, that he should offer terms to the government of the
      United States, which he had put aside, and sketched a letter
      appropriate to be sent by me to General Sherman, proposing a
      meeting to arrange the terms of an armistice to enable the
      civil authorities to agree upon terms of peace. The letter
      prepared in that way was sent by me to Lieutenant General
      Hampton, near Hillsboro, to be forwarded to General Sherman. It
      was delivered to the latter the next day, April 14, and was as
      follows:</p>
    <p id="c_10_8">
      “The result of the recent campaign in Virginia has changed the
      relative military condition of the belligerents. I am therefore
      induced to address you in this form the inquiry whether, in
      order to stop the further effusion of blood and devastation of
      property, you are willing to make a temporary suspension of
      active operations and to communicate to Lieutenant General
      Grant, commanding the Army of the United States, the request
      that he will take like action in regard to the other armies,
      the object being to permit the civil authorities to enter into
      the needful arrangements to terminate the existing war.”</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_10_9">
    This note was promptly delivered to General Sherman, who agreed
    to the proposition and fixed the time for a conference. When they
    met for a secret interview, General Johnston asked that Gen. John
    C. Breckenridge be admitted to their meeting, which was also
    granted. On the 18th day of April, 1865, the two commanding
    officers of the respective armies agreed in writing as
    follows:</p>
  <p class="v1 blk5 sm" id="c_10_10">
    Memorandum or basis of an agreement made the 18th day of April,
    A.D. 1865, near Durham Station, in the State of North Carolina,
    by and between Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, commanding the
    Confederate army, and Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, commanding
    the Army of the United States in North Carolina, both present.</p>
  <p class="v1" id="c_10_11">
    This agreement contained seven different items relating to the
    terms of surrender, only one of which is necessary for our
    purpose to repeat here:</p>
  <p class="v1 blk5 sm" id="c_10_12">
    The Confederate armies now in existence to be disbanded and
    conducted to their several State Capitols, there to deposit their
    arms and public property in the State arsenal, and each officer
    and man to execute and file an agreement to cease from acts of
    war, and to abide the action of the State and Federal authority,
    the number of arms and ammunitions of war to be reported to the
    Chief of Ordnance at Washington City, subject to the further
    action of the Congress of the United States, and in the meantime
    to be used solely to maintain peace and order within the borders
    of the States respectively.</p>
  <p class="v1" id="c_10_13">
    The seven articles of agreement close as follows:</p>
  <p class="v1 blk5 sm" id="c_10_14">
    Not being fully empowered by our respective principals to fulfill
    these terms, we individually and officially pledge ourselves to
    promptly obtain the necessary authority and to carry out the
    above program.</p>
  <p class="v1" id="c_10_15">
    Both of the commanding generals attached their names to this
    paper, giving their official rank as commanders of their
    respective armies, and an armistice was declared, pending the
    transmission of the document to Washington City for the approval
    of the President of the United States.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_11">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER XI.<br />
    <small class="smcap">The End of the Struggle.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    While the negotiations stated in the foregoing chapter were being
    had between Generals Johnston and Sherman Lieutenant General
    Hardee, who had been left at Smithfield in command of the
    Confederate army, commenced his move northward through Raleigh.
    The enemy, becoming active, moved also; but they did not come in
    sight until we were passing Durham Station, where we left the
    line of the railroad, marching in the direction of Chapel Hill.
    The enemy appeared in our rear and vigorously cannonaded the army
    as they passed, the cavalry bringing up the rear. First Lieut.
    H.&nbsp;L. Preston, of Company&nbsp;E, and First Lieut. Jo
    Massengale, of Company&nbsp;B, Fourth Tennessee, were left at
    Durham Station with their companies; and upon the enemy’s advance
    guard coming up, they had quite a fight, in which both
    lieutenants, as well as some of their men, were wounded. This was
    the fourth time that the gallant officer Preston was wounded in
    action. Upon reaching Chapel Hill, Col. Baxter Smith’s brigade
    was left there on outpost duty, the remainder of the army passing
    on. We remained at Chapel Hill two days or more, our headquarters
    being at a line of fence inclosing the college campus, and
    picketed the roads leading toward Raleigh, N.&nbsp;C.</p>
  <p id="c_11_2">
    The chaplains of the army were good men, and we could not have
    well done without their services. But I think they were generally
    “free lances” in the army, and were permitted to go and come
    <i>ad libitum</i>—at least ours was. One morning our chaplain
    came into the camp after a visit to the town of Chapel Hill, and
    told among the soldiers that General Lee had surrendered his army
    to General Grant at Appomattox. Of course a matter of such
    importance was quickly circulated through the camp. When Colonel
    Smith heard it, he sent a guard down and had the chaplain
    arrested and brought to his quarters. Upon being asked why he was
    telling so improbable a tale among the soldiers, he replied that
    he was only telling what he had heard fully discussed and told by
    the citizens he had met. The Colonel told him to consider himself
    under arrest and to take a seat.</p>
  <p id="c_11_3">
    Hardly fifteen minutes had elapsed before one of the pickets
    brought in a man, saying that he had been arrested while trying
    to get through the picket stand to go home, as he said that he
    had surrendered. Telling pretty much the tale that the chaplain
    had, he drew from his pocket a paper, which he handed to Colonel
    Smith, reciting the fact of his surrender under General Lee. It
    was a <i>bona fide</i> army parole, with all the earmarks upon
    it, leaving no doubt of the fact in the mind. He stated further
    that he had learned that an armistice was pending between the
    armies of General Johnston and Sherman looking to a surrender,
    and that we would be notified soon. The man under arrest was told
    to go his way; and then, turning to the chaplain, Colonel Smith
    remarked: “I reckon you, too, have gained your case without
    introducing a witness. You, too, can go your way.” The same day
    we were notified of the pending armistice, and to come to a point
    beyond Ruffin’s Bridge, at a crossroad, to go into camp awaiting
    further orders. It would be impossible to describe the surprise
    created from the highest ranking officer to the humblest private
    by this news. They were dazed, and had never thought of a
    surrender. It is surprising, too, that they had not; for they
    were too intelligent not to know of the disastrous condition of
    affairs, and that they were fighting a force numerically larger
    than their own by at least ten to one. Had they not concluded
    that all left to them was to remain to the end and to let
    consequences take care of themselves—in other words, that honor
    dictated that there was nothing for them to do but, if need be,
    to die with the harness on?</p>
  <p id="c_11_4">
    We at once marched to the designated encampment, going through
    Chapel Hill, crossing Ruffin’s Bridge, and going into camp some
    twelve miles beyond it. We remained here, I suppose, ten days
    awaiting the return of the Johnston-Sherman capitulation. In the
    meantime the men took time to reflect, and had about settled down
    to the conclusion, after weighing all the facts, that this was
    about as favorable as they could expect, especially the second
    clause heretofore quoted—that they were to march home with their
    army accouterments, deposit them in their respective State
    Capitols, return to their homes, and obey the laws of the State
    and Federal authority. There was some show of recognition in
    this—that they were not to be considered as subjugated subjects,
    and were to return as veteran soldiers to their homes and
    families that many of them had not seen for four years.</p>
  <p id="c_11_5">
    During this interval the Third Arkansas and the Eighth and
    Eleventh Texas Regiments, whose homes were west of the
    Mississippi River, marched off home, saying that they were going
    to join Gen. Kirby Smith’s army and fight it out over there. No
    discipline or restraint could be imposed at this time. They tried
    to persuade the Fourth Tennessee to go with them on account of
    the ties of true comradeship that had existed between them so
    long and during such trying scenes as they had shared together. A
    few did go; but better counsels prevailed, and the body of them
    remained, leaving Colonel Smith in command of a brigade of 250
    men of the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry, besides about twenty of the
    relieved commissioned officers from the infantry who were
    reporting to him.</p>
  <p id="c_11_6">
    The time was spent in social visitation among the troops, the
    exchanging of addresses, and dreaming of home. We were invited to
    a dinner at General Bate’s headquarters, near by; but his negro
    servant, Ben, got drunk that day, and, unfortunately, we did not
    get as much dinner as we expected. The pine woods of North
    Carolina were flooded with old applejack, and the soldiers, of
    course, got their full supply of it. While we were at General
    Bate’s headquarters an officer was seen at a distance in a field
    drilling his command as if the war had just started. Some one
    asked: “Who is that fool officer?” The reply came back that it
    was Gen. John C. Brown drilling his command.</p>
  <p id="c_11_7">
    This dream of home and loved ones was cut short one night when a
    mounted man inquired for Colonel Smith’s headquarters. He was
    properly directed, and on coming up presented an order. Upon
    stirring up the fire to see, I read: “The armistice is over. You
    will take your brigade and go to or near Ruffin’s Bridge and
    place your pickets covering the roads leading toward Raleigh.”
    The company commanders were ordered to arouse the men, mount, and
    be ready to move out, as we had to go on picket duty. Of course
    many questions were asked as to what was up now. No answer could
    be made except that the order said that the armistice was at an
    end. In fact, before the Johnston-Sherman agreement could be
    acted upon, Mr. Lincoln had been assassinated by Booth. The
    Northern press, as well as the entire North, was asserting that
    the killing had been instigated by Southern citizens. There was a
    perfect storm of rage and frenzy, such, as has been said, that if
    an individual had expressed himself to the contrary he would have
    been torn to pieces by the wild and excited mob. Of course the
    treaty had been rejected, and hence the order to go on picket
    duty again. Silently and without saying a word, the 250 men of
    the Fourth Tennessee Regiment, all that was left of the brigade,
    moved out to the post of duty. They would have been taken for a
    funeral procession. These men had passed through hundreds of
    battles and skirmishes where blood had been drawn, and many of
    them had more than one battle scar upon their persons; but this
    was the grandest and noblest act of their soldier lives—still
    faithfully pursuing the line of duty when their star of hope had
    set forever. I remember that it was a bright moonlight night, and
    the shimmering light through the dense foliage of the forest of
    tall pines through which we were passing gave the scene a
    graveyard appearance. Nothing was lacking save the lonesome call
    of the whippoorwill or the mournful wailing of the night owl to
    have completed the picture. We reached the place to which we had
    been ordered. After the placing of the pickets, a courier came to
    headquarters with an order for Colonel Smith to repair to his
    former camp, as another armistice had been agreed upon.</p>
  <p id="c_11_8">
    On the 26th day of April, 1865, General Johnston surrendered his
    army of about 20,000 to General Sherman. General Johnston had
    issued the following, which was read to the different
    commands:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v1" id="c_11_9">
      Terms of a military convention entered into the 26th day of
      April, 1865, at Bennett’s house, near Durham Station,
      N.&nbsp;C., between Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, commanding the
      Confederate army, and Maj. Gen. W.&nbsp;T. Sherman, commanding
      the United States army in North Carolina:</p>
    <p id="c_11_10">
      1. All acts of war on the part of the troops under General
      Johnston’s command to cease from this date.</p>
    <p id="c_11_11">
      2. All arms and public property to be deposited at Greensboro
      and delivered to an ordnance officer of the United States.</p>
    <p id="c_11_12">
      3. Rolls of all officers and men to be made in duplicate, one
      copy to be retained by the commander of troops and the other to
      be given to an officer to be designated by General Sherman,
      each officer and man to give his individual obligation in
      writing not to take up arms against the government of the
      United States until properly released from this obligation.</p>
    <p id="c_11_13">
      4. The side arms of officers and their private horses and
      baggage to be retained by them.</p>
    <p id="c_11_14">
      5. This being done, all the officers and men will be permitted
      to return to their homes, not to be disturbed by the United
      States authorities so long as they observe these obligations
      and the laws in force where they may reside.</p>
    <p class="v1 rt smcap">
      Joseph E. Johnston,</p>
    <p class="rt italic">
      Commanding Confederates.</p>
    <p class="rt smcap">
      W.&nbsp;T. Sherman</p>
    <p class="rt italic">
      Commanding United States Forces.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_11_15">
    Supplemental terms of the same date, signed by these officers,
    recite among other things: “Section F. Private horses and other
    private property of both officers and men to be retained by
    them.” General Johnston immediately after this issued his
    farewell address to his army, as follows:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v1 rt" id="c_11_16">
      General Orders, No. 22.</p>
    <p>
      <i>Comrades</i>: In terminating our official relations I
      earnestly exhort you to observe faithfully the terms of
      pacification agreed upon and to discharge the obligations of
      good and peaceful citizens as well as you have performed the
      duties of thorough soldiers in the field. By such a course you
      will best secure the comfort of your family and kindred and
      restore tranquillity to our country. You will return to your
      homes with the admiration of our people won by the courage and
      noble devotion you have displayed in this long war. I shall
      always remember with pride the loyal support and generous
      confidence you have given me. I now part with you with deep
      regret and bid you farewell with a feeling of cordial
      friendship and with earnest wishes that you may hereafter have
      all the prosperity and happiness to be found in the world.</p>
    <p class="v1 rt">
      <span
        class="smcap">Joseph E. Johnston</span>,
      <i>General Official</i>;</p>
    <p class="rt">
      <span
        class="smcap">Kimlock Falconer</span>,
      <i>A. A. G.</i></p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_11_17">
    The Confederate infantry received their parole at Greensboro,
    N.&nbsp;C., May&nbsp;1, 1865. In order to expedite the printing
    and issuing of the paroles, the Confederate cavalry, under
    General Wheeler, was sent to Charlotte, N.&nbsp;C., where they
    received their paroles, dated May&nbsp;3, 1865. General Wheeler
    issued the following farewell address to his cavalry corps:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v1 rt" id="c_11_18">
      Headquarters Cavalry Corps, April&nbsp;28, 1865.</p>
    <p>
      <i>Gallant Comrades</i>: You have fought your fight; your task
      is done. During a four years’ fight for liberty you have
      exhibited courage, fortitude, and devotion; you are the victors
      of more than two hundred strongly contested fields; you have
      participated in more than a thousand conflicts of arms; you are
      heroes, victors, and patriots; the bones of your comrades mark
      the battle fields upon the soil of Kentucky, Tennessee, North
      Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and
      Virginia; you have done all that human exertion could
      accomplish. In bidding you adieu I desire to tender to you my
      thanks for your gallantry in battle and your devotion at all
      times to the holy cause you have done so much to maintain. I
      desire also to express my gratification for the kind feeling
      you have seen fit to extend toward myself, and to evoke upon
      you the blessings of your Heavenly Father, to whom we must
      always look for support in the hour of distress.</p>
    <p class="v1 rt">
      <span
        class="smcap">Joe Wheeler</span>,
      <i>Major General</i>.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_11_19">
    After this the troops scattered to their homes. The First
    Tennessee Cavalry Regiment, the Ninth Battalion of Tennessee, and
    a greater part of the Fourth Tennessee left in a body, as they
    resided in Middle Tennessee. We were provided with some rations;
    but after traveling some distance, we found that it would be
    necessary to forage upon the country. For the purpose of
    lightening the burden upon an almost impoverished people, we
    separated, the First Regiment and the Ninth Battalion taking the
    road to the right, crossing the East Tennessee Railroad at
    Strawberry Plains, and the Fourth Tennessee crossing at
    Sweetwater. At these places on the railroad the commands were
    halted, and an order was presented from General Stoneman (with
    headquarters at Knoxville) to dismount the men, take their
    horses, and ship the men by rail to their homes. Of course a
    protest was made against this proceeding, as it was expressly
    provided for by the terms of the articles of the surrender that
    the horses were the private property of the men and they were
    allowed to keep them. Forty years after this unwarranted
    proceeding the Congress of the United States passed an act to pay
    these soldiers for their horses and equipment—to wit: One hundred
    and twenty-five dollars for the horse and ten dollars for the
    saddle and bridle. This act was limited to soldiers that were
    paroled at the surrender of the Confederate army, and, in case of
    death, to their widows. Where there was no widow, the children
    were to receive the benefit. The act provided also that the
    taking must have been done by the United States soldiers. Many
    have availed themselves of this long-deferred justice, and in
    many cases it has benefited them and their families immensely.</p>
  <p id="c_11_20">
    About the 20th of May, 1865, the Middle Tennessee soldiers
    reached Nashville to proceed to their homes. It was a sad
    home-coming with many of them: to desolated homes, a war-swept
    country, families suffering for the necessities of life, and,
    worst of all, with a disreputable militia lording it over a
    helpless people, with the Freedman’s Bureau playing an important
    part in the dirty work—in fact, it was their coöperator in chief.
    Many revolting acts could be told of its reign in Tennessee and
    throughout the South after the war.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_12">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER XII.<br />
    <small class="smcap">Casualty Lists.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    Before closing this short narrative I have concluded to make a
    final effort to obtain a list of the casualties of the Regiment
    during the war. To get this now, forty-seven years after, I have
    been limited to very narrow resources; for but few men of the
    companies are living to-day, and they are old and feeble—many of
    them in mind as well as body. I have, however, seen a few
    personally and addressed letters to others asking information
    under the following heads: First, the names of such of their
    company as were killed in battle; second, the names of those that
    were wounded in battle; and, third, the names of those who had
    died of disease during the war. I thought I could and ought to
    present this much, if it could be obtained, that it might be
    preserved in form. I have succeeded partially in some instances.
    In one instance I cannot find or hear of a single soldier of the
    company who is living; in others very meager information is to be
    had. The companies composing the Regiment were from different and
    sometimes distant sections of the State. Those who have responded
    to the request have done fairly well in reporting the names of
    their company killed in battle, but the number of wounded and
    such as died of disease during the war it will be possible to
    give only in part. It is well known that every wound received in
    battle counts in making up a true casualty report. It is likely
    and probable that many of the wounded reported back in a short
    time, or maybe, as it was in many instances, that the men
    remained in camp till they had recuperated sufficiently for duty.
    In this way no general impression of their being wounded is made
    so long afterwards. But it is a universal and long-established
    rule in all armies that where one man is killed you can count
    with certainty that five have been wounded. Many of the men of
    the Regiment have been wounded more than once, some as many as
    four or five times, and in different engagements. In the
    conclusion I give I count only one wound.</p>
  <p id="c_12_2">
    I am selfish enough to say, and would not in any sense be
    extravagant, that the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry Regiment was one
    of the best in our army; that it had the fullest confidence of
    every general officer under whom it served, and was frequently
    called upon to do special and particularly important service. If
    the officers were alive, I feel that they would so testify if
    called upon. I would add that the Confederate cavalry were
    nothing more than mounted infantry; for in many of the hardest
    battles they were dismounted and fought as infantry, leaving
    their horses in the hands of the fourth man, which, of course,
    reduced their strength in battle one-fourth. The dismounted men
    were left in charge of one or two commissioned officers, and were
    expected to stand at a safe and close-up position. To be a horse
    holder was not always safe, for to destroy or stampede the horse
    holders was a special object of the enemy. Shells were thrown
    among them when observed, and sometimes the enemy would quietly
    and secretly move to a position and attack them. I know that at
    times the dismounted men would have to go to the assistance of
    the horse holders. But the great damage was when their position
    was revealed and they were made a special target for
    artillerymen. Our cavalry was armed with the best of infantry
    rifles. Besides this, they carried in their belts navy or army
    pistols, which they used most dexterously and efficiently in
    mounted contests with the enemy. They ignored the regulation
    saber and threw them away when given to them, saying that they
    could whip any number of sabers with their six-shooters.</p>
  <p id="c_12_3">
    A partial list of the casualties in the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry
    Regiment is as follows:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_4">
      Field Officers.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      Col. Baxter Smith, saber wound at Woodbury, Term., 1863; Lieut.
      Col. Paul F. Anderson, wounded at Fort Donelson, Tenn., 1863;
      Maj. Scott Bledsoe, wounded at Fort Donelson, Tenn., 1863;
      Capt. Marcellus Grissim, quartermaster, killed in Wheeler’s
      raid, 1864.</p>
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_5">
      Company&nbsp;A.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      <i>Killed.</i>—J.&nbsp;C. Bell, in Bragg’s Kentucky campaign,
      1862; James Reed, at Perryville, Ky.; W.&nbsp;J. Curren, at
      Morrison Station, Tenn.; Frank Crockett, at Morrison Station,
      Tenn.; W.&nbsp;J. Neil, at Morrison Station, Tenn.; Henry
      Allison, at Morrison Station, Tenn.; Sam Farrow, at Morrison
      Station, Tenn.; Z. Spencer, at Fort Donelson, Tenn., 1863;
      James Dark, at Chickamauga, Ga.; James M. Turner, at Newnan,
      Ga., 1864; Jessie Marlin, in Wheeler’s Middle Tennessee raid,
      1864; John Hopkins, at Perryville, Ky.; William Sandifer, at
      Resaca, Ga.; W.&nbsp;F. Lunn, at Perryville, Ky.&nbsp;14.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_6">
      <i>Wounded</i> (partial list).—Capt. D.&nbsp;W. Alexander, at
      Murfreesboro, Tenn.; First Lieut. A.&nbsp;R. McLean, at Tunnel
      Hill and Chickamauga, Ga.; Lon Fagan, at Fort Donelson, Tenn.,
      1863; Polk Hutton, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; Jo Yarbrough, at
      Franklin, Tenn., 1862; Charlie Ransom, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.;
      Sam Waller, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; W.&nbsp;R. Wynn, at
      Murfreesboro, Tenn.; George Slaughter, at Perryville, Ky.; John
      R. Mallard, at Buckhead Church, Ga., 1864; James Arnold, at
      Resaca, Ga., 1864; Billy Wilson, at Tunnel Hill, Ga.; Tom
      Fagan, at Fort Donelson, Tenn., 1863; Ben Nevels, at Fort
      Donelson, Tenn.; P.&nbsp;A. Lyons, at Griswoldville,
      Ga.,&nbsp;1864.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_7">
      <i>Died of Disease During War</i> (partial list).—James Davis,
      James Gentry, David Watts, Tim Hare, Nick Oglesby, James
      Thompson, Newt Hargrove.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_12_8">
    I hereby acknowledge the assistance I have had from Comrade Capt.
    R.&nbsp;O. McLean for a report of casualties of his old company.
    He made a visit to Marshall County to confer with the few
    surviving comrades before submitting the list. He was a citizen
    of Marshall County when his company was first organized, in 1861.
    He was then elected a lieutenant, when the company was sent to
    West Virginia, and he served through the campaign Gen. R.&nbsp;E.
    Lee made in that section. The company returned to Tennessee in
    1862. When the company was reorganized, he did not offer himself
    as a candidate; and when it was attached to and formed part of
    the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry Regiment, in 1862, he was made
    assistant to the quartermaster, Capt. Marcellus Grissim. When
    Grissim was killed, McLean supplied his place as quartermaster,
    surrendering as such at Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., in 1865. He is
    now a well-known and active business man in Nashville, where he
    resides.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_9">
      Company&nbsp;B.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      <i>Killed.</i>—James Lindamond, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; William
      Morrell, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; A.&nbsp;A. Anderson, at
      Chickamauga, Ga.; William Wood, at Jonesboro, Ga.; James Cox,
      at Aiken, S.&nbsp;C.; Phillip O’Dell, at Waynesboro,
      S.&nbsp;C.; Second Lieut. Joe Massengale, at Fayetteville, N.
      &nbsp;C.; M.&nbsp;T. King, at Knoxville, Tenn.;—Hull, mortally
      wounded and died at Newnan, Ga.&nbsp;9.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_10">
      <i>Wounded</i> (partial list).—David Bushong, Henderson Avants,
      Nathan Avants, Jerry Luttrell, W.&nbsp;J. Godsey, Thomas
      Lester, J.&nbsp;Y. Snodgrass, C.&nbsp;C. Woods, A.&nbsp;L.
      Roder, J.&nbsp;T. Murrell, William Caline, H.&nbsp;H. Delaney
      (at Tracy City, Tenn., 1864), J. Sharp Ryburn, Third Lieut.
      Gideon Carmack, D.&nbsp;C. Carmack, J.&nbsp;A. Henlen, Abe
      McClelland (arm amputated at Bentonville, N.&nbsp;C.), William
      Sams, Henry Mattern, First Lieut. Joe Massengale (at Durham
      Station, N.&nbsp;C.,&nbsp;1865).</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_12_11">
    Dr. W.&nbsp;T. Delaney, the surgeon of the Regiment, assisted me
    in making out this list. He is now living at Bristol, Tenn., a
    man of wealth and high standing in his community. He was active
    and faithful in his duties, and is affectionately remembered by
    every member of the Regiment. Capt. C.&nbsp;H. Ingle, of
    Company&nbsp;B, was a brave and most excellent officer, and died
    in Virginia many years ago. He had been a member of the Virginia
    Legislature.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_12">
      Company&nbsp;C.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      <i>Killed.</i>—William Trousdale, at Woodbury, Tenn.; Benjamin
      Burford, at Woodbury, Tenn.; Arch Modly, at Perryville, Ky.;
      Capt. Marcellus Grissim, in Wheeler’s raid, 1864; Arch Roland,
      at Fayetteville, N.&nbsp;C.; Mack Paty, at Bentonville,
      N.&nbsp;C.; Joe Edwards, in Wheeler’s raid, 1864; John Dillard,
      at Griswoldville, Ga.; James Green, at Morrison Station, Tenn.;
      John Bell, at Morrison Station, Tenn.; Tandy Sullivan, in
      Wheeler’s raid, 1864; Esiah Gilliham, in Wheeler’s raid, 1864;
      Dock Young, in Wheeler’s raid, 1864;—Deadman, at Aiken,
      S.&nbsp;C.; George Curren, at Bentonville, N.&nbsp;C.; two men,
      names not remembered, killed at Perryville, Ky.&nbsp;17.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_13">
      <i>Wounded</i> (partial list).—Capt. George C. Moore; Lieut.
      James Hogan; Lieut. Robert Scruggs; J.&nbsp;A. Stewart, arm
      amputated at Newnan, Ga.; Joe Cato, arm amputated at
      Fayetteville, N.&nbsp;C.; Handly Gann, at Woodbury, Tenn.; H.
      &nbsp;L. Flippin, in Wheeler’s raid, 1864; Elijah Tomlinson, at
      Woodbury, Tenn.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_14">
      <i>Died</i> (partial list).—R.&nbsp;O. Donnell, George M.
      McGee, Jack Minton, J.&nbsp;N. Baker.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_12_15">
    Lieut. R.&nbsp;L. Scruggs furnishes the foregoing list of
    casualties of the company. Lieutenant Scruggs is at present a
    well-to-do farmer in Smith County, Tenn. He is an intelligent
    gentleman and a devout member of the Church. He was wounded five
    times in battle, twice most seriously. We had no braver or more
    competent officer, and he was always at his post when not absent
    on account of wounds. He is as good a citizen now as he was a
    true soldier when the war was on. He says that his company
    surrendered at Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., numbering thirty-three,
    rank and file, and that all but three had been wounded in action,
    some of them more than once.</p>
  <p id="c_12_16">
    Capt. George C. Moore was well known in the Regiment as the “Old
    Reliable,” and was always at his post. He died a few years ago at
    New Middleton, Tenn.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_17">
      Company&nbsp;D.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      <i>Killed.</i>—Mart Robinson, at Fort Donelson, Tenn., 1862;
      Thomas Allen, at Duck River, Tenn. (Bragg’s retreat), 1863;
      Clark Weaver, at Chickamauga, Ga.; Frank Mullinax, at
      Murfreesboro, Tenn.; John Gann, at Dake’s Cross Roads, Tenn.;
      Mart Pemberton, at Fort Donelson, Tenn., 1863.&nbsp;6.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_18">
      <i>Wounded</i> (partial list).—Lieut. Bob Bone; Lieut.
      J.&nbsp;T. Barbee, three times seriously; Lieut. J.&nbsp;A.
      Arnold; Ord Richerson; Turner Johnson; Spencer Dillon; Newt
      Powell; Capt. J.&nbsp;M. Phillips, at Chickamauga, Ga.; Tom
      Floridy, at Chickamauga, Ga.; Tom Mont, at Chickamauga, Ga.;
      Hugh Jarman, at Chickamauga, Ga.; William Allen, at Readyville,
      Tenn.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_19">
      <i>Died</i> (partial list).—Dick Odum, at Camp Morton (Ind.)
      Prison; Bill Knox, at Fort Delaware Prison.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_12_20">
    Rev. J.&nbsp;T. Barbee, of Sturgis, Ky., has furnished the names
    of the few killed accredited to Company&nbsp;D. He has been for a
    number of years a minister of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church,
    and has held many high positions. There was no braver soldier in
    the army. He was faithful and true in every walk of life. He was
    wounded seriously two or three times in battle, and surrendered
    with his company at Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., in 1865, with the rank
    of lieutenant. Lieut. J.&nbsp;A. Arnold has since furnished a few
    additional names. He is a resident of Wilson County, a well-known
    and most worthy citizen. He was in command of Company&nbsp;D at
    the surrender. First Lieutenant Barbee was acting commissary of
    the Regiment.</p>
  <p id="c_12_21">
    Capt. J.&nbsp;M. Phillips died at Nashville, Tenn., in 1910. He
    was a minister of one of the Baptist Churches of that city at the
    time. He was not with the Regiment after the raid into Tennessee,
    in October,&nbsp;1863.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_22">
      Company&nbsp;E.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      <i>Killed.</i>—John R. Rushing, at Aiken, S.&nbsp;C., 1864;
      Jack Nealy, at Aiken, S.&nbsp;C.; Legran Walkup, at Aiken,
      S.&nbsp;C.; Dan Porterfield, at Fort Donelson, Tenn., 1863;
      Tilman Tittle, at Fort Donelson, Tenn.; Joe Hare, at Aiken,
      S.&nbsp;C.; Tom Vance, at Perryville, Ky.; John Armstrong, in
      battle of Nashville, 1864; Tom Meely, in Middle Tennessee raid,
      1864; Charles Milton, in Middle Tennessee raid, 1864; John
      Mitchell, in Middle Tennessee raid, 1863; E.&nbsp;J. Hawkins,
      in Middle Tennessee raid, 1863.&nbsp;12.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_23">
      <i>Wounded.</i>—Lieut. Hugh L. Preston, four times, last wound
      at Durham Station, N.&nbsp;C.; Tom Doak, at Atlanta, Ga.; Boney
      Preston, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; A. W. Kennedy, at Fort
      Donelson, Tenn.; Nile Mitchell, at Chickamauga, Ga.; Lieut.
      John Fathera, at Chickamauga, Ga.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_24">
      <i>Died.</i>—Burr Reid, in a Northern prison.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_12_25">
    I am indebted to Lieut. Hugh L. Preston for the casualty report
    of Company&nbsp;E. He is now a worthy citizen of Woodbury, Tenn.,
    and has represented his constituency both in the Upper and Lower
    Houses of the Tennessee Legislature. He was young, active, and
    brave as a soldier, and was in every engagement of his company
    during the war. Perhaps he was absent for a short time, but only
    when suffering from wounds received in battle. He has the
    distinction to have been in command of those soldiers who fired
    the last guns before the surrender of the Army of Tennessee at
    Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., April&nbsp;26, 1865, which occurred but a
    few days afterwards. He is as worthy and honorable as a citizen
    as he was brave and true as a soldier.</p>
  <p id="c_12_26">
    Capt. H.&nbsp;A. Wyly, who commanded Company&nbsp;E, was as
    gallant in battle as he was intelligent and courteous as a
    gentleman. He died many years ago at his home, at Woodbury, Tenn.
    He was one of Woodbury’s most worthy and public-spirited
    citizens.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_27">
      Company&nbsp;F.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      <i>Killed.</i>—James Burke, at Chickamauga, Ga.; Jack Carder,
      at Saltville, Va.; John Dillard.&nbsp;3.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_28">
      <i>Wounded</i> (partial list).—Capt. James R. Lester, at
      Murfreesboro, Tenn.; Lieut. W.&nbsp;H. Phillips, at Tracy City,
      Tenn.; Lieutenant Burgess, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; William
      Lester, leg amputated at Kennesaw Mountain, Ga.; Zack Thompson,
      at Lebanon, Tenn.; Kirk&nbsp;B. and P.&nbsp;Sherrill Harvey.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_12_29">
    Capt. James R. Lester, of Company&nbsp;F, was a most gallant,
    dashing officer, handsome in person, and always rode the finest
    horse in the Regiment. He served from the beginning of the war,
    and was wounded several times in battle. He died some years ago
    at Lebanon, Tenn. He was a prominent and much-beloved physician.
    It is said that the wound received in the battle of Murfreesboro
    contributed materially to his death. When he surrendered at
    Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., he was Acting Inspector General on the
    staff of Col. Baxter Smith, commander of the brigade.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_30">
      Company&nbsp;G.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      <i>Killed.</i>—D.&nbsp;C. Witherspoon, at Perryville, Ky.; C.
      &nbsp;M. Webber, Triune, Tenn.; James Doughtry, in the Atlanta
      campaign, 1864; James A. Brandon, in Wheeler’s raid, 1863; Joe
      A. Rushing, in South Carolina, 1864; D.&nbsp;W. Tolbert, in
      South Carolina, 1864; James Hughes, at Bradyville,
      Tenn.&nbsp;7.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_31">
      <i>Wounded</i> (partial list).—Capt. J.&nbsp;W. Nichol, three
      times, last at Bentonville, S.&nbsp;C.; J.&nbsp;E. Neely,
      J.&nbsp;C. Coleman, J.&nbsp;F. Dunn, W.&nbsp;P. Gaither, John
      Gordon, John Harris, H.&nbsp;J. Ivie, Houston Miller,
      W.&nbsp;M. Spain, W.&nbsp;W. Grey, Lieut. John A. Sagely,
      Lieut. F.&nbsp;A. McKnight, Sergt. W.&nbsp;R. Fowler,
      A.&nbsp;W. Robinson, W.&nbsp;H. Youree, Walker Todd, A.&nbsp;R.
      Patrick, C.&nbsp;M. Roberts, L.&nbsp;M. Roberts, Sam
      Witherspoon, Isaiah Cooper, J.&nbsp;E. James, Lieut. Dave
      Youree.</p>

    <p class="v1" id="c_12_32">
      <i>Wounded and Died in Prison</i> (partial list).—Lieut.
      J.&nbsp;A. Sagely, Calep Todd, Alfred Todd, Preston Carnahan,
      W.&nbsp;M. Bynum, D.&nbsp;C. Jones, Gid Martin, Arch Robinson,
      Jesse Robinson, John E. Jones, Frank Youree.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_12_33">
    Capt. J.&nbsp;W. Nichol, of Company&nbsp;G, is the last surviving
    captain of the Regiment. Three were killed in battle, and the
    others have died since the surrender. He was dangerously wounded
    four times in battle, the last wound being received at
    Bentonville, N.&nbsp;C., the last general engagement of the Army
    of Tennessee, a few weeks before the surrender. It was thought at
    the time that his wound was mortal; but, to the surprise of every
    one, he was back with the company in a short time and surrendered
    with them. He had the distinction of having had a full company
    during the whole war. He was a thorough disciplinarian, obedient
    to every order, and was kind and attentive to the necessities of
    his men, who held him in high regard and respect. He is to-day an
    active business man at his home in Murfreesboro, engaged in
    commercial pursuits, an honorable and most worthy citizen. I am
    indebted to him for the casualty report of his company.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_34">
      Company&nbsp;H.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      <i>Killed.</i>—Lieut. Allen B. Green, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.;
      Lieut. William Gaut, at Cedartown, Ga.; James Bennett, at
      Cedartown, Ga.; Moses Bennett, at Chickamauga, Ga.; James
      Carpenter, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; Walter Magill, at
      Murfreesboro, Tenn.; James M. Pickett, at Cumberland Mountain,
      Tenn., 1863; Jack Smith, at Franklin, Tenn.; William Shell, at
      Mill Springs, Ky.; James Williams, at Perryville, Ky.; William
      Massengale, in Wheeler’s raid, 1864; John Pickett, in Wheeler’s
      raid, 1864.&nbsp;12.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_35">
      <i>Wounded</i> (partial list).—H.&nbsp;H. Harron, at
      Chickamauga, Ga.; Hickman Crouch, at Newnan, Ga.; Capt. Sam
      Glover, at Morrison Station, Tenn.; W. W. Warren, at
      Winchester, Tenn.; Thomas Godsey, at Morrison Station, Tenn.;
      Dan Jackson, at Chickamauga, Ga.; John McCall, at Morrison
      Station, Tenn.; James McDonough, arm amputated at Bentonville,
      N.&nbsp;C.; Richard Martin, saber wound, 1864; William Stone,
      at Fishing Creek, Ky.; Isaac Whitecotten, wounded four times in
      battle; O.&nbsp;K. Mitchell, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; Robert
      Shumate, at Perryville, Ky.; Martin M. White, four times during
      the war.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_36">
      <i>Died</i> (partial list).—William Cupp, at Chattanooga,
      Tenn., 1862; Pleasant Bell, at Knoxville, Tenn.; Levi Austin,
      at Knoxville, Tenn.; John A. Aiken, in prison, 1864; Jonathan
      Bailey, at Camp Chase, Ohio, 1864; Doc Cupp, at Chattanooga,
      Tenn., 1866; Charles M. Douglass, at Chattanooga, Tenn.; Arch
      D. Durham, in Georgia, 1864; William Goad, in prison, 1863;
      Rufus Godges, at Jasper, Tenn., 1862; John B. Hilton, in
      prison, 1864; Lieut. William Light, in Rock Island Prison,
      1864; James M. Morris, in prison at Chickamauga, Ga., 1863;
      William Smith, in a hospital in Georgia, 1864; Houston Sutton,
      at Carthage, Tenn., 1862; Alex Tacket, in prison, 1864; David
      Thompson, 1862; Thomas Watkins, October, 1862; James B. Winder,
      at Gainesboro, Tenn., 1862; Alonzo Williams, in Kentucky
      campaign, 1862.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_12_37">
    I am indebted to Comrade J.&nbsp;C. Ivey, of Company&nbsp;H, for
    the report from his company. He is living at Clear Lake, Tex.,
    and is a prosperous farmer in that vicinity and a well-known and
    most respectable citizen. He is the only one who presents one of
    the last pay rolls of his company, which verifies fully the
    report he makes—facts that stand recorded at the time they
    occurred. He enlisted in his company at the beginning, and served
    continuously till the surrender, making an excellent soldier
    through his four years of service. I thank him for his response
    to my letter and his convincing report.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_38">
      Company&nbsp;I.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      <i>Killed.</i>—Fentress Atkins, at McMinnville, Tenn., 1862;
      Cullom Jowett, at McMinnville, Tenn.; James Padgett, at Fort
      Donelson, Tenn., 1863; Elias Owens, at New Hope Church, Ga.,
      1864; Capt. Robert Bledsoe, at Sparta, Tenn., in Wheeler’s
      raid, 1863; A. Bledsoe, at Sparta, Tenn., in Wheeler’s raid,
      1863; Lieut. Foster Bowman, at Sparta, Tenn., in Wheeler’s
      raid, 1863; Acting Adjt. E. Crozier, 1865; William Deason,
      Pleasant Poor, John Smith, Mike Hill, Lafayette Hill, and
      Robert Brown, in Wheeler’s raid.&nbsp;14.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_39">
      <i>Wounded</i> (partial list).—Lieut. J.&nbsp;W. Storey, at
      McMinnville and New Hope Church, Ga., 1864; B. Porter Harrison,
      at Fayetteville, N.&nbsp;C., in 1865; James Singleton, at New
      Hope Church, arm amputated.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_12_40">
    John W. Storey, now a prominent member of the bar at Harrison,
    Ark., furnishes the casualty list of Company&nbsp;I. He was the
    sergeant of his company for some time during the war, and was one
    of the best we had. As adjutant of the Regiment I never had
    trouble with his reports or the many orders made upon his company
    for information; they were always clear, concise, and exactly
    what was called for. He was made a lieutenant on the field of
    Bentonville for his bravery and efficiency in every duty as a
    soldier. He was in every engagement, and was wounded twice in
    battle, on both occasions seriously. I am also indebted to him
    for several valuable papers which he had preserved, and which he
    furnished to me.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_41">
      Company&nbsp;K.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      <i>Killed.</i>—T.&nbsp;J. Allen, at Elk River, Tenn., 1863; Ed
      Hancock, at Munfordville. Ky.; Joe Barnes, at Murfreesboro,
      Tenn.; Jesse Horton, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; John Bowman, at
      Murfreesboro, Tenn.; Robert Hearn, at Lebanon, Tenn.; James
      Hearn, at Tracy City, Tenn.; Joe Newsom, at Morrison Station,
      Tenn.; Jack McDonell, at Morrison Station, Tenn.; Ed Smith, at
      Kennesaw Mountain, Ga.; Andrew Van Trease, at Calhoun, Ga.; Joe
      Cammeron, at Grassy Cove, Tenn.; William Neal, at Marietta,
      Ga.; R.&nbsp;A. Davis, at Bentonville, N.&nbsp;C.; John Raine,
      at Manchester, Tenn.; Tobe Wharton, in Rock Island
      Prison.&nbsp;16.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_42">
      <i>Wounded</i> (partial list).—Lieut. William Corbett, at
      Chickamauga, Ga.; Lieut. DeWitt Anderson, at Rocky Face
      Mountain, Ga., 1864; Jack Barton; John Corbett, at Resaca, Ga.;
      George Farnsworth, at Tracy City, Tenn.; Jim Hearn, at Tracy
      City, Tenn.; William Stonewall, at Big Shanty, Ga., 1864; Frank
      Anderson, at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; Henry Nelson, at Crow Valley,
      Tenn.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_12_43">
    Frank Anderson was under seventeen years of age when he enlisted
    in a cavalry company in 1861. He surrendered April&nbsp;26, 1865,
    at Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C. So he saw and participated in all, from
    beginning to close. Company&nbsp;K was at first the escort of
    General Wharton, and afterwards of different commanding generals
    of the Army of Tennessee. Anderson was a great favorite, and was
    frequently called upon by officers to carry their orders to parts
    of the field where the battle raged hottest and fiercest. His
    character was that of a brave and reliable soldier. He has been
    an active and well-known merchant of Nashville, Tenn., since the
    war, and is still actively engaged in business. We are indebted
    to him for a full report of his company’s killed in battle.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_12_44">
      Company&nbsp;L.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      <i>Killed.</i>—Capt. J. J. Parton, at Chickamauga, Ga.; Newt
      Cashius, at Chickamauga, Ga., 1863;—Bell, at Lookout Mountain,
      1864.&nbsp;3.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_12_45">
      <i>Wounded.</i>—Lieut. William Henry.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_12_46">
    Recapitulation: 112 killed multiplied by 5 equals 560 wounded,
    plus 112 killed equals 672 killed and wounded.</p>
  <p id="c_12_47">
    The Regiment never had a battle line of over seven hundred and
    fifty rifles, which diminished as the war progressed. Of the two
    hundred and fifty who surrendered at Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., more
    than half of them had been wounded in battle, some of them more
    than once and in different engagements.</p>
  <p id="c_12_48">
    As stated before, I have taken extra pains to see and write to
    men of all the companies to obtain a list of the killed and
    wounded and those that died of disease during the war. I have
    been able to get a fair list of the killed in most of the
    companies; but I find it impossible, as they have said, to give
    the names of all the wounded and those that have died during the
    war. Imperfect as it is, I have thought best to publish such as
    have been given to me. I have delayed and kept open the list till
    the last minute, so anxious have I been to do justice to all.
    When we compare this list of wounded with the list of killed in
    battle, it is apparent upon its face that the greater number of
    the wounded have not been reported, so I am forced to apply the
    long and well-established rule in all armies of five wounded to
    one killed in battle, which is approximately correct. Aside from
    this, it will be seen from said reports that some comrades have
    been able to make but insignificant reports of their killed in
    battle. Every surviving member of the Regiment knows that they
    were as valiant in battle as their comrades of the other
    companies. It is their misfortune that none are left to testify
    for them.</p>
  <p id="c_12_49">
    The greater part of the companies in the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry
    Regiment had on their rolls as soldiers from 125 to 130 names.
    None of them at any one time had so many, but enlisted that many
    during the service. The nature of the service of a cavalryman
    carries him to different and distant parts of the country, giving
    him the opportunity to collect and bring to the company not only
    absentees, but recruits. The body of the Regiment was composed of
    active young men, born, as the saying is, upon horseback, which
    well fitted them for that arm of the service. More than that,
    they were lovers of the horse and rode only the best that could
    be had. In the Confederate cavalry the cavalryman had to furnish
    his own horse. It was not so in the Federal army. The government
    provided them with horses, and it could not be expected that he
    would give the attention to his horse that the Confederate would.
    This leaves us to say that the Confederate cavalryman did more
    effective and better service than the Federal cavalryman. There
    was no comparison to be made between the cavalry horses of the
    two armies. Generally speaking, the Confederate horse was of the
    best blood and make-up that could be found—in other words, he was
    purely bred from the best sires—while the Federal horse was
    pretty much of the rough order, large, inactive, and easily
    broken down and worn out. A good Confederate cavalryman would go
    hungry himself before he would permit his mount to suffer for
    necessary food. I have seen him time and again carry in a sack
    behind his saddle rations of corn hundreds of miles to meet an
    emergency rather than let his horse go hungry. I have seen him
    give a hundred dollars for six horseshoe nails and tack on the
    shoe himself rather than permit his horse to go lame. He and his
    horse consequently were always ready for active service, and it
    was this that made him more effective as a soldier than his
    enemy.</p>
  <p id="c_12_50">
    The greatest loss that the Regiment sustained was when the men
    were dismounted to fight as infantry; they were armed like the
    infantry and usually fought as infantry. I have said that upon
    the organization of the Regiment it numbered about one thousand,
    rank and file. It is also well to know that when a cavalry
    regiment is dismounted it loses one-fourth of its effective
    strength by its horse holders. The largest force the Regiment
    ever had in line on foot was about seven hundred and fifty. This
    was at Chickamauga, which occurred just after a two months’ rest
    at Rome, Ga., when we took time to gather up all absentees and
    many recruits. Never after that did we have so many on foot as
    infantrymen.</p>
  <p id="c_12_51">
    It must also be taken into account that after the organization it
    was necessary to make many noncombatant details. Many were
    discharged for disability, from wounds received in action,
    sickness, etc. Others were discharged from being over and under
    the age limit. Many prisoners were taken by the enemy. The
    exchange of prisoners at all times was slow; but for two years or
    more before the war closed no exchange of prisoners was made, and
    I suppose that the Regiment had a hundred men who were not
    released from prison until after the war closed. And I am pretty
    sure that we had our share of those who got tired and “just quit
    fighting.” All of these causes greatly reduced the line of
    battle; and of the two hundred and fifty that surrendered at
    Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., April 26, 1865, at least three-fourths of
    them had been wounded in battle, and many of them more than twice
    in different engagements.</p>
  <p id="c_12_52">
    I have finished what I have to say forty-seven years afterwards.
    It is necessarily incomplete, for many things have faded from my
    memory, and I speak altogether from personal recollection. I have
    thought it proper to give a cursory history of the Army of
    Tennessee from the fact that the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry
    Regiment was a part of it, participating in all of its campaigns,
    marches, and battles from October, 1862, to the surrender, except
    Hood’s campaign against Nashville. When General Hood left
    Atlanta, he ordered Wheeler to remain there and to march in
    whatever direction Sherman moved; hence we went to the sea,
    circumscribing as much as possible the burning and pillaging of
    Sherman’s large army of seventy thousand. We met the Army of
    Tennessee again in North Carolina, and served with it till the
    surrender at Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., April 26, 1865. I would have
    been pleased to mention the name of every gallant soldier of the
    Regiment, but it is now impossible to get it; and to name some
    and leave out others equally as meritorious would not be proper.
    I have had to speak of some who have given me valuable assistance
    in compiling the casualty list of their company. I trust that
    this may be a sufficient apology, and that no one will be in the
    slightest degree offended by the action.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_13">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER XIII.<br />
    <small class="smcap">Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and Other
    Officers.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    The Confederate army had five full generals, ranking in date of
    their commission as follows: Samuel Cooper, whose headquarters
    were at Richmond, Va., the capital, and who was never assigned to
    the field; Robert E. Lee, Albert Sidney Johnston, Joseph E.
    Johnston, and G.&nbsp;P. Beauregard. All of them had resigned
    from the United States army to join the Confederate States
    army.</p>
  <p id="c_13_2">
    Joseph E. Johnston was fourth on the list, but he was the highest
    ranking officer who had thus resigned. He was assigned to the
    command of the Army of Tennessee in 1864, when it had expended
    its greatest strength, there being no resources to draw upon. He
    was confronted by an army double the numerical strength of his
    own, with all the resources at hand that could be asked for. Much
    of the territory of the Confederate States and its most
    resourceful sections were in the hands of the enemy. The
    Mississippi River had been closed to Confederate navigation,
    foreign intervention had become a dead letter, the exchange of
    prisoners had indefinitely ceased, and the blockade of Southern
    ports completed the hope of receiving resources from the outside.
    Truly was the South hermetically sealed.</p>
  <p id="c_13_3">
    Who can say that the tactics assumed by General Johnston in his
    Atlanta campaign were not the best that could be used under all
    the circumstances? Or that, if he could have succeeded at all, it
    must have been by the military operations he adopted? Do not the
    operations of General Hood in a few weeks thereafter prove this
    to be true? For, after fighting a few battles around Atlanta,
    losing as many men as Johnston did in his campaign from Dalton to
    Atlanta, and then falling back to Jonesboro, thirty miles south,
    where he fought Sherman, all without material results, he then
    moved to the rear of Atlanta, continuing his campaign against
    Nashville, that terminated so disastrously. Again, were they not
    the same tactics that General Lee was inaugurating when he left
    Petersburg with his little army, retreating to Appomattox, which
    movement, we can see now, was made when it was too late?</p>
  <p id="c_13_4">
    I am not able to say what would have been the result of
    Johnston’s proposed movement at Atlanta, but I can say this: that
    it promised more success than any that was attempted later. The
    restoration of General Johnston to the command of the Army of
    Tennessee looked as if Mr. Davis was repudiating his order of a
    few months before. General Johnston in accepting it displayed a
    magnanimity of character and patriotism never excelled. The army
    from which he had been so summarily dismissed was now shattered
    and broken to pieces, and the Confederacy itself was staggering
    to its downfall. His desire to share the fate of his soldiers and
    countrymen must have been the only motive.</p>
  <p id="c_13_5">
    When Joseph E. Johnston died, in 1891, a large and representative
    meeting of the citizens of Nashville was held in the First
    Presbyterian Church to do honor to his memory, and the following
    preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted—to wit:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v1" id="c_13_6">
      <i>Mr. Chairman</i>: Your committee to whom was referred the
      resolutions touching upon the life and character of Gen. Joseph
      E. Johnston beg leave to submit the following:</p>
    <p id="c_13_7">
      General Johnston died in the City of Washington on the evening
      of March&nbsp;21, 1891. Society is so constructed that
      individual character becomes prominent and conspicuous by deed
      and action no less than by expressed thought. As we look back
      through the ages, we mark some names that shine as beacon
      lights along the way, whose characters we accept as prototypes
      of all their contemporaries. Joseph E. Johnston is the
      Confederate soldier’s model—not from the fact alone that he was
      a good soldier, but time, having dealt gently with him,
      lengthening his days through the trying years that have passed
      since the war, has completed the picture, and as we behold the
      man we cannot but exclaim: “As grand in peace as he was valiant
      in war.” It is hardly permissible by resolution to speak at
      length of our deceased comrade; and it is sufficient for this
      occasion to say that he was born in Old Virginia in 1807; was
      educated at West Point Military Academy, graduating thirteenth
      in the distinguished class of 1829, numbering forty-six
      graduates; was a lieutenant upon the staff of General Scott
      during the Indian War of 1832-36; was a soldier in the war with
      Mexico, was wounded three times in action, was promoted three
      times for gallantry during the war, and was carried from the
      field of Cerro Gordo desperately wounded; in 1855 was made
      Lieutenant Colonel of the First United States Cavalry, and in
      1860 was made a brigadier general and assigned to the position
      of Quartermaster General of the United States army.</p>
    <p id="c_13_8">
      Upon the secession of his State, he resigned the position and
      repaired to Richmond. He was the highest ranking officer who
      resigned from the United States army to join the Confederacy.
      He was placed in command at Harper’s Ferry, at that time
      thought to be its most important position. He withdrew from the
      enemy’s front at Harper’s Ferry and came upon the field of
      Manassas in time to turn the tide of battle and rout the army
      of General McDowell. He was in command of the Army of Virginia
      in 1862 and resisted the advance of General McClelland as he
      approached Richmond by way of the Peninsula. He was seriously
      wounded at Seven Pines on the 31st of May, 1862, while leading
      his columns to the attack. This-wound incapacitated him for
      service for many months. General Lee succeeded him in command
      of that army. General Johnston was in command in Mississippi
      for a short time, and in the first months of 1864 he superseded
      General Bragg in the command of the Army of Tennessee after the
      disaster at Missionary Ridge. It was here that he displayed his
      wonderful talent in reorganizing that army and bringing it to
      its highest state of perfection in a few months’ time. When
      Sherman began his move on Atlanta in the spring of 1864, and as
      he approached Tunnel Hill, Ga., on his first day’s march, the
      battle opened in earnest, and for seventy days and seventy
      nights its roar never ceased to reverberate. Outnumbered almost
      two to one, every flank movement of the enemy was met by a line
      of battle. At Resaca, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, and
      Marietta the heavy skirmishing resulted in battles, but in no
      instance in a general engagement. Some days upon the skirmish
      line and when the fighting would not rise to the dignity of
      battle the loss would be almost as great as the United States
      suffered in any battle in the war with Mexico.
      Well-authenticated battle reports show that General Sherman’s
      loss on his march to Atlanta was fully 40,000, while Johnston’s
      was less than 10,000. During the seventy days’ fighting and
      moving from position to position it is a remarkable fact that
      no ammunitions or provisions of any description were lost,
      except some siege guns that were left at Resaca, having no
      transportation for their removal. The morale of the army was
      not impaired in any particular, and its movements were executed
      with the precision of a dress parade. No commander could have
      possessed to a greater degree the supreme confidence of his
      men, and no general rested more securely upon the courage of
      his soldiers.</p>
    <p id="c_13_9">
      Upon reaching the front at Atlanta in 1864, General Johnston
      was relieved and General Hood placed in command of the Army of
      Tennessee. It is impossible to express the surprise this order
      created, from the highest officer to the humblest private. A
      great calamity seemed to have spread itself over the army, and
      the developments a week or ten days thereafter confirmed the
      great mistake that had been made.</p>
    <p id="c_13_10">
      When the broken fragments of the Army of Tennessee assembled
      in North Carolina in the spring of 1865, General Johnston was
      called to its command again. A forlorn hope, indeed! His
      presence revived the spirits of those of his old soldiers who
      were left, and they felt strong and confident again, as was
      shown in the hotly contested battle of Bentonville near the
      close of the war. The end came in a few weeks thereafter.
      General Lee had surrendered at Appomattox. Two hundred thousand
      soldiers were concentrating under General Sherman, and nothing
      was left to Johnston but to surrender his less than 20,000
      soldiers upon the best terms possible. In the negotiations that
      followed General Johnston showed himself to be a diplomatist
      and statesman.</p>
    <p id="c_13_11">
      In his farewell address to the army Johnston urged his soldiers
      “to observe faithfully the terms of pacification, and to
      discharge the obligations of good and peaceful citizens as well
      as you have performed the duties of thorough soldiers in the
      field.” Such, in brief, is his military history. He was the
      last of the great commanders of the Army of Tennessee.</p>
    <p id="c_13_12">
      Albert Sidney Johnston fell at Shiloh, Gen. Braxton Bragg died
      soon after the war, and Gen. J.&nbsp;B. Hood a few years later.
      Under their leadership the Army of Tennessee made its glorious
      history and won imperishable honor. The circumstances that
      molded the character of the soldiery who composed that army and
      the facts that precipitated the contest in which they fought
      can never exist again.</p>
    <p id="c_13_13">
      The people of this Southland give Joseph E. Johnston a place in
      their hearts and affections alongside those of Sidney Johnston,
      Lee, and Jackson. Memory’s sweetest retrospect will be to
      contemplate the character of each, great and good, brave and
      honorable in their lives, and glorious in their death. Sleep
      on, great soldiers! Most of your lieutenants, with the long
      line of nameless heroes, have preceded you in crossing the
      river. Your names and fame will be secure in the keeping of
      grateful and admiring countrymen.</p>
    <p id="c_13_14">
      In summing up the public services of General Johnston, we
      conclude that as a civilian he had attained an honorable
      citizenship. He was called to represent Virginia in Congress,
      and was given high position in State and national affairs. He
      has discharged his trust ably, faithfully, and with an eye
      single to the public weal and the reëstablishment of the
      fraternity of the American people. That he was wounded seven
      times in battle attests his courage as a soldier. “Beware of
      Johnston’s retreats” relieves him of its usual disaster.
      Aggressive at the beginning of the war, he was forced to accept
      the Fabian tactics, and we learned too late that if the
      Confederacy could have succeeded it must have been through this
      policy. His magnanimous patriotism cannot be overestimated when
      we see him again accepting, in North Carolina, the command of
      the broken and shattered fragments of his once well-appointed
      army. Therefore be it</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_13_15">
      <i>Resolved by this vast assemblage of comrades and
      sympathizing friends</i>: 1. That we recognize in the life and
      character of General Johnston the noblest and highest type of
      the true Confederate soldier and American citizen, true to
      every profession and trust confided to his care. We commend his
      character as worthy of emulation, view his death as a national
      calamity, and extend to the members of his bereaved family our
      condolence sincere and heartfelt.</p>
    <p id="c_13_16">
      2. That a copy of these resolutions be sent to his nearest
      kinsman.</p>
    <p class="ml50 hang2">
      <span
        class="smcap">George B. Guild</span>,
      <i>Chairman</i>;</p>
    <p class="i0 smcap ml50">
      W. H. Jackson,<br />
      R. Lin Cave,<br />
      M. B. Pilcher,<br />
      J. H. Hayes,<br />
      J. A. Ridley,<br />
      J. H. Neal.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_13_17">
    The Fourth Tennessee Cavalry Regiment served in Wheeler’s corps
    after it was first organized in 1862 till the surrender. Maj.
    Gen. Joe Wheeler was a graduate of West Point Academy, and was
    assigned to the artillery, which is taken as an honor preferment
    at the Academy. He was among the first to resign from the United
    States army and tender his services to the Confederate
    government. He recruited an infantry regiment in Alabama and saw
    his first service at the battle of Shiloh. Immediately afterwards
    he was made chief of the cavalry, with rank of major general, and
    assigned to the Army of Tennessee. He was brave, energetic, and
    indefatigable in his efforts to obtain correct information of the
    enemy, their movements, their forces, and the topography of the
    surrounding country, for reliable information concerning these
    essentials was necessary. I have known him time and again to take
    a reliable squad and go in person on the most daring and
    hazardous excursions to obtain needed information.</p>
  <p id="c_13_18">
    Lieut. Gen. A.&nbsp;P. Stewart said to the writer since the war
    that General Wheeler was what a cavalry officer ought to be, the
    eyes and ears of the army; that he excelled all cavalry officers
    we had in this regard: that he was obedient to orders, vigilant,
    prompt to act; and that the Army of Tennessee rested in perfect
    security when Wheeler was on the front. He fought many
    hard-contested battles during his four years of service, killing,
    wounding, and capturing thousands of the enemy. He conducted many
    of the longest and most successful raids against the enemy,
    notably the raid he made into Middle Tennessee after the battle
    of Chickamauga, when he burned one thousand of the enemy’s wagons
    loaded with the richest stores, besides wounding and capturing
    more of the enemy than his own command numbered.</p>
  <p id="c_13_19">
    General Wheeler was a member of Congress from the State of
    Alabama when he was appointed brigadier general in the United
    States army and fought in the Spanish-American war. He fought the
    largest and most noted battle of the land forces on San Juan
    Hill, at Santiago, Cuba, in which he contributed more to its
    success than any other general, its result being the defeat and
    capitulation of the Spanish forces. Among the many notable
    cavalry generals I would enroll the name of General Wheeler next
    to that of Tennessee’s great general, Bedford Forrest, and
    superior to him in many essentials as a great cavalryman. General
    Wheeler died in Washington soon after the Spanish-American War,
    where he had been serving the State of Alabama as a conspicuous
    Congressman for fifteen or twenty years, and was buried in the
    National Cemetery at Arlington.</p>
  <p id="c_13_20">
    Col. Baxter Smith. Lieut. Col. Paul F. Anderson, and Maj. W.
    Scott Bledsoe were respectively the field officers of the Fourth
    Tennessee Cavalry Regiment. Young, active, patriotic, brave in
    battle, each of them was called at times to the command and had
    the full confidence and support of the soldiers.</p>
  <p id="c_13_21">
    At the breaking out of the war Colonel Smith recruited a company
    at his old home, Gallatin, Sumner County, Tenn., and was elected
    captain of the company, which, upon organization, became a part
    of a battalion of cavalry of which James D. Bennett became
    lieutenant colonel and Baxter Smith major. Their first service
    was with Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston at Bowling Green. Ky. When
    Johnston evacuated the place, the battalion retreated with him to
    Shiloh and fought in that hotly contested battle. After the
    battle of Shiloh Major Smith was ordered to Knoxville; and when
    Gen. (then Col.) N.&nbsp;B. Forrest organized a command for an
    advance into Middle Tennessee, Major Smith was assigned to the
    command of a battalion of four or five companies that afterwards
    became a part of his regiment. They participated under General
    Forrest in that most brilliant battle at Murfreesboro,
    July&nbsp;13, 1863, resulting in the capture of a large force of
    the enemy’s infantry and artillery. A force much larger than that
    of General Forrest occupied Murfreesboro, and were all captured.
    On Forrest’s return to McMinnville with his captures, he
    encountered a force of the enemy occupying a blockhouse at
    Morrison Station, on the railroad. Major Smith was ordered to
    dismount his companies or a part of them and take the blockhouse.
    They dismounted, and, charging up to the fort, twelve of them
    were killed and a large number of them wounded in a few minutes’
    time. They were repulsed, and that ended the affair. This affair
    taught the cavalry a lesson and afterwards they carried a section
    of light artillery with them on their raids. Major Smith’s
    battalion accompanied General Bragg on his raid into Kentucky,
    participating in the battle of Perryville, and was at the capture
    and surrender of four thousand Federals at Munfordville. On
    Bragg’s return to Tennessee, this battalion, with other
    companies, was organized into the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry, of
    which the gentlemen mentioned became the field officers. On
    reaching home immediately after the surrender, Colonel Smith
    moved to the city of Nashville to practice law, where he remained
    a well-known and successful lawyer, except for serving one term
    in the State Senate, till two or more years ago, when he was
    appointed one of the secretaries of the Chickamauga Park
    Commission, which necessitated his removal to Chattanooga, where
    he now resides. He is the only surviving field officer of the
    Regiment.</p>
  <p id="c_13_22">
    Lieut. Col. Paul F. Anderson was a native of Wilson County,
    Tenn., but a few years before the War between the States he was
    residing in the State of Texas. He attached himself to the Eighth
    Texas Cavalry Regiment, which was organized among the first
    Confederate troops, and went with that regiment to Gen. Albert S.
    Johnston’s army, then at Bowling Green, Ky. He was with Colonel
    Terry, commanding the Eighth Texas, at Woodsonville, above
    Bowling Green, when that most gallant officer was killed. John A.
    Wharton, who succeeded Terry in command of the regiment, gave
    Anderson authority to go to his old home at Lebanon, Tenn., and
    recruit a company, which he did, enlisting the celebrated “Cedar
    Snags,” composed of young men of the best families from the
    counties of Wilson, Davidson, and Sumner, afterwards becoming
    Company&nbsp;K of the Regiment. At the date of the organization
    of the Regiment Col. John A. Wharton had become a major general
    and took Company&nbsp;K as his escort. Anderson becoming
    lieutenant colonel of the Regiment, James H. Britton succeeded
    him as captain of Company&nbsp;K, both holding their ranks till
    the surrender, in 1865. Lieutenant Colonel Anderson was a brave
    and most gallant officer. To hear him talk one would conclude
    that he was too rash; but, really, he was one of the most
    discreet officers that were to be found. He knew better when to
    make or decline a fight than any officer of my acquaintance. His
    quaint sayings became proverbial in the army, and the infantry
    especially would cry out as he passed: “Here comes Paul.” It
    seemed that he knew everybody and everybody knew him. I have
    heard Major General Hume, who was commanding the division, say
    to Lieutenant Colonel Anderson as he passed his line of battle:
    “Well, Colonel Paul, you know better than I can tell you what to
    do if the enemy approaches your line.” Anderson was wounded
    slightly at Fort Donelson in February, 1863, and in the
    Kilpatrick fight at Fayetteville. A few days or a week before the
    surrender he was absent for some cause, and I do not think he was
    with the Regiment at the time of the surrender. I know that
    Colonel Smith was in command of the brigade and Major Bledsoe was
    in command of the Regiment. Anyhow, he had fought the fight to a
    finish and had won all the honors a parole could confer upon him.
    After the surrender he settled in Helena, Ark. He died there of
    yellow fever some years ago, greatly respected by the citizens,
    who buried him near the monument erected to Gen. Pat Cleburne.</p>
  <p id="c_13_23">
    Maj. Scott Bledsoe was a practicing lawyer in Fentress County,
    Tenn., when the war broke out. He was a descendant of the famed
    Bledsoe family that settled in Sumner County. He recruited and
    was elected captain of a company that afterwards became
    Company&nbsp;I in the Regiment. He, with his company,
    participated in the battle of Fishing Creek under the lamented
    Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer, who fell upon that unfortunate field.
    The poet has most beautifully said of General Zollicoffer:</p>
  <div class="ctr">
    <div class="poem sm" id="c_13_24">
      <p class="v2 pmQ">
        “First in fight and first in the arms</p>
      <p class="pm2 v0">
        Of the white-winged angel of glory,</p>
      <p class="pm0 v0">
        With the heart of the South at the feet of God,</p>
      <p class="pm2 v0">
        And his wounds to tell the story.”</p>
    </div>
  </div>
  <p class="v2 i0" id="c_13_25">
    Major Bledsoe, with his company, was in General Bragg’s Kentucky
    campaign in 1862, returning with General Bragg to Tennessee. In
    October, 1862, when the Regiment was organized at Nolensville,
    Tenn., he was appointed major, and his company became
    Company&nbsp;I (as before stated) of the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry
    Regiment. He served continually with the Regiment until the
    surrender, and was in all of its battles and campaigns. His
    brother, Robert Bledsoe, afterwards killed in Wheeler’s raid into
    Middle Tennessee, succeeded him as captain of the company. Major
    Bledsoe was a true and brave soldier and a most affable and
    intelligent gentleman. After the surrender he and many of his old
    company moved to other parts of the country. In fact, a local
    warfare existed in their section between the clans of Champ
    Ferguson on the Confederate side and those of “Tinker Dave”
    Beatty on the part of the Union men, and many revolting killings
    occurred. This lasted several years after peace was declared.
    Maj. Scott Bledsoe died at Cleburne, Tex., some years ago, one of
    its most prominent and wealthy citizens.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_14">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER XIV.<br />
    <small class="smcap">An Address and a Speech.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    The Woodbury (Tenn.) <i>Press</i> of September 19, 1878,
    published the following upon the occasion of the first reunion of
    the Regiment after the war:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v1 smcap ctr">
      Address of Adjutant George B. Guild.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_14_2">
      I rejoice in my heart to meet so many of you. More than
      thirteen years have passed away since, in the Old North State,
      by order of superior officers, you laid aside the equipments of
      war and furled forever the flag you have loved and
      followed—often in victory, sometimes in disaster, but always in
      honor and with a soldier’s devotion to duty. It is meet and
      proper, fellow soldiers, that our reunion should be inaugurated
      at Woodbury. For here, under these towering hills and along the
      meanderings of the beautiful little river that laves your green
      and fertile valleys, were enacted many of the stirring scenes
      through which the Regiment passed. Here too it was our fortune
      to have encamped on outpost duty for some time. Who is it that
      does not remember with the fondest recollection the generous
      liberality of this hospitable people? Your male population were
      mostly in the army. The decrepit old men and women were
      here—God bless them!—and nobly did they extend a helping hand
      in every possible manner. This is the first opportunity we have
      had to return to you the thanks of our grateful hearts; and
      when I do so, I know that I utter the sentiment of every member
      of the Regiment. Amid all of the vicissitudes through which we
      afterwards passed, and the dreary years that have gone by since
      then we have remembered with gratitude, and with a longing for
      your prosperity and happiness, the good and noble women of this
      vicinity. In the name of the Regiment, I again extend our
      heartfelt thanks. It is meet and proper from another view that
      our inaugural meeting should be at Woodbury; for in this
      vicinity two of the Regiment’s companies were
      recruited—Company&nbsp;E, Capt. H.&nbsp;A. Wyly, and
      Company&nbsp;G, Capt. J.&nbsp;W. Nichol. And while it would be
      improper to make distinctions when all have acted so well their
      part, two better companies never answered the bugle call or
      followed honor’s beckoning. A hundred battle fields have been
      stained with your blood, and nowhere at any time has the
      slightest dishonor tarnished your fame as soldiers.</p>
    <p id="c_14_3">
      I see around me some of the surviving veterans of these two
      noble companies, battle-scarred, limbless, with the honors of
      war thick upon their persons; and it is well and proper that we
      should meet here amid friends and relatives of such men, to
      clasp again the friendly hand and open to each other the warm
      hearts of comrades while we talk of battles lost and won and
      renew that attachment for each other that germinated and
      ripened amid scenes that unmistakably told what stuff men are
      made of. Let this be an inauguration of a meeting together
      which shall extend through long years to come, having for its
      object the perpetuation of the truth of history, to preserve
      unsullied the reputation of the living, and to embalm forever
      the memory of those gallant spirits who offered their lives a
      free sacrifice to a cause which was as holy as that which
      nerved the arms of our Revolutionary sires. Let our children
      learn of it, so that they may teach their children’s children
      that to have fought and lost does not necessarily stigmatize
      their ancestors as traitors. Might is not always right, and
      “truth crushed to earth will rise again.”</p>
    <p id="c_14_4">
      But, fellow soldiers, it is no part of our coming together to
      discuss the theory of the War between the States—its causes or
      whether we were right or wrong. “There’s a Divinity that shapes
      our ends, rough-hew them how we will.” It is a stern fact that
      war did come and the most stupendous conflict of arms ensued of
      which modern history gives any account. Suffice it to say at
      this time that a strong sectional feeling had been engendered
      between the sections of the country; that it had originated
      many years before the war; and that it had grown in intensity
      year after year until 1861, when the war cloud became so
      heavily charged with angry passion that it burst in all its
      fury and enveloped the country in a conflict which, besides a
      million lives, cost an inestimable amount of property and
      treasure. Some of our sister States had been thoroughly
      instructed in the doctrine of State sovereignty. They had
      wrongs, grievous wrongs, to complain of at the hands of the
      North, which the North refused to remedy. They asked peaceably
      to retire from the Union of States. The government proposed to
      coerce them into submission and made her levies for armies upon
      sister Southern States for the purpose of whipping them into
      the Union. Not till this was done by the general government did
      Tennessee appear upon the scene. A few months before at the
      ballot box she had, by a majority of over sixty thousand,
      decided to cling to the Union of our fathers; but when she saw
      that it was to be a war of subjugation, she scorned to be
      neutral and elected to go with her people and kindred and to
      share their fate, be it for weal or for woe. Tennessee answered
      her sister States as Ruth did Naomi: “Whither thou goest, I
      will go; ... thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God:
      where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried.”</p>
    <p id="c_14_5">
      The drums beat, flags were unfurled to the breeze, sweethearts
      waved their handkerchiefs, and the boys went in. Ours was an
      unequal contest. It was a battle of the weak against the strong
      and powerful. The future historian, when he comes to tell the
      truth of history, will record it as follows: In point of
      numbers the Northern States were more than four times that of
      the Southern States. When we take into the estimate that some
      of these so-called Southern States contributed more largely to
      the Northern army than they did to ours, the disproportion in
      numbers can hardly be estimated. Not only this, but the North,
      before the contest was over, called to their assistance
      hundreds of thousands of foreigners and the negro slaves of the
      South. We withdrew from the Union, which left the government,
      with all its immense machinery, in their hands. They needed no
      recognition from foreign powers; we by our own strong arms had
      to win it. The accumulated national wealth of nearly a century
      was theirs—a powerful navy, the regular army, arms and ordnance
      of every description, with the machinery and workshops to
      manufacture more.</p>
    <p id="c_14_6">
      The South was an agricultural people. They had contented
      themselves with the production of the raw material, while they
      left it to the North to manufacture every article of use, from
      the smallest to the most important. They had to establish as
      best they could shops for the manufacture of every accouterment
      of the soldier and of every munition of war. There were not in
      the whole South a percussion cap manufactory or powder mill
      that could fill the cartridge boxes of a regiment of soldiers.
      There was no accumulation of supplies anywhere. There was not a
      single war vessel and but a few merchantmen in her harbors, and
      a drillmaster was as big a show as an elephant. I speak of this
      more particularly to refute the assertion that the South had
      for years been preparing for war. Not one word of it is true.
      Mr. Lincoln’s proclamation was the electric spark that set fire
      to the house, and all the water in Christendom could not have
      quenched it. She did not stop to count the cost or to wait to
      get ready.</p>
    <p id="c_14_7">
      The Federal government proposed to subdue the rebellion in
      sixty days, and for this purpose sent forward toward Richmond
      the most magnificent army that had been seen on the continent,
      composed mainly of the regulars of the old army and officered
      by men of known ability and experience. It has been said that
      grand preparations had been made for a jollification over their
      anticipated victory, and that a large number of the citizens of
      Washington had accompanied the army “to see the fun.” They were
      met at Manassas by a little over one-half their number of
      citizen-soldiers. A great battle was fought, which terminated
      in a most disastrous defeat and rout. Not until then did the
      Federal government comprehend the magnitude of their
      undertaking. New levies were made and the greatest expenditures
      entered upon. The South, too, marshaled her resources. It was a
      war between giants, and the full strength and capacity of both
      were brought to bear upon the result.</p>
    <p id="c_14_8">
      Great battles were fought from the Potomac to the Western
      borders, with varied results, for four years. I feel justified
      in saying that the South fairly won her proportion of these;
      but the difficulty with us was that we so expended our strength
      in battle that we were unable to follow up our advantage—that
      we had no reserve to call upon from the rear. This fact caused
      delay and enabled the enemy to draw upon their inexhaustible
      resources and repair the damage. In other words, we did not
      have the troops to follow up the success we had fairly won or
      to secure the prize within our grasp; while the enemy could in
      forty-eight hours (or in a very short time) hurry fresh men to
      their assistance, drawing not only from their own supplies, but
      from the mercenary population of foreign countries, with the
      slave population of the South thrown in for good measure. It
      could then be with the South but a question as to how long she
      could stand this letting out of her lifeblood. She stood alone
      and could look to no assistance from without. The principles of
      attrition were applied; and after more than four years of
      bloody war the South succumbed, but not to superior courage and
      soldierly bearing upon the field of battle. Her armies had been
      shattered and broken, and there were none to stand in their
      places. Numbers had told at last, and the fiery wave of battle
      had spent its force upon the beach.</p>
    <p id="c_14_9">
      We would not speak disparagingly of the soldier who fought
      against us, for to do so would be casting a shadow upon our
      own record. He fought well and bravely, and none other could
      have accomplished what he did. But the Northern soldier fought
      for conquest and subjugation; the Southern soldier fought for
      his home and his family. The one was an army of invasion, and
      the other was an army of defense. The Southern soldier fought
      more valiantly than the Northern soldier from the simple fact
      that he had more to fight for. But it is all over now, and it
      becomes us with charity to bury all the sad memories from our
      sight and to forget as well as we can all the heart burnings it
      engendered. “The past comes not back again. The present is
      ours; let us improve it and go forward to meet the shadowy
      future with manly hearts and without fear.” This beautiful land
      is ours by birthright. Our fathers bequeathed it to us. We have
      an inalienable right to it, and in the language of Georgia’s
      greatest orator: “We are here in our father’s house. We are at
      home, thank God! We come charging on the Union no wrong to us.
      The Union never wronged the South. We charge all our wrongs to
      the higher law of fanaticism, which never kept a pledge or
      obeyed a law. We sought to leave the association of those who
      could not keep fidelity to the covenant. So far from having
      lost our fidelity to the Constitution, the South when she
      sought to go by herself hugged the Constitution to her bosom
      and carried it with her.”</p>
    <p id="c_14_10">
      The privations you underwent while a soldier, the absolute
      sufferings at times for every necessity of life, the exposure
      to a summer’s sun and heat and to the frost and snow of winter
      during your long and tiresome marches, nor have I mentioned the
      long, dark night of many of you in Northern prisons—the history
      of every civilized war pales into insignificance before it. The
      magnitude of your battles and the privations of your soldier
      life are without a parallel. Upon your battle flag is engraven
      “Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Sequatchie Valley, Tunnel Hill,
      Dalton, Resaca, New Hope Church, Marietta, Atlanta, Newnan,
      Saltville, Griswoldville, Buck Head Church, Fayetteville,
      Bentonville,” and to the list might be added a hundred other
      battles and skirmishes in which blood was spilled.</p>
    <p id="c_14_11">
      But the saddest memory of it all is when we remember the
      comrades who went with us but came not back. They saw “the
      blood-red sunset, and we are permitted to see the
      afterglow.”</p>
    <div class="ctr">
      <div class="poem sm">
        <p class="v2 pmQ">
          “On Fame’s eternal camping ground</p>
        <p class="pm2 v0">
          Their silent tents are spread.”</p>
      </div>
    </div>
    <p class="v2 i0">
      They fell devoted but undying upon the battle fields of the
      far-off South, where their comrades placed them in their
      blankets in their shallow graves, which the rains of heaven or
      the plowshare have leveled with the earth. They are unknown but
      not forgotten. Their names are enrolled upon the hearts of a
      grateful and admiring people in letters of gold, and will not
      be forgotten.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_14_12">
    I have been asked to insert in this book the dedicatory speech I
    had the honor of making upon the occasion of the unveiling of the
    Confederate monument at Mt. Olivet Cemetery in 1891. Rev. Dr.
    J.&nbsp;H. McNeilly, who was a true Confederate soldier, in a
    short time thereafter compiled and published a very neat pamphlet
    of the entire proceedings. Dr. McNeilly, though advanced in years
    and very feeble, still retains his love and admiration for his
    comrades, and is ever ready to lend his aid in the perpetuation
    of Confederate history. I will be pardoned when I say that I have
    been selfish enough to yield to this urgent request. The speech
    follows:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v1" id="c_14_13">
      <i>Comrades</i>, <i>Ladies</i>, <i>and Gentlemen</i>:
      Tennesseeans are justly proud of their history. The daring
      exploits of their ancestry, who came across the mountains from
      Virginia and the Carolinas, read like a romance. Their early
      struggles with the savage and warlike foe and the important
      services they rendered the colonies in establishing American
      independence have stamped them as a race of men unexcelled in
      fortitude and courage. Subsequent facts justify the assertion
      that they imparted to their posterity all their high patriotic
      characteristics; for in the various Indian wars under Jackson,
      in the War of 1812 with Great Britain, in the Seminole War, and
      in the war with Mexico Tennessee played a most important part.
      We challenge the pages of history to show where the sons of
      sister States have done more—yea, as much—to maintain the
      honor, to broaden the public domain, and to establish the
      national power and greatness of the United States. Their valor
      won for them the proud name of “Volunteer State;” hence when
      our War between the States began, it was impossible for
      Tennessee to remain inactive. Being forced to a choice, they
      went with their kindred in blood and interest.</p>
    <p id="c_14_14">
      It is not within my province to speak at length of the
      soldiers—old and young, rich and poor—that crowded into the
      ranks of the Confederate armies. Tennessee furnished one
      hundred and eighteen regiments—about one hundred thousand
      soldiers, nearly one-sixth of the entire Confederate force.
      Many counties had more soldiers in the army than their voting
      population. For four years upon hundreds of battle fields they
      helped maintain the unequal contest. With resources exhausted
      and their armies depleted to skeletons, they lost all save
      honor. Three times during the four years’ struggle were
      Tennesseeans driven from their homes and State; but they never
      thought once of deserting the flag or giving up the contest,
      though their homes were in possession of the enemy and their
      fields furnished them subsistence.</p>
    <p id="c_14_15">
      In 1862 they followed the fortunes of that great soldier Albert
      Sidney Johnston from Bowling Green to Shiloh, the field of his
      triumph and fall. They retreated from Perryville to
      Murfreesboro and Chickamauga under General Bragg. They fought
      under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston from Dalton to Atlanta, marking
      the route with the blood and graves of the enemy. At the
      command of Hood, they marched back to bloody Franklin and the
      vicinity of Nashville. From the Brentwood hills, with longing
      eyes and yearning hearts, they beheld the spires and domes of
      the beautiful capital of their beloved State. When overwhelmed
      with the torrent which Thomas turned upon them, with empty
      haversacks and naked, bleeding feet in midwinter, they followed
      their drooping standard beyond the Tennessee. When in the early
      spring of 1865 the broken and shattered fragments of the Army
      of Tennessee gathered once more under the standard of Gen.
      Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina, a large proportion of
      Tennesseeans answered to roll call, participated in the unequal
      battle at Bentonville, and surrendered at Greensboro.</p>
    <p id="c_14_16">
      Nor would we forget to mention in this connection the brave
      sons of Tennessee who fought in the Army of Virginia, who
      fought at Manassas under Stonewall Jackson, at
      Chancellorsville, at Gettysburg, and on other fields, and who,
      when overwhelmed in numbers, surrendered with Lee at
      Appomattox. The glory they so nobly won is a part of the
      immortal heritage of Tennesseeans.</p>
    <p id="c_14_17">
      A generation of men has come upon the stage of life since 1861,
      and the labor of many hands, multiplied by the passing years,
      has wiped away every trace of the awful conflict, but the story
      of the Confederate soldier still lives. It has formed an
      enduring lodgment in every home, and as the years recede its
      thrilling traditions will pass from lip to lip.</p>
    <p id="c_14_18">
      In May, 1865, the remnant of the Confederate army returned to
      their desolated homes. Since then there has been a desire on
      the part of this people not only to show to future generations
      their approval of the manner in which they performed their
      duty, but also to give some enduring testimonial of their
      appreciation of the honor and glory they won. This monument is
      the fulfillment of that cherished purpose; and now that it is
      finished, we trust that it will meet your approbation. At any
      rate, we ask you to accept it in the spirit that has created
      it. As its front inscription indicates, we dedicate it “to the
      valor, devotion, and sacrifice unto death of the Confederate
      soldiers of Tennessee.” This generation need not be told what
      this means, for they too have lived under the dark shadows of
      the four years of blood and carnage. The tramp, tramp, tramp of
      the marching hosts echoes in their hearts to-day. Battle
      succeeds battle more deadly than before. Every messenger from
      the front tells of the wreck of a living hope. Every home is a
      house of mourning—a whole people baptized in martial glory,
      with one hope and one destiny.</p>
    <p id="c_14_19">
      This shaft is not intended to commemorate the fame of our great
      generals—the account of the battle has told of them—but the
      private soldier, the rank and file of the Confederate armies,
      the citizen soldiery, who without hope of reward suffered
      privations, fought against greater numbers, and sacrificed
      their lives in the discharge of duty. From Gettysburg to the
      distant fields of the far South—wherever the army fought—they
      sleep in their blankets in unmarked and forgotten graves. It is
      their unwritten record we would lift aloft and inscribe their
      names among the stars. Driven from their homes, weary from
      forced marches, weak from hunger, in tattered garments, they
      marched to their death amid bursting shell and rattling,
      crashing musketry. Such we would remember to-day. And the lone
      sentinel yonder, as he looks away from the granite base,
      “instances each soldier’s grave as a shrine.” In the years to
      come let the stranger who is attracted to this spot, as he
      gazes up at that typical form, partake of the inspiration that
      we would have to linger here.</p>
    <div class="ctr">
      <div class="poem" id="c_14_20">
        <p class="v2 pmQ">
          “Pious marble! Let thy readers know</p>
        <p class="pm0 v0">
          What they and what their children owe</p>
        <p class="pm0 v0">
          To the brave men whose sacred dust</p>
        <p class="pm0 v0">
          We here commit unto thy trust.</p>
        <p class="pm0 v0">
          Protect their memory, preserve their story;</p>
        <p class="pm0 v0">
          Remain a lasting monument to their glory.”</p>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_15">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER XV.<br />
    <small class="smcap">A Few Facts from History.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    The Southern States furnished the Federal army with the
    following:</p>
  <div class="ctr">
    <table class="sm">
      <tr>
        <td class="p1">
          White troops</td>
        <td class="p1 rt">
          276,439</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          Negroes</td>
        <td class="rt">
          178,975</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          Foreigners</td>
        <td class="rt bb">
          444,586</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="p1 i2">
          Total</td>
        <td class="p1 rt">
          800,000</td></tr>
    </table>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_15_2">
    Foreigners in the Federal army were as follows:</p>
  <div class="ctr">
    <table class="sm">
      <tr>
        <td class="p1">
          Germans</td>
        <td class="p1 rt">
          176,800</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          Irish</td>
        <td class="rt">
          144,200</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          British-Americans</td>
        <td class="rt">
          53,500</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          English</td>
        <td class="rt">
          45,500</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          Other&nbsp;foreigners</td>
        <td class="rt bb">
          74,900</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="p1 i2">
          Total</td>
        <td class="p1 rt">
          494,900</td></tr>
    </table>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_15_3">
    The Federal army in its report for May, 1865, had present for
    duty 1,000,576, while it had present equipped 602,598. The
    Confederate army in its report for April 9, 1865, had 174,223
    paroled and 98,802 in Federal prisons, making a total of
    272,025.</p>
  <p id="c_15_4">
    As the armies stood at time of surrender:</p>
  <div class="ctr">
    <table class="sm">
      <tr>
        <td class="p1">
          Federal soldiers</td>
        <td class="p1 rt">
          1,000,576</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          Confederate soldiers</td>
        <td class="rt">
          272,025</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          Total enlistment of Federal army</td>
        <td class="rt">
          2,778,304</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          Total enlistment of Confederate army</td>
        <td class="rt">
          600,000</td></tr>
    </table>
  </div>
  <p class="p1" id="c_15_5">
    1. The State of New York with 448,850 and Pennsylvania with
    337,936 Union soldiers aggregated 768,635 soldiers and
    outnumbered the entire Confederate army.</p>
  <p id="c_15_6">
    2. Illinois with 259,092, Ohio with 313,180, and Indiana with
    196,363 soldiers aggregated 768,635 soldiers and outnumbered the
    Confederate army.</p>
  <p id="c_15_7">
    3. New England with 363,162 and the 316,424 Union soldiers of the
    slave States aggregated 679,586 soldiers and outnumbered the
    Confederate army.</p>
  <p id="c_15_8">
    4. The States west of the Mississippi River, exclusive of
    Missouri and the other Southern States, enlisted 319,563,
    Delaware, New Jersey, and the District of Columbia 105,632, and
    the negro troops enlisted in the Southern States and not before
    counted were 99,337—an aggregate of 514,532 soldiers.</p>
  <p id="c_15_9">
    These facts, taken from the war records, show that there were
    four Union armies in the field, each of which was as large as the
    Confederate army.</p>
  <p id="c_15_10">
    The following list of killed and wounded (exclusive of prisoners)
    in the nineteen great battles of the war was compiled by Lieut.
    Col. G.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;R. Henderson, C.B., in his most excellent
    book of two volumes styled “Stonewall Jackson and the American
    Civil War.” I am glad that some neutral party has so truthfully
    recorded the facts as they are. He came to the United States
    after the war in order to investigate and write for the benefit
    of an impartial public a true history. He was given every
    facility for that purpose and had access to the reports of both
    sides, with the personal interviews of both Federal and
    Confederate officers who had participated from the beginning to
    the close of the war. After much labor and time spent, he made
    the following report, touching the killed and wounded of both
    armies in the battles named, which report received the full
    indorsement of Field Marshal the Right Honorable Viscount
    Wolseley, commander in chief of the Army of Great Britain. Taken,
    then, as such, it should be accepted as impartial and true.</p>
  <div class="pgbreak">
    <table class="v6 xxs" id="c_15_11">
      <caption class="smcap">
        List of Killed and Wounded (not Including Prisoners) in the
        Great Battles of the War between the States, 1861 to
        1865.</caption>
      <tr>
        <th class="top smcap">
          Name of</th>
        <th class="top smcap bl">&nbsp;
          </th>
        <th class="top smcap bl bb" colspan="2">
          Number of Troops Engaged</th>
        <th class="top smcap bl bb" colspan="3">
          Killed and Wounded</th>
        <th class="top smcap bl">
          Tot</th>
        <th class="top smcap bl">
          Pct of</th></tr>

      <tr>
        <th class="bottom smcap bb">
          Battle</th>
        <th class="bottom smcap bl bb">
          Date</th>
        <th class="bottom smcap bl bb">
          Cfd</th>
        <th class="bottom smcap bl bb">
          Fed</th>
        <th class="bottom smcap bl bb">
          Cfd</th>
        <th class="bottom smcap bl bb">
          Fed</th>
        <th class="bottom smcap bl bb">
          Total</th>
        <th class="bottom smcap bl bb">
          Pct</th>
        <th class="bottom smcap bl bb">
          Vic</th></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Manassas*</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1861</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          18,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          18,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1,969</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1,584</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          3,553</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          9</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          10</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Perryville</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1862</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          16,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          27,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          3,200</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          3,700</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          6,900</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          16</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          ···</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle bb">
          Shiloh</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          1862</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          40,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          58,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          9,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          12,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          21,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          20</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          20</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Seven Pines</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1862</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          39,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          51,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          6,134</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          5,031</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          11,165</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          12</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          9</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Gaines Mill*</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1862</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          54,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          36,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          8,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          5,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          13,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          14</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          14</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle bb">
          Malvern Hill</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          1862</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          70,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          80,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          5,500</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          2,800</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          8,300</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          5</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          3</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Cedar Run*</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1862</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          21,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          12,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1,314</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          2,380</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          3,694</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          11</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          6</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Second Manassas*</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1862</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          54,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          73,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          9,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          13,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          22,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          17</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          16</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle bb">
          Sharpsburg*</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          1862</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          41,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          87,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          9,500</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          12,410</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          21,910</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          17</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          23</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Fredericksburg*</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1862</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          70,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          120,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          4,224</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          12,747</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          16,971</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          8</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          6</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Chickamauga*</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1863</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          71,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          57,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          18,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          17,100</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          35,100</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          27</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          25</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle bb">
          Chancellorsville*</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          1863</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          62,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          130,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          10,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          14,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          24,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          12</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          17</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Gettysburg</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1863</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          70,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          93,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          18,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          17,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          37,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          24</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          20</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Chattanooga</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1863</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          33,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          60,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          3,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          5,500</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          8,500</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          8</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          9</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle bb">
          S. River or M’boro*</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          1862 -63</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          33,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          60,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          9,500</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          9,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          18,500</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          24</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          20</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Wilderness*</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1864</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          61,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          118,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          11,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          15,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          26,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          14</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          18</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Spottsylvania C.&nbsp;H.*</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1864</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          50,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          100,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          8,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          17,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          25,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          16</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          16</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle bb">
          Cold Harbor*</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          1864</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          58,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          110,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          1,700</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          10,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          11,700</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          6</td>
        <td class="bl rt bb">
          3</td></tr>

      <tr>
        <td class="battle">
          Nashville</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          1864</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          39,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          55,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          3,500</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          3,000</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          6,500</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          6</td>
        <td class="bl rt">
          5</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="p1 ctr smcap" colspan="9">
          (Cfd = Confederate; Fed = Federal; Vic = Victor)</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="ctr" colspan="9">
          * Indicates battles won by Confederates.</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="p1 ctr" colspan="9">
          Confederates victorious, 12; Federals victorious, 7.</td></tr>
    </table>
  </div>
  <p class="v2" id="c_15_12">
    It will be seen from the report that the per cent of casualties
    (killed and wounded) at Chickamauga is greater than any other
    battle of the war—to wit: twenty-seven per cent. The next in
    order are Gettysburg and Murfreesboro, with twenty-four per cent
    each. It will be remembered, too, that at Gettysburg the combined
    armies engaged aggregated 163,000, while at Chickamauga the
    combined armies engaged numbered 128,000. The killed and wounded
    at Gettysburg numbered 37,000, while at Chickamauga the killed
    and wounded numbered 35,100—a difference of 35,000 in the
    aggregated strength of the two armies and only a difference of
    1,900 in the number of killed and wounded. Gettysburg and
    Chickamauga were the two great battles of the war, as I have
    before remarked, the one in the East and the other in the West.
    In these engagements the Confederate army had its greatest
    strength and enthusiasm. After these two battles they fought with
    some degree of success to the last. The North continued to gather
    strength, while the South had no resources to draw upon. “The
    cradle and the grave” had made their liberal contributions, and
    for the soldier who fell in action there was no one to supply his
    place.</p>
  <p id="c_15_13">
    In the table I have indicated the Murfreesboro—or Stones River,
    as it is called by the Federals—battle as a victory for the
    Confederates when it should have been for the Federals. General
    Bragg gained a great victory at Murfreesboro on the 30th of
    December, 1862; but after two days’ inactivity and failing to
    follow it up, he assaulted the fortified position of the Federals
    with a single division, that of General Breckenridge, who, after
    a gallant fight, was repulsed with heavy loss on the 1st of
    January, 1863. That night General Bragg withdrew his army and
    retreated to Shelbyville. Technically speaking, Colonel Henderson
    is correct, for the Federals had won every portion of the field
    at the termination of the battle.</p>
  <p id="c_15_14">
    I do not like to criticize any portion of what Colonel Henderson
    says in his report, but I am of the opinion that he is in error
    when he places the Confederate forces at Chickamauga as larger
    than those of the Federal army. I will do him the justice to say
    that I have heard the same claimed by Northern writers. The
    Confederate soldiers claim that the Federal army was numerically
    the largest. They account for the mistake in this way: It was
    well known that General Longstreet was ordered to Chickamauga to
    reënforce General Bragg with his large veteran corps from General
    Lee’s army in Virginia, numbering some twenty or twenty-five
    thousand. But General Longstreet did not reach the field until
    the night of the 19th, and participated in the last day’s fight,
    the 20th of September. Only two of his divisions reached there in
    time to take part in the last day’s battle—the divisions of
    Generals McLaws and Hood, numbering less than ten thousand. At a
    consultation had at General Bragg’s headquarters on the night of
    the 19th the Confederate army was divided into two wings, General
    Polk to command the right wing and General Longstreet to command
    the left wing. More than two-thirds of the left wing were troops
    of the Army of Tennessee and were on the field before General
    Longstreet arrived. These facts show that the two armies were
    about equal numerically; if anything, the Federal army was the
    larger. The change of figures would adjust the relative strength
    of each army. Anyhow, there was honor and glory won at
    Chickamauga—enough to satisfy every American soldier that took
    part in that great battle. It was the deadliest battle not only
    of our War between the States, but stands without a parallel in
    all modern warfare. The great battle between Wellington and
    Napoleon at Waterloo, fought in 1815, falls short of it three per
    cent in killed and wounded, when the stake was the destiny of all
    Europe.</p>
  <p id="c_15_15">
    Since the war the government of the United States has purchased
    the entire battle field of Chickamauga (thousands of acres) and
    transformed what was a rugged and immense growth of timber and
    undergrowth into a beautiful national park, checking every point
    of interest with smooth roadways, and preserving at the same time
    every object as it appeared during the battle. A military post
    has been established there, which the government is now about to
    enlarge at great expense. Troops from all the States, both North
    and South, participated in the battle of Chickamauga. Most of
    them have erected imposing monuments to their respective
    soldiers. A forest of monumental spires is to be seen in any
    direction one may travel over the great field of battle, every
    one of which, as it lifts its tall shaft to the skies, tells of
    the soldiers who fought there, whether they wore the blue or the
    gray.</p>
  <p id="c_15_16">
    As I have said before, the Confederate armies never enlisted more
    than six hundred thousand soldiers from first to last. I have
    said also that the Federal writers have denied this and claimed
    more, which under the circumstances they are more than anxious
    should be the fact. I still insist that the Confederate
    estimate—to wit, six hundred thousand—is approximately correct,
    as is shown in the June (1912) number of the <i>Confederate
    Veteran</i> in a well-digested and carefully prepared paper
    written by Rev. R.&nbsp;H. McKim, which most convincingly
    confirms these figures. President Tyler, of William and Henry
    College, writing on “The South in the Building of the Nation,”
    says: “In round numbers the South had on her muster rolls from
    first to last about six hundred thousand soldiers.” This estimate
    agrees with that of Adjutant General Cooper, whose duty it was to
    keep an accurate roster of the Confederate armies during the
    entire war; that of Dr. Bledsoe, Vice President Alexander H.
    Stephens, Gen. Jubal A. Early, and Gen. John Preston; also with
    that of many other distinguished and reliable writers I could
    mention who confirm this estimate of the strength of the
    Confederate armies.</p>
  <p id="c_15_17">
    Every paroled soldier at Appomattox under General Lee on the 9th
    of April, 1865, or under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at Greensboro,
    N.&nbsp;C., on the 26th of April, 1865, seventeen days
    afterwards, knew that he was fighting an enemy that outnumbered
    him from six or twelve to one. The Confederate paroled list, as
    well as the morning’s reports of the Federal army, will show that
    this is an indisputable fact, and it should go down in history at
    these figures.</p>
  <p id="c_15_18">
    The latest United States census report made prior to the breaking
    out of the War between the States shows that the Northern States
    had a white population about five times as large as that of the
    Southern States. By the offering of large bounties, the United
    States enlisted four hundred and ninety-four thousand foreigners.
    Many of these at the close of the war never claimed citizenship
    here, but returned to the land of their nativity. Since the
    passage of the pension laws they have been paid millions of
    dollars by the United States. After nearly half a century the
    survivors are still drawing their pensions—mercenary soldiers in
    fact and in deed.</p>
  <p id="c_15_19">
    The Southern States furnished the Northern army 276,439 white
    troops and 178,975 colored troops. These are well-authenticated
    facts and fully justify Southern people for the insistence they
    make of the comparative strength of the two armies during the
    war.</p>
  <p id="c_15_20">
    We claim that no army has ever fought so valiantly as the
    Confederate army. All history fails to show a parallel case. For
    four years they maintained the unequal contest, fighting more and
    greater battles, conducting longer campaigns, and enduring more
    privations than were ever before recorded. The South claims this
    much, though in the contest they lost all save honor.</p>
  <div class="ctr">
    <div class="poem sm" id="c_15_21">
      <p class="v2 pmQ">
        “No nation rose so white and fair,</p>
      <p class="pm2 v0">
        Or fell so pure of crimes.”</p>
    </div>
  </div>
  <p class="v2" id="c_15_22">
    The Confederate cavalry regiments for three winters slept in the
    open air, without tents, before a log-heap fire. In case of rain
    or sleet, they would get some forked limbs, place a pole between
    the forks, put rails on the ground, resting them on the pole, and
    spread an oilcloth or blanket from the pole down to the ground.
    The result was a splendid “lay-out” (or “lay-in”), especially
    with the log-heap fire in front of the opening. The poet has
    exclaimed in ecstasy:</p>
  <p class="v1 ctr sm blk5">
    “Balmy sleep, tired nature’s sweet restorer!”</p>
  <p class="v1 i0">
    One can never experience the sentiment unless this is tried. Some
    died in getting accustomed to it; but generally the survivors
    were stout, healthy, and active soldiers. A dry snow was not to
    be dreaded, for it supplied a covering equal to at least two
    blankets. When morning bugles were sounded, they would rise,
    throwing blankets and snow off them, feeling stout and strong
    enough to throw their horse over a ten-rail fence. Such a morning
    made the boys happy that they were Confederate soldiers and that
    they could dream of “home, sweet home.”</p>
  <p id="c_15_23">
    Every survivor of the Confederate army will indorse what Gen.
    Bennett H. Young, Commander in Chief of the United Confederate
    Veterans, so well and truthfully said in his speech on Decoration
    Day, 1912, at Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville, Ky., in part as
    follows:</p>
  <p class="v1 blk5 sm" id="c_15_24">
    Our love of country does not dim or tarnish the love for our
    Confederation. The Confederate States lived only four years, and
    they occupy upon the pages of human history more space than any
    other nation that lived for the same length of time. We are not
    ashamed for what they did; we rejoice in what we suffered. The
    glory and grandeur of the character of the Confederate soldier we
    shall maintain for all time. We have nothing to say derogatory to
    the courage, valor, and patriotism of our countrymen who sleep
    beneath the stars and stripes, and whose graves are kept green by
    a nation’s gratitude and love; but we affirm that no nation of
    equal numbers, with the limitation of a large population of
    slaves, enlisted proportionately so vast a number of men under
    its standards or ever undertook to defend so vast a territory. We
    contend that no army of equal numbers ever fought so many battles
    in so brief a period or suffered such tremendous losses. One man
    in every three who wore the Confederate uniform died on the
    battle field or from wounds received in conflict or in the
    hospital. History details no account of such a vast percentage of
    mortality or such tremendous sacrifices. These losses proclaim
    the incontestable valor of the Confederate soldiers, and no
    people who ever engaged in war inflicted upon their enemy such
    vast damage and injury.</p>
  <p class="v1" id="c_15_25">
    But few remain of the line that went down with the flag on the
    26th of April, 1865, at Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C. Another generation
    has come and gone since then. We seldom see each other now. May
    we meet again in the great hereafter!</p>
  <div class="ctr">
    <div class="poem sm" id="c_15_26">
      <p class="v2 pmQ">
        “In many a lonely thicket,</p>
      <p class="pm2 v0">
        Far from life’s beaten track,</p>
      <p class="pm0 v0">
        The scout and guard and picket,</p>
      <p class="pm2 v0">
        The boys who never came back:</p>
      <p class="pm0 v0">
        They died where the cannon’s thunder</p>
      <p class="pm2 v0">
        Made savage pulses thrill,</p>
      <p class="pm0 v0">
        That the flag they battled under</p>
      <p class="pm2 v0">
        Might wave o’er free men still.”</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_16">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER XVI.<br />
    <small class="smcap">After the War.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    The assassination of President Lincoln was in a special way most
    calamitous to the citizens of the South. It intensified and
    augmented to the highest degree the angry passions engendered by
    four years of war and postponed for years that reconciliation of
    the two sections that the surrender of the Confederate armies
    should have brought about, happening as it did when the North was
    ablaze with bonfires in exultation over the downfall of the
    Confederate government; for General Lee had evacuated Petersburg,
    Richmond the capital had fallen, and its civil officers were
    fugitives.</p>
  <p id="c_16_2">
    The great crime committed by Booth was the act of a madman, born
    of the spirit that had suggested the burning of the ancient and
    famed Temple of Diana. Notwithstanding this, the Northern press
    teemed with the most exciting and inflammatory editorials, even
    charging well-known and most respectable citizens of the South
    and the officials of the Confederate government itself with
    complicity in the crime. Reason was dethroned, and it was unsafe
    to express a different conclusion.</p>
  <p id="c_16_3">
    At the South the act met with the most profound and pronounced
    condemnation, not only by the citizens of the South, but by the
    soldiers who had surrendered and were awaiting their paroles. I
    remember that when the information reached the army at
    Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., one would have supposed that there would
    have been some indiscreet expressions or exultations, but instead
    of that it was received in silence and with pronounced
    expressions of the severest condemnation.</p>
  <p id="c_16_4">
    It is believed that if Mr. Lincoln had survived the war there
    would have been no such radical measures enacted and enforced as
    existed for years after the declaration of peace. The changed
    condition that the war had wrought was accepted in good faith by
    the people of the South, and the legislation necessary to adjust
    the autonomy of the seceded States would have taken place
    peaceably and at once. In fact, it is surprising that the good
    and just people of the North did not intervene to prevent this
    long period of misrule and the unlawful exercise of power and
    oppression. It is not my purpose to speak in detail of this now
    more than to say that I do not think a darker picture was ever
    spread before human minds than was presented during the long
    years of reconstruction in the South.</p>
  <p id="c_16_5">
    The first ray of sunshine to penetrate the darkness was when
    Brownlow’s self-constituted legislature elected him to the United
    States Senate. It was well assumed that his counterpart could not
    be produced again. DeWitt Senter was Speaker of the Senate and
    became Governor by virtue of his office. He was from East
    Tennessee and had been a consistent Union man, with no feelings
    of enmity toward his fellow citizens from whom he differed
    regarding public questions. Col. W.&nbsp;B. Stokes, a native of
    Middle Tennessee, was the logical successor to Brownlow. The
    Governor and legislature of the State were to be elected in a
    short time after Brownlow’s election to the Senate, and Acting
    Governor Senter was a candidate for the office, as well as
    Colonel Stokes. To beat Stokes it was necessary to have another
    registration of votes, for as the poll stood Stokes was certain
    to be elected. Senter was fully aware of this; and having the
    power by law to ask for another registration, he did so, and at
    once issued indiscriminately to the voters of the State the
    necessary certificates. He was elected Governor, with a
    conservative, representative legislature. A constitutional
    convention was called, to which was elected by the whole people
    an able and representative body of men, who enacted a new State
    constitution in 1870 embracing the necessary amendments. In due
    time after this all obnoxious and oppressive laws were repealed
    by the legislature, and the State government was placed in the
    hands of its citizens again, which was the signal for the
    accumulated horde of vampires to fold their tents and march away
    in quest of a more congenial clime.</p>
  <p id="c_16_6">
    If there lingered in the minds of the people of the North a
    feeling that the South was disloyal to the government, it was
    dispelled by the breaking out of the Spanish-American War in
    1898, when they saw with what alacrity and unmistakable
    patriotism the Southern States answered the call made upon them
    for their quota of volunteer troops; and tendering at once more
    than were necessary, it could not but satisfy every doubting
    Thomas. Besides this, quite a number of the South’s most noted
    generals during the War between the States tendered their
    services and were accepted by the President, valiantly assisting
    in bringing the war to a satisfactory conclusion. If that war
    effected no other result, it was sufficient, if not necessary,
    that it had happened in order to silence forever all doubt upon
    the question of the loyalty and patriotism of the Southern
    people.</p>
  <p id="c_16_7">
    The territory of the United States has broadened by the
    annexation of a number of new sovereign States. Its population in
    every section has been increased to a remarkable degree since the
    war. We feel that we are justified in saying that peace,
    prosperity, and happiness exist to-day throughout its borders. To
    extend these national blessings to future generations, we should
    remember that it can be done only by the enactment and
    enforcement of laws tempered with justice, founded in wisdom, and
    in sustaining the decisions of an incorruptible judiciary, which
    is the last and strongest hope of the liberty and freedom of the
    people.</p>
  <p id="c_16_8">
    The ex-Confederate soldier who faithfully performed his duty
    during the War between the States can now rest satisfied that the
    future historian will do him justice in his heroic effort to
    maintain the Constitution enacted by his rebellious forefathers
    and his attempt to enforce the decisions made by the highest
    tribunal of his country. He is as law-abiding to-day, nearly half
    a century afterwards, as he was then.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_17">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER XVII.<small
      class="smcap"><a
        href="#fn_3"
        class="anchor">3</a></small><br />
      General Bragg’s Kentucky Campaign in&nbsp;1862.<br />
      <small>BY BAXTER SMITH.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    In June, 1862, after the retreat of the Confederate army from
    Corinth to Tupelo, Miss., in view of important movements to the
    northward had in mind by the Confederate authorities, it was
    deemed wise by General Bragg, who had succeeded to the chief
    command of the Army of Mississippi, to transfer Col. N.&nbsp;B.
    Forrest to Gen. E. Kirby Smith’s Department of East Tennessee, in
    order that he might operate on Buell’s line of communication with
    Nashville and Louisville, as well as Cincinnati.</p>
  <p id="c_17_2">
    At Tupelo the army was thoroughly reorganized by that master
    hand, Gen. Braxton Bragg, for an aggressive campaign into and
    through the State of Kentucky—one column under Gen. E. Kirby
    Smith, whose objective was Cincinnati, and one column under
    General Bragg himself, his objective being Louisville, Ky. While
    the Army of Mississippi lay at Tupelo, Miss., it was reorganized,
    drilled, and placed in a high degree of efficiency preparatory to
    its northward movement, which, when made, would necessarily draw
    General Buell from his base, then in North Alabama.</p>
  <p id="c_17_3">
    Pursuant to General Bragg’s order, Colonel Forrest proceeded to
    Chattanooga, and from thence to the vicinity of McMinnville,
    where he organized his first brigade, consisting of about 1,300
    men. Leaving Colonel Forrest at Chattanooga, I reported at
    Knoxville to Gen. E. Kirby Smith, who, when my credentials were
    presented, remarked that I was the man he was looking for. He at
    once commissioned me as major of cavalry and ordered me to repair
    to Loudon and take command of a battalion stationed there and
    join Colonel Forrest near McMinnville, which I did at once. After
    organizing the brigade and putting it in the best state of
    efficiency that could be done with raw troops, many of whom were
    badly mounted and armed and many of whom had never been under
    fire, the commanding officer called a council of war to determine
    what movement should be first made by the new brigade. Before
    this time efficient and trustworthy scouts had been dispatched to
    the vicinity of various important points along the Nashville and
    Chattanooga Railroad, it being deemed important to inflict as
    much damage as possible to that road, which was the main line of
    communication of Buell in his expected retreat to Nashville and
    thence to Louisville. There were many important points along that
    road that were garrisoned, Murfreesboro, a city of from three to
    five thousand inhabitants, being regarded as the most formidable.
    A detailed account of the engagement there was made by me many
    years ago, and is as follows:</p>
  <p id="c_17_4">
    Colonel Forrest left Tupelo early in June, 1862, with a small
    staff, for the scenes of his new operations. Proceeding across
    the country to Knoxville, he reported to General Smith, who
    assigned him to the command of a brigade of cavalry, the various
    commands of which were ordered to report at a place known as Rock
    Martins, about seven miles east of McMinnville. There Forrest’s
    first brigade was formed, and consisted of the Eighth Texas
    (Terry’s Rangers) Regiment, commanded by Col. John A. Wharton;
    the Second Georgia Regiment, commanded by Col. J.&nbsp;K. Lawton;
    the First Georgia Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel
    Morrison; and a battalion consisting of four companies of
    Tennessee cavalry and a squadron of Kentuckians formerly of
    Helm’s Regiment, all placed under the command of Maj. (afterwards
    Colonel) Baxter Smith. The entire effective force, armed,
    numbered about 1,300 men, all cavalry, many of whom had seen but
    little service, and what they would accomplish under their new
    leader had to be determined by testing them.</p>
  <p id="c_17_5">
    Reliable scouts were sent out along the railroad as far as and
    beyond Murfreesboro, and information of an important character
    was obtained, particularly of the situation at Murfreesboro. It
    was found that Murfreesboro was garrisoned by a force of about
    2,000 men—two regiments of infantry, a battalion of cavalry, four
    new field pieces of artillery, and a company of 125&nbsp;men.</p>
  <p id="c_17_6">
    With this information at hand, Forrest held perhaps his first
    council of war, where all the news brought in by scouts was laid
    before the council. All the field officers were present, as well
    as several citizens of distinction who were volunteer aides on
    Forrest’s staff, among the number being Colonel Saunders; Hon.
    Andrew Ewing, a distinguished lawyer of Nashville; and F.&nbsp;C.
    Dunnington, former editor of the Nashville <i>Union</i>. As a
    result of the conference, at which it was evident that Forrest
    was the master spirit, it was determined to make a descent on
    Murfreesboro. The command was put in motion late on Saturday,
    July&nbsp;12, with orders to “keep well closed up” and to make
    Murfreesboro by daylight the next morning, a distance of forty
    miles. After it had been determined to make a descent on
    Murfreesboro, Forrest had his brigade drawn up and made a
    stirring appeal to the officers and men to sustain him in the
    effort he was about to undertake. He told them that the next day
    (July&nbsp;13) would be the anniversary of his birth and that he
    would like to celebrate it at Murfreesboro, near his birthplace,
    in a becoming manner. All of the commands promised that they
    would contribute what they could to the felicitation of the
    occasion. To Capt. Edwin Arnold, afterwards sheriff of Rutherford
    County, Colonel Forrest was indebted for much information
    connected with the expedition.</p>
  <p id="c_17_7">
    The command moved at a rapid rate, reaching Woodbury about
    midnight, where the whole population of the town seemed to be on
    the streets. The ladies of the town gathered about Colonel
    Forrest and related to him and his command the events of the
    evening before, when a large detachment of Federal soldiers had
    swooped down upon the town and had carried away almost every man,
    young and old, in the town, and had rushed them off to prison in
    Murfreesboro. These ladies appealed to Colonel Forrest in the
    most moving tones to rescue their husbands, fathers, and brothers
    and restore them to their homes, which he promised them he would
    do before sunset the next day, a promise that he literally
    fulfilled. Richard Cœur de Lion never made brighter resolve to
    rescue the holy sepulcher from the infidel when he donned his
    armor and went forth to battle with the Saracens than did Forrest
    on this occasion.</p>
  <p id="c_17_8">
    After partaking of a bountiful repast for men and horses, the
    movement was rapidly resumed, Murfreesboro being still some
    eighteen or twenty miles distant. Reaching the vicinity of the
    city in the gray dawn of the morning, the scouts that had been
    sent forward reported that the pickets were stationed a short
    distance ahead. A small detachment was sent forward by Colonel
    Wharton, who was in the advance, and the pickets were captured,
    leaving an unobstructed road into the city. About this time other
    scouts reported that they had just returned from the city and had
    passed near all the encampments, that all was quiet and no notice
    of the impending danger seemed to have been given, and that they
    appeared not to apprehend it. Among the scouts performing this
    dangerous and important service were Capt. Fred James, a gallant
    soldier of Bragg’s army and a native of Murfreesboro, who
    afterwards fell in sight of his home at the battle of
    Murfreesboro, December&nbsp;31, 1862. Another was Capt.
    J.&nbsp;W. Nichol, who is happily spared to us. He afterwards,
    until the close of the war, commanded Company&nbsp;G (chiefly
    Rutherford and Cannon County men) in Col. Baxter Smith’s Fourth
    Tennessee Cavalry Regiment. No truer or better soldier ever went
    forth to battle. He was wounded so often that it is doubtful if
    he knows himself how often, the last wound having been received
    at Bentonville, N.&nbsp;C.</p>
  <p id="c_17_9">
    Everything being ready, dispositions were made for the attack,
    the expectation being to surprise the garrison. It was desired to
    attack the enemy at all points simultaneously. The first force to
    be encountered was the Ninth Michigan Infantry and a squadron of
    cavalry located on the Liberty Pike. The order was to form fours,
    the Eighth Texas to charge into the encampment in columns of
    platoons, which was executed in handsome style, and very shortly
    they were in the midst of the Federal encampment. The soldiers,
    for the most part, were in their tents enjoying their Sunday
    morning sleep; but they were very soon rallied and put up a sharp
    fight from behind wagons or any other protection they could find,
    many of them being undressed. In the first onset Colonel Wharton
    was wounded, as well as Colonel Duffield, the Federal commander.
    In the effort to rally his men, Colonel Wharton was at a
    disadvantage in that four of his rear companies, mistaking the
    orders, followed the lead of Colonel Morrison, who charged into
    the public square of the city, in the center of which stood the
    courthouse, which was garrisoned. After a sharp contest, the
    Eighth Texas withdrew on the McMinnville Road with a large number
    of prisoners, there being still a considerable portion of the
    Ninth Michigan in their encampment, which afterwards surrendered.
    Maj. Baxter Smith was ordered to charge the cavalry encampment,
    somewhat detached from the infantry, which was done. They were
    captured just as they were preparing to mount their horses.</p>
  <p id="c_17_10">
    While these movements were progressing, Colonel Morrison was
    ordered to take his battalion and charge upon the courthouse,
    which he did, taking by mistake four companies of the Eighth
    Texas, as already stated, and surrounding the courthouse, which
    was garrisoned by one company of the Ninth Michigan. This
    garrison was so well protected that they could not be reached by
    the Confederates from the outside, but the latter were picked off
    in every direction as they surrounded the courthouse. Among many
    others who fell here was the accomplished Colonel Saunders, of
    the staff, who was shot, the ball passing entirely through his
    body and one lung. After lingering long, he happily recovered.</p>
  <p id="c_17_11">
    There was much firing from houses and behind fences in different
    parts of the city where Federal soldiers were billeted or
    concealed and were practically in ambush. In this exigency
    Colonel Forrest came upon the scene, and the men hastily procured
    axes. The Texans and Georgians, led by Forrest, sprang forward in
    front of the courthouse, while Morrison brought up his men to the
    rear or west side. The doors were quickly battered down, and the
    Confederates swarmed inside and captured the garrison. It was
    found that the courthouse and jail were filled with citizens
    (about one hundred and fifty) of the town and surrounding
    country, including those brought in from Woodbury the day before.
    These persons had been arrested and thrown into prison at the
    instance, mainly, of informers on various pretexts. Six of the
    number, some being men of prominence, were at the time under
    sentence of death, or, as expressed by a newspaper correspondent
    from there just before this time, were to “expiate their crimes
    on the gallows.” Among this number was Judge Richardson, now
    an honored member of Congress from the Huntsville (Ala.)
    district.</p>
  <p id="c_17_12">
    By the time the courthouse was opened and there was a general
    delivery at the jail, whose doors were also forced open, the city
    seemed alive with people, including many of the families and
    friends of the captives, and the shouting and rejoicing that went
    up on that occasion will probably never be equaled in that
    community again. The cavalry and garrison at the courthouse had
    surrendered, but there was formidable work yet to be
    accomplished.</p>
  <p id="c_17_13">
    The Third Minnesota Regiment of infantry was stationed northwest
    of the city, near Stones River, and at a point near by were four
    guns that had been firing most of the day when opportunity
    offered. It was now past noon. Forrest made his disposition to
    attack the Federal forces in this quarter. Accordingly, he made a
    rapid detour to the right at the head of Major Smith’s battalion
    and the Georgia troops and also a small company of twenty men
    under P.&nbsp;F. Anderson. Seeing the Confederates approaching,
    the Federals, then about five hundred yards south of their camp,
    halted and formed line of battle, there being some nine companies
    of infantry and four pieces of artillery. Directing the Georgians
    to confront and menace the enemy and engage with skirmishers,
    taking Major Smith with his battalion, which included the
    Kentuckians and three companies of Morrison’s Georgians under
    Major Harper, Forrest pushed rapidly around to the right and rear
    of the encampment, which proved to be still occupied by about one
    hundred men posted behind a strong barricade of wagons and some
    large limestone ledges which afforded excellent protection. He
    therefore “ordered a charge, which was promptly and handsomely
    made, Majors Smith and Harper leading their men. They were met,
    however, with a stubborn, brave defense. Twice, indeed, the
    Confederates were repulsed. But Forrest, drawing his men up for a
    third effort, made a brief appeal to their manhood; and, putting
    himself at the head of the column, the charge was again ordered,
    this time with success. The encampment was penetrated, and the
    greater part of the Federals was either killed or captured.”</p>
  <p id="c_17_14">
    The above in quotation marks is taken from Forrest’s account of
    this part of the affair. An incident occurred at this point which
    has been grossly misrepresented, to Forrest’s prejudice. While
    passing through the encampment he was fired at several times by a
    negro, who suddenly emerged from one of the tents. Forrest
    returned the fire and killed him, and did exactly what he ought
    to have done. This came under the personal observation of the
    writer.</p>
  <p id="c_17_15">
    The Georgians that had been left to confront the main body of the
    enemy, hearing the continued struggle in the encampment and
    mistaking it for an attack in the rear of the Federal force that
    they were confronting, charged in front, broke their line, and
    swept to the rear. Finding that the Federals quickly reformed
    their sundered line and held their ground firmly on an elevated
    ridge, from which position it was manifest that they would be
    hard to dislodge, Forrest thereupon promptly changed his plan of
    operation with that fertility of resource so characteristic of
    him. Placing Major Harper with his three companies so as to cut
    off retreat toward Nashville, disposing of Morrison’s other four
    companies as skirmishers in front to prevent movement on
    Murfreesboro, and sending off the prisoners just taken on the
    McMinnville road, with munitions captured, Forrest led Lawton’s
    regiment and Smith’s battalion rapidly back to Murfreesboro,
    sending a staff officer at the same time for the Eighth Texas,
    which he found had gone about four miles out on the McMinnville
    Road.</p>
  <p id="c_17_16">
    It was now about one o’clock, and as yet little of a decisive
    character had been accomplished, while among many of his officers
    there was manifest want of confidence in the final success in the
    movement. Some officers, indeed, urged Colonel Forrest to be
    contented with what had been accomplished. But, instead of
    heeding this advice, Forrest dismounted Major Smith’s battalion
    and threw him forward with directions to engage in a skirmish
    with the Federal force that was still occupying the encampment of
    the Ninth Michigan. Lieutenant Colonel Hood, of the Second
    Georgia, at the same time was ordered to lead that regiment to a
    point to the left of the Federal position and prepare for a
    charge dismounted, while Colonel Lawton was detailed to write a
    demand for the enemy’s immediate surrender.</p>
  <p id="c_17_17">
    All the while, as the report of Forrest shows, “Smith and his
    men were maintaining a brisk skirmish.” Just as the Confederate
    demand was presented, Wharton’s regiment came opportunely in
    view. The effect was most fortunate. Without further parley, and
    much to the surprise of many of the Confederate officers, the
    surrender was at once made of the Michigan regiment. This
    accomplished, detachments were made which collected the large
    wagon train filled with supplies most necessary, destroying what
    could not be carried off.</p>
  <p id="c_17_18">
    Colonel Forrest, with no loss of time, sent his adjutant, Major
    Strange, to the beleaguered Minnesota regiment, demanding its
    surrender. The colonel of the regiment, Lester, asked to be
    allowed to interview Colonel Duffield, of the Ninth Michigan, who
    was wounded and was a prisoner at the Maney house, near where the
    Ninth Michigan was encamped. The interview was accorded; but
    Colonel Lester asked an hour’s delay to confer with his officers,
    and was given thirty minutes, at the end of which time Forrest
    ostentatiously displayed his troops along the path that Colonel
    Lester was led in going and returning from his interview with
    Colonel Duffield, so as to make him believe that his strength was
    greater than it was. The object was accomplished, and just before
    night of that long summer day the last of the Federal forces at
    Murfreesboro capitulated.</p>
  <p id="c_17_19">
    This last surrender embraced the artillery. On account of the
    proximity of the large Federal forces at other points, Colonel
    Forrest had everything destroyed that could not be taken away,
    and by six o’clock his brigade was in motion for McMinnville.</p>
  <p id="c_17_20">
    The result of this affair was the capture of some 1,765
    prisoners, including Brigadier General Crittenden, commanding the
    post, 600 head of horses and mules, forty or fifty wagons, five
    or six ambulances, four pieces of artillery, and 1,200 stands of
    arms. A Federal writer from Murfreesboro estimated their loss in
    property and munitions at one million dollars. In addition to the
    prisoners captured and taken, about one hundred stragglers came
    in the next day, and were paroled by Colonel Saunders,
    desperately wounded as he was.</p>
  <p id="c_17_21">
    After the troops and prisoners (together with the captured
    property) were put in motion on the McMinnville Road, Maj. Baxter
    Smith was ordered to proceed along the line of the railroad as
    far southward as Christiana and destroy the bridges, then to
    return to Murfreesboro and destroy the bridges across Stones
    River. This order was executed, resulting in the destruction of
    the bridges and the capture of small garrison guarding a bridge
    some five miles from the city. The last of these orders was
    executed about midnight Sunday night, and Murfreesboro was
    unoccupied by soldiers of either army, except the wounded, who
    could not be carried away.</p>
  <p id="c_17_22">
    After Forrest’s brilliant engagement at Murfreesboro (which made
    him a brigadier general), he made proper disposition of his
    prisoners. After a rest of a day or two, the command, including
    my battalion, to which, previous to the battle, were attached two
    splendid companies of Kentuckians commanded by Captains Taylor
    and Waltham, was put in motion toward Lebanon, some fifty miles
    distant, at which point it was reported that a Federal force of
    some five hundred men were stationed. Marching day and might,
    Lebanon was reached about dawn July 20, to find that the enemy
    had heard of our approach in time to escape. No more hospitable
    treatment could have been accorded the soldiers than was given by
    the splendid citizenship of this old, historic town. The noble
    women of the town vied with each other in superb
    entertainment.</p>
  <p id="c_17_23">
    On the next day the command was moved in the direction of
    Nashville, thirty miles distant, then strongly fortified and
    garrisoned by a large Federal force under command of General
    Negley, as well as the redoubtable Military Governor, Andrew
    Johnson. To lend inspiration to the troops, a party of
    irrepressible young women with escorts appeared on the scene near
    the Hermitage, twelve miles from Nashville, to celebrate the
    anniversary of the battle of Bull Run, being well supplied with
    edibles for their picnic, to which the soldiers were invited, and
    many spent an enjoyable hour.</p>
  <p id="c_17_24">
    At a point on Stones River about seven miles from Nashville a
    picket force was captured, as well as a small picket force near
    the lunatic asylum, driving the balance into the city.
    Simultaneously with these operations a small Confederate force
    probably under Duvall McNairy, without any concert of action with
    Forrest’s command, dashed on the Federal pickets and drove them
    in on the Franklin Road, producing the belief in the city that it
    was surrounded and threatened with a serious assault. The long
    roll was called, and general preparations were made in the city
    to resist the assault.</p>
  <p id="c_17_25">
    Pushing forward to Mill Creek, four miles from the city, which
    was spanned by a bridge, we assaulted the small force which
    guarded the bridge, capturing some twenty prisoners and
    destroying the bridge. Antioch, about one mile distant, was next
    attacked. We captured some thirty-five prisoners, destroyed the
    depot, stores, and freight cars, and burned the bridges. Part of
    the command was here detached and moved in the direction of
    Murfreesboro, destroying a bridge, capturing fifteen more
    prisoners, and killing and wounding about as many, without
    sustaining any loss.</p>
  <p id="c_17_26">
    After Forrest’s capture of Murfreesboro, General Nelson was sent
    out from Nashville with an infantry force of about 3,500 men,
    which vainly tried to come up with Forrest, marching and
    countermarching, finally landing at Murfreesboro, giving up the
    chase in disgust. General Forrest then moved to McMinnville and
    halted for rest and observation of the enemy’s movements till
    August 10, when the main army under General Bragg moved, from
    which point the command, being threatened with a superior force,
    fell back to Sparta. Meantime General Bragg had established his
    headquarters at Chattanooga, where he was concentrating the Army
    of Mississippi for his contemplated campaign into Kentucky.</p>
  <p id="c_17_27">
    General Forrest next moved from Sparta to Woodbury, to the
    enemy’s rear, threatening Murfreesboro. From there the command
    moved up the railroad, destroying all the bridges and tearing up
    the railroad track near McMinnville.</p>
  <p id="c_17_28">
    Near Altamont the Federals had almost surrounded Forrest’s small
    force; but by superior strategy he escaped, leading his brigade
    back to Sparta, which place the advance of General Bragg’s army
    had already reached. This was early in September, 1862. After
    being reënforced by four companies of cavalry of his old regiment
    and a section of artillery, Forrest was assigned the duty of
    guarding General Bragg’s left flank and rear, he being now in
    full movement for Kentucky.</p>
  <p id="c_17_29">
    My command moved along the line of the Louisville and Nashville
    Railroad practically all the way from near Nashville to within
    about six miles of Louisville, destroying bridges and tearing up
    the track. After reaching Louisville, Forrest was ordered to
    report to General Polk. Under Polk’s orders we moved to
    Munfordville in time to prevent the escape of a large force of
    infantry (3,000 or 4,000 men) and artillery in the fort at that
    point. This movement of General Forrest compelled them to return
    to their fortifications, which soon afterwards were assailed by
    the Confederate infantry and artillery and compelled to
    surrender. I rode into the fort with the officers who received
    the capitulation. The whole of Bragg’s army came up in the
    meantime, and it was the general opinion that he ought to give
    battle to General Buell at that place, it being in his direct
    line of march to Louisville, and for many other reasons. But he
    thought differently and turned aside toward Bardstown. About the
    25th of September General Forrest was ordered to turn his brigade
    over to Col. John A. Wharton, his senior colonel, of the Eighth
    Texas, and proceed at once to Murfreesboro to take command of the
    troops that might be raised in Middle Tennessee.</p>
  <p id="c_17_30">
    A summary of the operations and casualties of the brigade up to
    that time showed that its killed and wounded amounted to
    200&nbsp;men. We had killed and wounded of the enemy fully 350
    and captured over 2,000 prisoners of war, including one brigadier
    general, four or five field officers, about sixty regimental
    officers, four pieces of artillery, two stands of colors, six
    hundred draft animals, and a large wagon train.</p>
  <p id="c_17_31">
    As the army of invasion under General Bragg entered Kentucky in
    the month of September, 1862, it soon became understood that Col.
    (afterwards General) Joseph Wheeler had the confidence of the
    general commanding in a very eminent degree, and that he would
    have the chief direction of the movements of the cavalry arm of
    General Bragg’s army in Kentucky, the arm of service with which I
    was connected. This was particularly so after General (then
    Colonel) Forrest returned from Bardstown, Ky., to Murfreesboro,
    Tenn., he having taken leave of his brigade at Bardstown, turning
    it over to Col. John A. Wharton, who was afterwards justly
    promoted to the offices of brigadier and major general.</p>
  <p id="c_17_32">
    No army ever marched forward with higher hopes of success and
    more eager for the fray than did the Army of Mississippi move
    into Kentucky. The forward movement from the swamps of
    Mississippi, to which General Beauregard had retreated from
    Corinth, seemed to inspire the troops with new life and to have
    imparted vigor and health to many a wasting form. Many a
    pale-faced and emaciated boy who had been reared in the lap of
    wealth in the blue-grass regions of Kentucky and Tennessee took
    heart when he turned his face homeward, and resolved that he
    would not die with the diseases that were so prevalent in the
    army at Tupelo at that time. It is too familiar to all to render
    it necessary to mention that the movement into Kentucky was
    accomplished by flanking General Buell, making a detour by way of
    Chattanooga and Knoxville, the right wing of the army, under Gen.
    E.&nbsp;K. Smith, moving by way of the latter place, and the
    remainder of the army, under the immediate command of General
    Bragg, by way of Sparta, Tenn., with a view of striking General
    Buell’s communications a short distance north of Nashville and of
    pushing as far as possible on that line toward Louisville.
    General Smith moved first. He made a most brilliant fight at
    Richmond, Ky., completely routing the Federals under General
    Nelson and capturing 5,000 prisoners. He moved on to Lexington
    and pushed on to Covington, opposite Cincinnati. The first that I
    saw of Colonel Wheeler on that campaign was near Franklin, Ky.,
    when he was throwing every obstacle to be conceived in the way of
    the enemy’s march to check or hinder his progress. Every bridge
    on the road, however small or insignificant, was destroyed, and
    the railroad track was torn up all along the way.</p>
  <p id="c_17_33">
    The main army of General Bragg moved up the Louisville and
    Nashville Railroad as far as Elizabethtown, and there turned off
    to Bardstown, to the right. Here the infantry and artillery
    rested and recruited some two weeks, while the cavalry, under
    Colonels Wheeler and Wharton, pushed on as far as possible on all
    roads toward Louisville. I went within six miles of the city, and
    was there when, in view of an expected attack on the city, so
    great a panic prevailed as to cause a majority of the women and
    children to be sent across the Ohio River. When the main army
    left Bardstown, it moved in the direction of Perryville, and
    there it formed a junction with a portion of the forces of
    General Smith.</p>
  <p id="c_17_34">
    While the army rested at Bardstown the cavalry pushed as far
    forward as possible toward the enemy on all roads from that
    point, and skirmishes with the Federal cavalry were almost daily
    occurrences. General Bragg beat no hasty retreat from Bardstown,
    but left leisurely to join General Smith, and intended then to
    give battle or retire from Kentucky into Tennessee with the rich
    spoils accumulated in this “land of milk and honey.” As the
    Federal army advanced the cavalry gradually fell back until we
    were within a few miles of Bardstown. As a matter of strategy and
    as an illustration that some of our adversaries relied upon
    tricks and unfair advantages in their military operations, I will
    add that, while skirmishing with the enemy on the Louisville
    Pike, a flag of truce party appeared in my front, and I
    immediately ordered all firing to cease. As I understood it, the
    rule was that when either side sent a flag of truce and it was
    received it operated as an injunction upon all further movements
    of the army, pending the flag of truce. I received the officer
    with courtesy, and he presented an official communication
    addressed to General Bragg, sent for no other purpose, in my
    judgment, than to ascertain the movements of the army and General
    Bragg’s whereabouts. I forwarded the document to Colonel Wharton,
    commanding my brigade, who forwarded it to General Bragg. The
    captain in command of the flag of truce party said that he would
    wait for an answer, and did wait probably two hours.</p>
  <p id="c_17_35">
    During the time, however, I discovered, what I at first
    suspected, that his object and that of the Federal commanding
    general was not only to learn the whereabouts of General Bragg,
    but likewise to advance their whole army under cover of this
    flag. I had some men posted at some haystacks on the left, and
    there were some houses near by. The first we discovered of their
    treachery was that their skirmishers suddenly dashed forward to
    these houses, and I immediately opened fire upon them to prevent
    their reaching the houses. At the same time I placed the captain
    and his cavalry escort under arrest and informed the officer that
    I considered the truce violated, and that they were my prisoners
    until further orders. They readily yielded and affected great
    mortification that there should have been a change in the
    position of their army pending the flag of truce.</p>
  <p id="c_17_36">
    After some explanations from a General Smith, who commanded the
    Federal brigade in my immediate front, and who came down in
    person, the flag of truce party was released, and each side
    agreed to retire a certain distance. My orders were to retire to
    a certain point which would be the outpost for the present, and I
    was not to skirmish any in retiring. Notwithstanding this
    agreement, I was to witness the crowning act of perfidy on the
    part of the enemy, whose cavalry made a sudden dash in superior
    force on my left and captured Lieutenant Scruggs and ten men. I
    felt the loss of this brave officer and his trusty men keenly.
    It was now night and very dark, and nothing further could be
    done.</p>
  <p id="c_17_37">
    On the next morning Colonel Wharton wrote a very strong note in
    reference to this perfidious act, addressed to Major General
    Thomas, commanding the division in our front. Maj. Tom Harrison
    and I were sent with an escort under a flag of truce to a stone
    house, probably five miles from Bardstown, and there delivered
    the communication. We were detained there at least two hours, at
    the expiration of which time we received the reply of General
    Thomas that he would consider the case when he got into camp, and
    this was the last of the captured party for some months.</p>
  <p id="c_17_38">
    We kept our obligation on this day, as on the day before. The
    Federals violated theirs, as on the day before, and, pending this
    flag of truce, moved their whole army forward; and while we were
    waiting for a reply a cavalry brigade, by making a wide detour,
    threw themselves between Colonel Wharton’s brigade and Bardstown,
    and their infantry support was only a short distance behind. We
    had orders from Colonel Wheeler to encamp in Bardstown that
    night, and were taking it leisurely in marching there when a
    Texas Ranger who had been on a “bread detail” stumbled upon the
    Federals between us and Bardstown and gave the alarm. We were
    completely “cut off” from the remainder of the army.</p>
  <p id="c_17_39">
    No time was to be lost, and but one course seemed to be left open
    to pursue, and that was to make a determined dash at them and
    sweep every obstacle from our way. Colonel Wharton did not
    hesitate to take this course; and, putting himself at the head of
    his brigade, he ordered: “Form fours, and charge!” Soon we were
    sweeping down the pike like an avalanche, and presently we came
    in sight of the bluecoats forming in a long line covering every
    approach to the town. The impetuosity of that charge, however,
    stimulated by that wild yell peculiar to the Southerner, was not
    to be resisted; and after delivering one or two volleys, which
    did not check our boys, their whole line gave way, and they fled
    from the field in utter confusion, and their officers were never
    able to get them to stand again, although the infantry was almost
    in supporting distance. Nothing could have been more handsomely
    done, and it was accomplished with slight loss. The number the
    enemy lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners was considerable. I
    cannot state the number. Each of our boys seemed to have felt it
    to be a duty to bring away a prisoner or a horse, and I saw many
    a hatless cavalryman riding behind the Southern boys on horses
    that they had lately claimed as their own.</p>
  <p id="c_17_40">
    Capt. Mark Evans, of the Eighth Texas Regiment, was as brave a
    spirit as I ever knew. I shall never forget his exploit of
    unhorsing two of the enemy in almost an instant and the pleasure
    that he seemed to derive from recounting the circumstance to me
    that night. Poor fellow! he was destined to fall in the next
    conflict we had, which was only a few days later, at
    Perryville.</p>
  <p id="c_17_41">
    From Bardstown we moved on toward Perryville, checking the
    enemy’s advance as much as possible. At Perryville it was
    apparent to General Bragg that the enemy must be checked in order
    to give him time to move off his baggage train and stores, as
    well as those of General Smith. I will not attempt a description
    of that bloody encounter, lasting from about
    2&nbsp;<small>P.M.</small> until 8&nbsp;<small>P.M.</small>
    General Bragg had only about 12,000 or 14,000 men engaged, while
    the enemy had two large corps, Gilbert’s and McCook’s. The
    country is beautifully undulating, and chain after chain of hills
    meet the eye, reminding one of the waves of the ocean. As the
    Southern forces advanced the Federal troops receded. The enemy
    was forced back at least two miles. It was deemed by General
    Bragg that the enemy’s advance had been sufficiently checked, and
    he commenced his famous retreat from Kentucky.</p>
  <p id="c_17_42">
    It was in this retreat that Colonel Wheeler, who had chief
    command of the cavalry, particularly distinguished himself. So
    untiring and sleepless was Wheeler’s vigilance that General Bragg
    moved leisurely out of the State with his trains intact and
    without the infantry being called upon. The battle of Perryville
    was fought on the 8th of October, 1862; and the pursuit was kept
    up as far as London, in Eastern Kentucky, which our rear reached
    about the last day of October. It was on this retreat that I
    became well acquainted with Colonel Wheeler and found him to be a
    thorough soldier. As gentle as a woman and as chivalrous as a
    cavalier of the olden time, he possessed the finest courage, and
    could generally be found with the rear guard as the enemy
    advanced, personally seeing that nothing was omitted necessary to
    check the enemy’s advance. His habits were strictly temperate,
    and he usually lay down to sleep at night with his men in
    bivouac.</p>
  <p id="c_17_43">
    At London Colonel Wheeler ordered me to take the troops that I
    was then in command of as major and proceed on the road which
    passed through the Cumberland Mountains at Big Creek Gap, to
    cover the right flank of the army and protect it from assault as
    the main body passed through Cumberland Gap. I was further
    ordered to take command of all stragglers whom I found on the
    road. After proceeding some distance, I was informed by scouts
    that had been thrown forward that a company of from one hundred
    to one hundred and fifty bushwhackers had assembled in
    Williamsburg, a village of a few hundred inhabitants situated on
    the Cumberland River near its source, to resist our passing and
    to pick up stragglers. The column was immediately put in motion,
    and we went at a trot until we came to the opposite side of the
    river. Firing was commenced both on our front and flank; but it
    was soon over, for we charged them, and they broke and ran. About
    five of the bushwhackers (or home guards, as they styled
    themselves) were killed and many wounded.</p>
  <p id="c_17_44">
    I shall never forget an incident that occurred there. As we
    charged into the town the bushwhackers ran in every direction.
    Tom Gann, of Company&nbsp;C of my Regiment (which was formed
    afterwards), had pursued one of them beyond the town, when the
    fellow turned and fired upon him, killing his horse. Gann fired
    at the same time, but missed his aim. Neither of them having
    another load in reserve, the alternative was presented of
    “fighting it out on some other line.” Gann at once seized a round
    stone and hurled it against the head of his adversary with such
    force as to break his skull, and he was left for dead.</p>
  <p id="c_17_45">
    On this route we were attacked as often as four or five times by
    bushwhackers. One day we were marching along quietly in column,
    not expecting an attack. The advance guard had passed, when
    suddenly a volley poured forth from the summit of a hill or
    mountain into the head of the column, wounding the man on my
    right and the horse on my left. We soon dispersed them, but it
    was a very annoying sort of warfare—that of the assassin shooting
    you in the back and running off.</p>
  <p id="c_17_46">
    After passing through the Gap, I reported to Colonel Wheeler, and
    I received from him an order to proceed to Knoxville. Reaching
    Knoxville about the 27th of October, it was understood that the
    army was moving to Murfreesboro, Tenn., as fast as the
    transportation permitted, and that the cavalry would move on
    leisurely to that point. At Murfreesboro Colonels Wheeler and
    Wharton each received their commissions as brigadier generals.
    These promotions were very well deserved, for each had won his
    spurs in that campaign.</p>
  <p id="c_17_47">
    In the early days of November, 1862, after the army had returned
    to Middle Tennessee, General Wharton moved out to the front and
    established his headquarters at Nolensville, a village in
    Williamson County, situated about sixteen miles from Nashville on
    one of the main roads leading out of the city. The Federal army
    then occupied Nashville with a large force under the command of
    Major General Rosecrans, who had superseded General Buell in
    Kentucky after the latter had given up the pursuit of General
    Bragg toward Cumberland Gap. General Rosecrans had turned and
    pressed his forces forward as rapidly as possible to Nashville.
    He was already in strong force there when General Bragg reached
    Murfreesboro. Upon the arrival of General Bragg at Murfreesboro,
    he at once set about reorganizing and recruiting his army. In
    November, 1862, I was notified through General Wharton of the
    organization of my Regiment and that I had been commissioned
    colonel of it by the War Department at Richmond.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="c_18">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    CHAPTER XVIII.<br />
    <small class="smcap">Members of the Regiment Now
    Living.</small></h2>
  <p class="v2">
    The following is a list of members now living (from latest
    information) who either surrendered with the Regiment or were
    honorably discharged therefrom for disability incurred during the
    war:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_18_2">
      Field and Staff.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      Col. Baxter Smith, Chattanooga, Tenn.; Adjt. George B. Guild,
      Nashville, Tenn.; Sergt. Maj. W.&nbsp;A. Rushing, Lebanon,
      Tenn.; Surgeon W.&nbsp;T. Delaney, Bristol, Va.; Assistant
      Surgeon J.&nbsp;T. Allen, Caney Springs, Tenn.; Acting
      Quartermaster R.&nbsp;O. McLean, Nashville, Tenn.; Acting
      Assistant Quartermaster Bob Corder, Williamson County, Tenn.;
      Acting Commissary First Lieut. J.&nbsp;T. Barbee,
      Sardis,&nbsp;Ky.</p>
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_18_3">
      Company A.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      Dr. Tom Allen, Caney Springs, Tenn.; Joe Yarbrough, Lewisburg,
      Tenn.; James Tippett, Greenville, Tex.; Thomas Sherron, Chapel
      Hill, Tenn.; William Edwards, Chapel Hill, Tenn.; Scott Davis,
      Lewisburg, Tenn.; Joe Yarbrough (second), Lewisburg, Tenn.; W.
      &nbsp;R. Wynn, Lewisburg, Tenn.; Polk Warner, Lewisburg, Tenn.;
      Ben Jobe, Paris, Tenn.; Jim Wilbern, Oklahoma; Melville Porter,
      McKenzie, Tenn.; William (“Dutch”) Alexander, Chattanooga,
      Tenn.; Gid Alexander, New Orleans,&nbsp;La.</p>
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_18_4">
      Company B.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      Lieut. G.&nbsp;W. Carmack, Jonesboro, Tenn.; Henry Delaney,
      Bristol, Va.; Abe McClelland, Bluff City, Tenn.; W.&nbsp;C.
      Ingles, Knoxville, Tenn.; Dr. W.&nbsp;T. Delaney,
      Bristol,&nbsp;Va.</p>
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_18_5">
      Company C.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      Lieut. R.&nbsp;L. Scruggs, Stonewall, Tenn.; Lieut. Samuel
      Scoggins, Nashville, Tenn.; Pat Moss, Smith County, Tenn.; Ike
      Evans, Smith County, Tenn.; Dave Shipp, Smith County, Tenn.;
      William Bell, Big Spring, Tenn.; Sam Flippin, Birmingham, Ala.;
      Don Flippin, Smith County, Tenn.; Thomas Sanders, Nashville,
      Tenn.; Bob Grissim, Smith County, Tenn.</p>
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_18_6">
      Company D.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      First Lieut. Robert Bone, Texas; Second Lieut. J.&nbsp;T.
      Barbee, Sardis, Ky.; Third Lieut. J.&nbsp;A. Arnold, Lebanon,
      Tenn.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_18_7">
    I feel that I ought to add here that Lieutenant Bone was one of
    the best and most active officers we had. He was always to be
    found in the forefront of the battle, and was wounded several
    times. In one of the last battles we had he was captured by the
    enemy; and while he was being carried to Johnson’s Island with
    other prisoners he leaped from the train, making his escape into
    Canada, and was fortunate enough to get transportation upon a
    blockade runner coming into Charleston, S.&nbsp;C., reporting
    back to his regiment in four weeks after being captured. I am not
    positive that he is living to-day, but he was living in Texas
    when last heard from, more than a year ago.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_18_8">
      Company E.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      First Lieut. H.&nbsp;L. Preston, Woodbury, Tenn.; Third Lieut.
      John Fathera, Woodbury, Tenn.; N. Bony Preston, Woodbury,
      Tenn.; Thomas Vinson, Henry Gillam, William Wood, Warren
      Cummings, Al Kennedy, William Davis, N.&nbsp;A. Mitchell,
      I.&nbsp;Y. Davis, Eph Neely, R.&nbsp;S. Spindle, W.&nbsp;D.
      Coleman, John Knox, John H. Wharton, B.&nbsp;F. Pinkerton,
      I.&nbsp;W. Stewart, Reese Hammons, John Hayes.</p>
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_18_9">
      Company F.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      Lieutenant Williamson, Kentucky; W.&nbsp;H. Davis, Dallas,
      Tex.; J.&nbsp;H. Davis, Martha, Tenn.; Zack Thompson,
      Shelbyville, Tenn.</p>
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_18_10">
      Company G.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      Capt. J.&nbsp;W. Nichol, Murfreesboro, Tenn.; Lieut. F.&nbsp;A.
      McKnight, Sergt. W.&nbsp;R. Fowler, Corp. I.&nbsp;C. Carnahan,
      L.&nbsp;M. Roberts, D.&nbsp;D. Murray, S.&nbsp;M. McGill,
      W.&nbsp;P. Gaither, L.&nbsp;L. Gaither, T.&nbsp;A. Gaither,
      S.&nbsp;M. McKnight, Robert Patrick, A.&nbsp;C. Good,
      I.&nbsp;F. Good, I.&nbsp;E. Neely, N.&nbsp;I. Ivie, W.&nbsp;H.
      Taylor, John Nugent, Houston Miller, L.&nbsp;W. Jarnigan,
      A.&nbsp;H. Youree, I.&nbsp;C. Coleman, W.&nbsp;W. Gray,
      B.&nbsp;L. Sagely, E. Bynum, E.&nbsp;H. Murrey, H.&nbsp;N.
      Jones, C.&nbsp;W. Moore, Calvin Brewer, James Love, Bob
      Knox.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_18_11">
    Capt. J.&nbsp;W. Nichol, of Company&nbsp;G, says that of those
    living at this time, sixteen of them were young men on their way
    to join his company when the surrender occurred. The following
    are the circumstances in the case: Some weeks before the
    surrender, in 1865, he had sent his first lieutenant, Dave
    Youree, a most excellent and reliable officer, to Cannon and
    Rutherford Counties, Tenn., to obtain recruits. Just before the
    surrender Youree was returning to the command with the sixteen
    young men who had enlisted in said counties and whom he had sworn
    into the company and Regiment. Upon reaching the State of Georgia
    on their way to join the Regiment, then in North Carolina, they
    met General Forrest and his command and were informed of the
    condition of the Confederate army. At General Forrest’s
    suggestion, they remained with him, participated in his
    engagements around Selma, Ala., and surrendered with General
    Forrest’s command, receiving their paroles at Gainesville, Ala.,
    in May, 1865, as members of Company G, Fourth Tennessee Regiment.
    The sixteen young men are certainly entitled to be named in the
    list of living in Company G at this time, for they gave the best
    evidence of their manhood and patriotism by leaving voluntarily
    their homes behind the lines under the forlorn and desperate
    circumstances surrounding them and the Confederate army.</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_18_12">
      Company H.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      J.&nbsp;C. Ivey, Clear Lake, Tex.; Sam H. Bennett, Jasper,
      Tenn.; John Davis, Jasper, Tenn.; William T. Warren, Dayton,
      Tenn.; Zebulon Ballew, Sequatchie Valley, Tenn.; Billy Phelps,
      Sequatchie Valley, Tenn.; Robert Phelps, Sequatchie Valley,
      Tenn.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="c_18_13">
    I have just received a letter from J.&nbsp;C. Ivey, of
    Company&nbsp;H, giving me the foregoing list of his company. I
    want to thank him again for the interest and assistance he has
    given me in preparing the facts for this narrative of the
    Regiment, and I feel that I ought to make his letter a part of
    the narrative. The letter is as follows:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v2 rt">
      <span
        class="smcap">Clear Lake, Tex.</span>,
      October 16, 1912.</p>
    <p class="v1 i0 sm">
      Maj. George B. Guild, Nashville, Tenn.</p>
    <p class="v1" id="c_18_14">
      <i>My Dear Adjutant and Comrade</i>: Your letter came in due
      time, and this is the first opportunity I have had to answer
      your question in regard to those still living of Company H.
      There were thirty-four who were surrendered at Charlotte,
      N.&nbsp;C. I shall never forget that sorrowful day when we gave
      up our guns. That morning our beloved General Wheeler came to
      our Regiment and announced that we were a subjugated people
      and, while the tears were flowing from his eyes, advised us to
      return home and make as good citizens as we had soldiers and
      all would come out right. So far as I know, not one of those
      that were with us in the closing of this sad drama ever went
      wrong in any way. As for those that absented themselves, I have
      had no communication with any of them.</p>
    <p>
      I remain your old comrade,</p>
    <p class="smcap rt">
      J. C. Ivey.</p>
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_18_15">
      Company I.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      Lieut. John W. Storey, Forest City, Ark.; B.&nbsp;P. Harrison,
      Albany, Ky.; Joel Brown, Glasgow, Ky.; Z.&nbsp;T. Crouch,
      Bellbuckle, Tenn.; Dr. Henry Sienknecht, Oliver Springs, Tenn.;
      John Hall, Tennessee; Isaac Ford, Rome, Tenn.; Orville I.
      Moate, Washington, D.&nbsp;C.; Lieut. William H. Hildreth,
      Alvarado, Tex.; John N. Simpson, Dallas, Tex.; William Wallace,
      Texas; Jeff Boles, Phœnix, Ariz.; Henry Gatewood,
      Ennis,&nbsp;Tex.</p>
    <p class="v2 ctr smcap" id="c_18_16">
      Company K.</p>
    <p class="v1">
      Frank Anderson, Nashville, Tenn.; Joe Miller, Lebanon, Tenn.;
      Hal Shutt, Lebanon, Tenn.; Bryant Goodrich, Nashville, Tenn.;
      James Thomas, Los Angeles,&nbsp;Cal.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v2" id="c_18_17">
    I cannot hear of a single one of Company L who is alive
    to-day.</p>
  <p id="c_18_18">
    Some of the foregoing were young men just arriving at maturity
    and came out to the Regiment from Tennessee (then occupied by
    Federal forces) at the peril of their lives and joined it when
    the cause was a forlorn hope indeed. Of this class Capt. Frank A.
    Moses, the Special Examiner on the State Confederate Pension
    Board, had occasion to say in his annual report to the
    Confederate Association of Bivouacs and Camps at Shelbyville
    recently:</p>
  <p class="v1 blk5 sm" id="c_18_19">
    Comrades, it was easy for you and me to go out in 1861 or 1862,
    when the bright flags rippled in the breezes, the bands played
    “Dixie,” and the girls waved their handkerchiefs, bidding us
    Godspeed; but when the dark days came and the flags were tattered
    and blood-stained, when the bands were playing the “Dead March”
    and the noble women mourned the death of loved ones, it was not
    so easy. When the old men and the boys in 1864 picked up the guns
    that had been thrown down by the quitters and stepped into our
    depleted ranks, they showed their faith by their works, and they
    are entitled to all honor.</p>
  <p class="v1" id="c_18_20">
    I take occasion to add that I have been intimately associated
    with Captain Moses on the Pension Board for twenty years. He is
    most efficient in the position he occupies. He joined the
    Confederate army when but a boy. After engaging in the battle of
    Chickamauga, his regiment (the Sixty-Second Tennessee Infantry)
    was sent with Gen. Bushrod Johnson’s brigade to the Army of
    Northern Virginia. He was severely wounded at the battle of
    Drewry’s Bluff, on the James River, below Richmond; and after
    convalescing from his wound he reported to his command at
    Petersburg, and surrendered with General Lee at Appomattox on the
    9th of April, 1865.</p>
  <p id="c_18_21">
    First Lieut. Rice McLean, of Company&nbsp;A, an elegant gentleman
    and brave officer, was in command of his company most of the
    time, especially during the latter part of the war. His captain,
    Dave Alexander, was the oldest man in the Regiment and was much
    disabled by wounds. Lieutenant McLean was frequently called upon
    to perform the most hazardous and important duties, which he did
    with dispatch and to the highest satisfaction of the commanding
    officer. None stood higher in the Regiment or was more respected
    for his fidelity as a soldier. He was most amiable in character
    and in kindly comradeship toward his fellow soldiers. He was
    wounded several times in battle. He died a few years ago in
    Kentucky, where he had lived since the close of the war. I could
    not resist the opportunity of saying a word regarding my warm
    personal friend, Rice McLean. He was a brother of the wife of
    Capt. Tom Hardison, one of Nashville’s most worthy and honorable
    citizens.</p>
  <p id="c_18_22">
    Lieut. J.&nbsp;W. Storey, who was in command of Company&nbsp;I at
    the surrender, writes me that I should speak of the killing of Eb
    Crozier, of his company, who was a most intelligent, lovable man,
    and a brave soldier during the entire war. He received his parole
    of honor with the rest of the Regiment at Charlotte, N.&nbsp;C.,
    May&nbsp;3, 1865, and started home with us; but before reaching
    Sweetwater, Tenn., he took the road to the right to go to his
    home in Upper East Tennessee, which he had not visited for years.
    Upon reaching home, he was brutally murdered by a band of Union
    bushwhackers, with his parole of honor in his pocket, the ink
    with which it was written being hardly dry upon the paper. A more
    dastardly act was never perpetrated. His name has been placed
    among the killed in battle of his company, and I am sure that the
    reader will say that it rightfully belongs there, together with
    any other honor that could be attached to his memory.</p>
  <p id="c_18_23">
    Capt. James H. Britton, of Company&nbsp;K, was a native of
    Lebanon, Tenn., and was educated at Cumberland University, where
    he graduated with highest honors as a civil engineer. He was
    first lieutenant of the “Cedar Snags,” of which Paul F. Anderson
    was captain. When the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry Regiment was
    organized, the company became a part of it. Captain Anderson
    became lieutenant colonel and Lieutenant Britton was made captain
    of Company&nbsp;K, both continuing as such until the surrender of
    the army, in 1865, at Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C. During the greater
    part of the war Company&nbsp;K was the escort of the commanding
    general. Captain Britton was a faithful, brave, and intelligent
    officer. He and his company were well known to the Army of
    Tennessee by the important duties that they were called upon to
    do in carrying orders to different parts of the field, frequently
    where the battle raged fiercest and hottest. The company’s killed
    and wounded was heavy, as will be seen on pages 165 and 166. Soon
    after the war Captain Britton moved to Texas, where he was
    successful as a business man and accumulated quite a fortune. He
    died there many years ago, a public-spirited, most worthy
    citizen. Dr. R.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;C. White and Wat Weakley, who were
    well-known citizens of Nashville, Tenn., were soldiers in this
    company, having joined it when it was first organized, and served
    throughout the war.</p>
  <p id="c_18_24">
    I have received from a friend the following record of Capt.
    J.&nbsp;W. Nichol prior to his company’s being attached to the
    Fourth Tennessee Cavalry Regiment, which I take pleasure in
    making a part of this narrative:</p>
  <p class="v1 sm blk5" id="c_18_25">
    Capt. J.&nbsp;W. Nichol was born and reared near Readyville,
    Rutherford County, Tenn., February&nbsp;26, 1839. He entered the
    Confederate service at Murfreesboro, Tenn., May&nbsp;21, 1861, as
    a lieutenant in Captain Wood’s Company H, Joe B. Palmer’s
    Eighteenth Tennessee Regiment, serving in same until a few days
    before the first battle at Fort Donelson, February, 1862. On a
    march from Bowling Green, Ky., we left him, sick of measles, at
    Russellville, Ky.; therefore he was not in the fight at Fort
    Donelson, where the Eighteenth Tennessee Regiment was captured
    and sent to prison. He was sent back with the sick to Bowling
    Green, thence to Nashville and Murfreesboro. At Murfreesboro he
    reported to Gen. A.&nbsp;S. Johnston, who directed him to get
    together all the members of the Eighteenth Tennessee Regiment who
    might be at home on sick furlough, also any who might have made
    their escape from prison, organizing them into a company or
    battalion, and connect the same with some other regiment. But
    before Captain Nichol could do this General Johnston, with his
    army, moved to Shelbyville, where Nichol reported to him again,
    informing him that he had met a number of the command who desired
    to join other regiments instead of forming a new command. General
    Johnston directed him to assign these men to any desired company
    until the Eighteenth should be exchanged. Nichol then, with nine
    others of the Eighteenth Tennessee, procured horses and fell back
    with General Johnston to Corinth, Miss., where they attached
    themselves to General Buckner’s old escort, a Kentucky company
    commanded by Captain Kerr, who had made their escape from Fort
    Donelson and were serving as an escort for General Hardee. Nichol
    served as a private soldier with this company until after the
    battle of Corinth, April&nbsp;6,&nbsp;7, 1862. Some time after
    this battle he went to General Beauregard’s headquarters (General
    Johnston having been killed in the engagement on April&nbsp;6),
    and asked permission to go into Middle Tennessee and make up a
    cavalry company, which request was granted. With considerable
    difficulty he made his way to the neighborhood of his old home,
    there being Federal troops, stationed at Murfreesboro, who were
    scouting the surrounding country frequently. On one occasion
    Captain Unthanks, with a Yankee company of seventy-two men, came
    out from Murfreesboro to Readyville (Captain Nichol’s old home),
    and went on to Woodbury and McMinnville on a scouting expedition.
    Colonel Starnes, commanding the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry, was
    near McMinnville and, upon learning of the scouting party headed
    by Captain Unthanks, moved into McMinnville in a few hours, and
    made inquiry for a man fully acquainted with the roads leading
    therefrom. Captain Nichol, who was just in from Corinth, Miss.,
    reported to Colonel Starnes that he was conversant with all the
    roads leading to Murfreesboro. Leaving McMinnville late in the
    afternoon, Colonel Starnes and his men reached Woodbury about
    daylight of the next day, finding that Captain Unthanks had
    stopped there to feed his horses and had just left. Instantly
    pursuing, Starnes caught them at Readyville (Nichol’s old home),
    eating breakfast, Captain Unthanks and most of his men being at
    Major Tallay’s (the old Ready residence). Starnes was upon them
    before they were aware, killing three and capturing all except
    two others, who made their escape to Murfreesboro. Captain Nichol
    was then engaged in making up his company. Gen. Bedford Forrest
    passed through Readyville July&nbsp;13, 1862; and Nichol, with a
    few unorganized men, fell in line and proceeded to Murfreesboro,
    where they participated in the first fight at Murfreesboro, in
    which they were victorious, taking all the prisoners to
    McMinnville to parole them. From there Nichol proceeded to
    Readyville, where he made up his company. About this time,
    learning of the approach of General Bragg toward Middle
    Tennessee, he, with about seventy unarmed young boys and men,
    riding all night, passing through Liberty, the home of Stokes and
    Blackburn (Yankee bushwhackers), got safely through to Sparta
    just in time to meet Bragg on his march into Kentucky. General
    Polk took Nichol’s company for a time as couriers. Soon
    afterwards they were ordered to report to Maj. J.&nbsp;R. Davis,
    commanding a battalion of cavalry, and were in the fight at
    Perryville, Ky., fighting every day until they reached Cumberland
    Gap, losing several men. Thence they went to Murfreesboro, in
    which battle they were in Davis’s Battalion. Shortly after this
    Smith’s Fourth Tennessee Regiment was formed, composed of Smith’s
    Battalion and Davis’s Battalion. Immediately after this formation
    Wheeler and Forrest were ordered to Fort Donelson, where Nichol
    received his first serious wound. He was in all other engagements
    until the close of the war, being dangerously wounded at
    Bentonville, N.&nbsp;C., the last general engagement of the war.
    He surrendered at Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., with Gen. Joseph E.
    Johnston’s army, and was paroled at Charlotte, N.&nbsp;C.,
    April&nbsp;26,&nbsp;1865.</p>
  <p class="v1" id="c_18_26">
    When Colonel Smith returned, on exchange, from Johnson’s Island
    Prison, just before the battle of Averyboro, N.&nbsp;C., he at
    once assumed command of the brigade as senior colonel. Adjt.
    George B. Guild became his adjutant general, and Capt. J.&nbsp;R.
    Lester, of Company F, became his inspector general, all of them
    serving in this capacity till the surrender of the army at
    Greensboro, N.&nbsp;C., April&nbsp;26, 1865. The coming of
    Colonel Smith created a scene of rejoicing with the Regiment, as
    it had created one of pronounced sorrow when he had been
    captured. The men pressed around him to show him the joy and
    pleasure it afforded. He was called upon to make a talk, when he
    expressed to them the pleasure it gave him to be with them again
    after his long, weary, and dark night as a prisoner in a Northern
    fortress. He said the saddest part of it was that he missed many
    familiar faces who were camping to-day on Fame’s battle ground,
    and but a remnant remained of what they had been; that he had
    learned from time to time, as other prisoners came in, of the
    glorious record they were making and had made as soldiers. He
    expressed his pride in them, and said that their names would be
    remembered by grateful countrymen. Choking for utterance and in
    tears, he sat down. A few minutes after this the order was given
    to mount, and the brigade marched away to take part in the battle
    of Averyboro, N.&nbsp;C. A very interesting incident occurred
    before the foregoing took place. The Regiment had learned that
    his name had been registered for exchange and were expecting him.
    At the battle of Fayetteville, N.&nbsp;C., a few weeks before,
    Lieutenant Massengale had been killed, and his horse, which was a
    most excellent one, a rich bay, evidencing the qualities of a
    thoroughbred, was in the hands of a relative. It was proposed to
    purchase the horse for Colonel Smith when he reported, which was
    done. The men paid the relative $2,600 for the horse, which was
    christened “Lieut. Joe Massengale” in memory of his gallant rider
    who was killed upon his back while leading a charge in the fight
    with Kilpatrick’s forces. Colonel Smith rode this horse in the
    battles that occurred afterwards and until the surrender. He
    brought “Joe Massengale” home with him. After this the horse was
    conspicuous as a part of all the reunions that took place, and
    was named the regimental mascot, by which name he was called
    until he died, in his twenty-sixth year.</p>
  <hr class="v2 w50" />
  <p class="v2" id="c_18_27">
    It has been assumed that the loss of life chargeable to the War
    between the States was over one million individuals. The number
    of great battles fought and the deadliness of the conflict are
    without a parallel in all modern history. In the Dark Ages of the
    world it frequently transpired that the victors assumed the
    divine right to massacre the defeated with fire and sword. We had
    a reminder of what that meant in the march to the sea and in the
    raids through the valleys of Virginia with a well-defined smell
    of fire and destruction about them. Truly it has been said that
    every messenger from the front told of the wreck of a living
    hope, and every home of both the North and South was made a house
    of mourning. But my object in giving the following incident is
    particularly to refute what has sometimes been unjustly said
    about the Confederate army as a band of slaveholders.</p>
  <p id="c_18_28">
    About the beginning of the war there lived in an adjoining county
    a young farmer who was a substantial, intelligent, and
    industrious citizen. By his energy he had accumulated means to
    buy a small hilly farm and erected upon it a plain but neat
    cottage, where he and his young wife lived. He had no farm help
    but a younger brother. In the fall of 1861 he and his brother
    enlisted in the Confederate army. His aged father and mother came
    to live with the wife, and in a short time the Tennessee regiment
    to which he and his brother were attached was ordered to the Army
    of Northern Virginia. The younger brother was killed the day Gen.
    Bob Hatton fell at Seven Pines, near Richmond, Va., in 1862. The
    old mother died in a short time after hearing of the death of her
    baby boy, as she affectionately called him. In 1863 the older
    brother was desperately wounded at Gettysburg in the charge of
    Archer’s Tennessee Brigade on Cemetery Hill and taken a prisoner
    by the enemy. He was reported killed in action by his comrades,
    and was so reported on the rolls of his company during the
    remainder of the war. In fact, his leg had been shattered by a
    cannon ball, and it was hastily amputated above the knee when he
    was sent to Rock Island Prison. The shock from the wound,
    exposure, and want of attention impaired his health, making him a
    patient of the prison hospital until the war ended. His wife, on
    learning of his death, sickened and died of a broken heart, it is
    said. The old father, having been left alone, went off to
    Kentucky to live with a married daughter. Marauding parties
    burned and destroyed the fences around the little farm, and the
    house was ruined and broken down. Nothing was left to remind one
    of the happy home it once had been.</p>
  <p id="c_18_29">
    Such was the health of the soldier that he was not discharged
    from the Rock Island hospital until some three months after the
    surrender of the Confederate armies, when he was paroled and
    permitted to return to his home. Upon reaching his home depot, in
    the first days of September, 1865, good-hearted Tom Day furnished
    him a horse to go out to his home. We will not attempt to depict
    his feelings on seeing the devastation that was spread before him
    upon reaching home. He sought the house of a neighbor, where he
    was told in sympathetic words the sad, sad story. He had not been
    able to write himself during his year or more as a prisoner; and
    confiding it to others, they had failed either willfully or
    negligently to do so. He listened in a dazed state of mind to the
    information imparted to him by his friend, but spoke not a word,
    remaining silent during the evening. As the lengthening shadows
    of the setting sun grew longer, he arose, saying that he would go
    down home again. He was asked to wait till morning and take a
    good night’s rest, to which he gave no heed, hobbling off on his
    crutches in that direction. He did not return that night, and the
    next morning at the breakfast table the neighbor announced that
    he would go down and see if he could hear anything of his friend.
    On approaching the house, he found the door slightly ajar.
    Pushing it open, to his horror he beheld the soldier stretched
    upon the bare floor—dead. He, too, had died of a broken heart.
    The next day he was buried by a few sorrowing friends by the side
    of his wife, at the Old Salem Camp Ground, where his rude
    forefathers sleep.</p>
  <p id="c_18_30">
    The wrecks created along its pathway by a state of war are
    indeterminable. The destruction of property, public and private,
    is its natural consequence. Nor does its blighting effect end
    upon the battle field, but drags into its maelstrom of death the
    innocent, the helpless, and the unprotected. Truly can it be said
    that war makes countless thousands mourn.</p>
  <p id="c_18_31">
    These two young men were a type of the soldiery of which the
    Confederate armies were composed. They had no particular property
    rights to fight for; they owned no slaves; they were not
    personally interested in the slavery question. The doctrine of
    State rights had been the policy of the government since its
    existence. The Constitution and the laws made thereunder
    recognized it, and the Supreme Court of the United States in
    numerous decisions had sustained them. These were to be set at
    naught by force of arms, their country invaded, and their people
    to be subjugated. To prevent this they risked their lives and
    their all. Rebels they were in the sense that their forefathers
    had been, but patriots in the cause of freedom and in their
    efforts to preserve the inalienable rights of the citizen.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="Appendix">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    APPENDIX.</h2>
  <p class="v3 lg ctr" id="Apdx_a">
    A.</p>
  <p class="v1">
    An extract from a letter of Gen. Marcus J. Wright to Thomas
    Nelson Page, author of “Robert E. Lee the Southerner,” dated
    September&nbsp;26, 1907, says:</p>
  <div class="blk5 sm">
    <p class="v1" id="Apdx_a_2">
      From all reliable data that could be secured, it has been
      estimated by the best authorities that the strength of the
      Confederate armies was about 600,000 men, and of this number
      not more than two-thirds were available for active duty in the
      field. The necessity of guarding a long line of exposed
      seacoast and of maintaining permanent garrisons at different
      posts on inland waters and at numerous other points deprived
      the Confederate army in the field of an accession of strength.
      The large preponderance of Federal forces was manifest in all
      the important battles and campaigns of the war. The largest
      force ever assembled by the Confederates was at the Seven Days’
      fight around Richmond.</p>
    <p id="Apdx_a_3">
      General Lee’s report showed 80,835 men present for duty when
      the movement against General McClellan commenced, and the
      Federal forces numbered 115,240.</p>
    <p id="Apdx_a_4">
      At Antietam the Federals had 87,164, and the Confederates had
      35,255.</p>
    <p id="Apdx_a_5">
      At Fredericksburg the Federals had 110,000, and the
      Confederates had 78,110.</p>
    <p id="Apdx_a_6">
      At Chancellorsville the Federals had 131,661, of which number
      only 90,000 were engaged, and the Confederates had 57,212.</p>
    <p id="Apdx_a_7">
      At Gettysburg the Federals had 95,000, and the Confederates had
      44,000.</p>
    <p id="Apdx_a_8">
      At the Wilderness the Federals had 141,160, and the
      Confederates had 63,981.</p>
    <p id="Apdx_a_9">
      In the six battles named the Confederates were victorious in
      four of them, while the Federals were victors in one, and one
      was a drawn battle.</p>
    <p id="Apdx_a_10">
      From the latter part of 1862 until the close of the war in 1865
      there was a constant decrease of the numerical strength of the
      Confederate army. On the other hand, the records show that
      during that time the Federal army was strengthened to the
      extent of 363,390 men.</p>
    <p id="Apdx_a_11">
      In April, 1865, the aggregate of present and absent showed the
      strength of the Confederate army to be about 275,000. Of this
      number, 65,387 were in Federal military prisons and 52,000 were
      absent by reason of disability and other causes. Deducting the
      total of these two numbers (117,387) from 275,000, we have
      157,613 as showing the full effective strength of the
      Confederate army at the close of the war.</p>
  </div>
  <p class="v1" id="Apdx_a_12">
    Gen. Marcus J. Wright has been for many years in charge of the
    Confederate Archives Department at Washington, D.&nbsp;C.,
    including the muster rolls of the Confederate army, and is the
    best authority upon the subject he writes about.</p>
  <p id="Apdx_a_13">
    The able editor of the New Orleans <i>Picayune</i>, in a recent
    editorial upon the strength of the Confederate army, says:</p>
  <p class="v1 blk5 sm" id="Apdx_a_14">
    In the War between the States the official rolls of the Northern
    army show a total enlistment of 2,850,000 men. Allowing 700,000
    men for the South—which would be the extreme limit for a white
    population of 6,000,000, of which 3,000,000 were women and more
    than 2,000,000 males under age, not to mention the 200,000
    Southern men who went into the Union army and the men past
    military age and disabled—it would have been impossible for the
    South to have had more than 700,000 on its rolls, and these
    fought four to one. That these smaller numbers could inflict such
    heavy loss upon the superior numbers of their antagonists made it
    necessary, not only that they should have been ably led, but that
    they should have fought desperately and exhibited extraordinary
    powers of endurance, all of which they did up to the highest
    mark. By the records of modern warfare their performances have
    never been equaled, much less surpassed.</p>
  <p class="v3 lg ctr" id="Apdx__b">
    B.</p>
  <p class="v1">
    “No step could have given more aid and comfort to the North or
    have been more disastrous to the South than the removal of
    General Johnston. Abroad it satisfied the anxious nations of
    Europe that the South was at her last gasp and established their
    hitherto vacillating policy in favor of the Union cause, and the
    Southern cause thereafter steadily declined to its end. The
    destruction of Hood’s army at Nashville removed the only force
    capable of blocking the way of Sherman across the South and left
    him free to march to the sea and, having got in touch with the
    fleet there, continue through the Carolinas, marking his way with
    a track of devastation which has been likened to that made when
    Saxe carried fire and sword through the Palatinate.” (See
    pages&nbsp;63,&nbsp;64 of “Robert E. Lee the Southerner,” by
    Thomas Nelson Page.)</p>
  <p id="Apdx_b_2">
    The North was enabled to recruit her armies by drafting all the
    men she needed, and her command of the sea gave her Europe as a
    recruiting ground. On October&nbsp;17, 1863, the President of the
    United States ordered a draft for 300,000 men. On
    February&nbsp;1, 1864, he called for 500,000; and on
    March&nbsp;14, 1864, he issued an additional call for 200,000
    more “to provide an additional reserve for all contingencies.”
    The South was almost spent. Her spirit was unquenched and was,
    indeed, unquenchable; but her resources, both of treasury and of
    men, were exhausted. Her levies for reserves of all men between
    fifteen and sixty drew from President Davis the lament that she
    was grinding the seed corn of the Confederacy.</p>
  <p class="v3 lg ctr" id="Apdx_c">
    C.</p>
  <p class="v1">
    Gen. W.&nbsp;T. Sherman, in his report of May&nbsp;4, 1864,
    says:</p>
  <p class="v1 blk5 sm" id="Apdx_c_2">
    The Confederate army at my front at Dalton, Ga., comprised,
    according to the best authority, about 45,000 men, commanded by
    Joseph E. Johnston, who was equal in all the elements of
    generalship to Lee and who was under instruction from the war
    power at Richmond to assume the offensive northward as far as
    Nashville. But he soon discovered that he would have to conduct a
    defensive campaign. Coincident with the movement of the Army of
    the Potomac, as announced by telegraph, I advanced from our base
    at Chattanooga with the Army of the Ohio, 13,550 men; the Army of
    the Cumberland, 60,773 men; the Army of the Tennessee, 24,405 men
    (grand total, 98,707 men); and 254&nbsp;guns.</p>
</div>

<div class="pgbreak" id="Index">
  <h2 class="no-break v6">
    INDEX.</h2>
  <ul class="index">
    <li>
      Adams, <a href="#c_8_7">117</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Aiken, J. A., <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Alexander, D. W., <a href="#c_1_3">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Alexander, Gid, <a href="#c_18_3">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Alexander, William, <a href="#c_18_3">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Allen, Dr. Tom, <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_2">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Allen, T., <a href="#c_12_17">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Allen, T. J., <a href="#c_12_41">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Allen, W., <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Allison, Henry, <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Anderson, A. A., <a href="#c_12_9">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Anderson, DeWitt, <a href="#c_1_12">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_42">166</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Anderson, Frank, <a href="#c_12_42">166</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_16">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Anderson, Lieut. Col. P. F., <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_4_6">54</a>,
        <a href="#c_13_22">182</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Arnold, J. A., <a href="#c_1_6">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_6">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Arnold, James, <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Armstrong, J., <a href="#c_12_22">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Atkins, Fentress, <a href="#c_12_38">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Austin, Levi, <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Avants, H., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Avants, N., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_b">
      Bailey, Jonathan, <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Baker, J. N., <a href="#c_12_14">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Ballew, Zeb, <a href="#c_18_12">242</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Barbee, Lieutenant, <a href="#c_1_6">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_2">239</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_6">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Barnes, Joe, <a href="#c_12_41">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Barton, Jack, <a href="#c_12_42">166</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Beard, Lieut. Charles, <a href="#c_1_3">9</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Beauregard, General, <a href="#c_13">172</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bell, J. C., <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bell, John, <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bell, P., <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bell, W., <a href="#c_12_44">166</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_5">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bennett, James, <a href="#c_12_34">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bennett, Moses, <a href="#c_12_34">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bennett, S. H., <a href="#c_18_12">242</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Blackburn, Captain, <a href="#c_3_7">46</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bledsoe, A., <a href="#c_12_38">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bledsoe, Capt. Robert, <a href="#c_1_11">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_38">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bledsoe, Maj. Scott, <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_9">125</a>,
        <a href="#c_13_25">184</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Boles, Jeff, <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bone, Lieut. Bob, <a href="#c_1_6">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_6">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bone, Capt. William, <a href="#c_1">9</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bowman, John, <a href="#c_12_41">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bowman, Lieut. Foster, <a href="#c_1_11">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_38">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bragg, General, <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_1_18">14</a>,
        <a href="#c_4_9">57</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Brandon, J. A., <a href="#c_12_30">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Breckenridge, General, <a href="#c_2_9">23</a>,
        <a href="#c_10_7">140</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Brewer, C., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Britton, Capt. James, <a href="#c_1_12">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_23">246</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Brown, Joel, <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Brown, R., <a href="#c_12_38">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Burford, Ben, <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Burgess, Lieutenant, <a href="#c_1_8">10</a>,
      <a href="#c_12_28">161</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Burke, James, <a href="#c_12_27">161</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bushong, D., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bynum, E., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Bynum, W. M., <a href="#c_12_32">162</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_c">
      Caline, William, <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Carder, Jack, <a href="#c_12_27">161</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Carmack, D. C., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Carmack, Lieutenant, <a href="#c_1_4">10</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Carmack, Lieut. Gid, <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_4">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Carter, General, <a href="#c_8_7">117</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Cato, Joe, <a href="#c_12_13">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Chapman, Bennett, <a href="#c_1">9</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Cheatham, General, <a href="#c_2_9">23</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Chenyworth, Colonel, <a href="#c_3_7">44</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Christian, Major, <a href="#c_3_7">46</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Cleburne, General, <a href="#c_2_9">23</a>,
        <a href="#c_8_7">116</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Coleman, J. C., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Cook, Colonel, <a href="#c_3_7">46</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Cook, Col. Ed, <a href="#c_5_11">65</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Cooper, I., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Corbett, W., <a href="#c_1_12">10</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Corder, Bob, <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_2">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Cox, James, <a href="#c_12_9">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Crockett, Frank, <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Crouch, Zack T., <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Crozier, Lieut. E., <a href="#c_9">125</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_22">245</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Cunningham, Frank, <a href="#c_1_5">10</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Curren, George, <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Curren, W. J., <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_d">
      Dark, James, <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Davis, James, <a href="#c_12_7">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Davis, J. H., <a href="#c_18_9">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Davis, John, <a href="#c_18_12">242</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Davis, President, <a href="#c_5_13">66</a>,
        <a href="#c_10_3">138</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Davis, Robert, <a href="#c_9_7">131</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Davis, Robert A., <a href="#c_12_41">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Davis, Scott, <a href="#c_18_3">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Davis, W. H., <a href="#c_18_3">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Deadman, <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Deason, William, <a href="#c_12_38">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Delaney, Dr. W. T., <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_11">157</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_2">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Delaney, Henry, <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_4">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Dibrell, General, <a href="#c_3_4">39</a>,
        <a href="#c_6_3">71</a>,
        <a href="#c_7_16">108</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Dillard, J., <a href="#c_12_27">161</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Dillard, John, <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Dillon, S., <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Doak, Tom, <a href="#c_12_23">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Donnell, R. O., <a href="#c_12_13">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Doughtry, James, <a href="#c_12_30">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Douglas, John, <a href="#c_5_11">65</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Douglass, C. M., <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Dunn, J. F., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Durham, A. D., <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_e">
      Edwards, Joe, <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Edwards, William, <a href="#c_18_3">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Elliott, Lieutenant, <a href="#c_1_11">10</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Evans, Capt. Mark, <a href="#c_17_40">234</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Evans, Ike, <a href="#c_18_5">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Ewing, Col. Andrew, <a href="#c_5_3">59</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_f">
      Fagan, Lon, <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Fagan, Tom, <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Farnsworth, George, <a href="#c_12_42">166</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Fathera, Lieutenant, <a href="#c_1_7">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_23">160</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_8">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Fields, W., <a href="#c_1_10">10</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Finney, Sergeant, <a href="#c_1">9</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Flippin, Don, <a href="#c_18_5">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Flippin, H. L., <a href="#c_12_13">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Flippin, S., <a href="#c_18_5">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Floridy, T., <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Ford, Isaac, <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Forrest, General, <a href="#c_1_15">11</a>,
        <a href="#c_2_2">16</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Fowler, Sergt. W. R., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_g">
      Gaither, L. L., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Gaither, T. A., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Gaither, W. P., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Gann, Bob, <a href="#c_1">9</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Gann, H., <a href="#c_12_13">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Gann, John, <a href="#c_12_17">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Gatewood, Henry, <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Gaut, William, <a href="#c_12_34">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Gentry, James, <a href="#c_12_7">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Gilliham, E., <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Glover, H. C.</li>
    <li>
      Glover, S., <a href="#c_1_10">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Goad, William, <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Godges, Rufus, <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Godsey, T., <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Godsey, W. J., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Goodrich, Bryant, <a href="#c_18_16">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Gordon, John, <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Grady, Henry, <a href="#c_7_19">110</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Granbery, General, <a href="#c_8_7">117</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Gray, W. W., <a href="#c_18_10">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Green, Allen, <a href="#c_12_34">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Green, James, <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Green, Lieutenant, <a href="#c_1_10">10</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Grissim, Bob, <a href="#c_18_5">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Grissim, M. (Q. M.), <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_4">155</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Guild, G. B., <a href="#c_4_6">54</a>,
        <a href="#c_6_10">76</a>,
        <a href="#c_9">125</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_2">239</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_h">
      Hall, John, <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hampton, General, <a href="#c_8">112</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hancock, Ed, <a href="#c_12_41">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hardee, General, <a href="#c_5_10">65</a>,
        <a href="#c_9_4">127</a>,
        <a href="#c_9_8">133</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hare, Joe, <a href="#c_12_22">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hare, Tim, <a href="#c_12_7">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hargrove, N., <a href="#c_12_7">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Harris, John, <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Harrison, Colonel, <a href="#c_9">125</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Harrison, B. Porter, <a href="#c_12_39">165</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Harron, H. H., <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hawkins, E. J., <a href="#c_12_22">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hayes, J., <a href="#c_18_8">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hearn, James, <a href="#c_12_41">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hearn, R., <a href="#c_12_41">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hendrix, W. W., <a href="#c_1">9</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Henlen, J. A., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Henry, Lieutenant, <a href="#c_1_13">10</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Herndon, Liter, <a href="#c_9_4">127</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hicks, E. and W.</li>
    <li>
      Hildreth, Lieutenant, <a href="#c_1_11">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hill, L., <a href="#c_12_38">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hill, Mike, <a href="#c_12_38">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hilton, J. B., <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hogan, Lieutenant, <a href="#c_1_5">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_13">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hood, General, <a href="#c_5_6">62</a>,
        <a href="#c_5_15">68</a>,
        <a href="#c_8_6">116</a>,
        <a href="#c_8_9">119</a>,
        <a href="#c_13_12">177</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hopkins, John, <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Horton, Jesse, <a href="#c_12_41">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hughes, James, <a href="#c_12_30">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hull, <a href="#c_12_9">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hume, General, <a href="#c_8_16">124</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Hutton, Polk, <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_i">
      Ingles, Capt. C. H., <a href="#c_1_4">9</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Ingles, W. C., <a href="#c_18_4">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Ivey, J. C., <a href="#c_12_37">164</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_12">242</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Ivie, H. J., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Ivie, N. I., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_j">
      Jackson, Dan, <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      James, J. E., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Jarman, H., <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Jarmin, Captain, <a href="#c_3_7">46</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Jarnigan, L. W., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Jobe, Ben, <a href="#c_18_3">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Johnson, Ab.</li>
    <li>
      Johnson, T., <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Johnston, Gen. A. S., <a href="#c_13">172</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., <a href="#c_5_3">59</a>,
        <a href="#c_5_12">65</a>,
        <a href="#c_9_3">126</a>,
        <a href="#c_11_8">148</a>,
        <a href="#c_13">172</a>,
        <a href="#c_13_3">173</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Jones, D. C., <a href="#c_12_32">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Jones, H. N., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Jones, J. E., <a href="#c_12_32">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Jowett, Cullom, <a href="#c_12_38">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Joyner, Major, <a href="#c_9_10">135</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_k">
      Kennedy, Al, <a href="#c_18_8">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Kennedy, A. W., <a href="#c_12_23">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      King, M. T., <a href="#c_12_9">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Kirk, B., <a href="#c_12_28">161</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Kirkpatrick, Captain, <a href="#c_3_8">47</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Knox, Bob, <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Knox, William, <a href="#c_12_19">159</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_l">
      Lee, General, <a href="#c_13">172</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Lester, Capt. J. R., <a href="#c_1_8">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_1_17">13</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_28">161</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Lester, T., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Lester, William, <a href="#c_12_28">161</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Light, Lieut. William, <a href="#c_1_10">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Lindamond, James, <a href="#c_12_9">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Longstreet, General, <a href="#c_2_22">33</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Love, James, <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Lunn, W. F., <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Luttrell, J., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Lyons, P. A., <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_m">
      Magill, Walter, <a href="#c_12_34">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Mallard, J. R., <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Marlin, Jesse, <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Martin, Gid, <a href="#c_12_32">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Martin, R., <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Massengale, John.</li>
    <li>
      Massengale, Lieut. Joe, <a href="#c_1_3">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_11">143</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_9">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Massengale, William, <a href="#c_12_34">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Mattern, H., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McCall, John, <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McClelland, Abe, <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_4">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McClelland, Edward, <a href="#c_18_5">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McDonough, James, <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McDowell, Jack, <a href="#c_13_8">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McGee, G. M., <a href="#c_12_14">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McGill, S. M., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McKnight, Lieut. F. A., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McKnight, S. M., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McLean, Lieut. Rice, <a href="#c_1_3">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_21">244</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McLean, R. O., <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_8">156</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_2">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McMillin, Capt., <a href="#c_1_16">12</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McNairy, Col. Frank, <a href="#c_2_2">16</a>.</li>
    <li>
      McNeilly, Rev. J. H., <a href="#c_14_12">191</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Meely, T., <a href="#c_12_22">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Miller, H., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Miller, Joe, <a href="#c_18_16">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Milton, C., <a href="#c_12_22">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Minnis, Adjt. J. A., <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_2_3">18</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Minton, J., <a href="#c_12_14">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Mitchell, J., <a href="#c_12_22">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Mitchell, N., <a href="#c_12_23">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Mitchell, N. A., <a href="#c_18_8">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Mitchell, O. K., <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Moate, O. I., <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Modly, A., <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Mont, T., <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Moore, C. W., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Moore, G. C., <a href="#c_1_5">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_13">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Morrell, William, <a href="#c_12_9">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Morris, J. M., <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Moses, Capt. Frank, <a href="#c_18_18">244</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Moss, Pat, <a href="#c_18_5">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Mullinax, F., <a href="#c_12_17">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Murray, D. D., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Murrey, E. H., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Murrell, J. T., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_n">
      Nance, J. B., <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_9_4">129</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Neal, William, <a href="#c_12_41">166</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Nealy, J., <a href="#c_12_22">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Neely, E., <a href="#c_18_8">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Neely, I. E., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Neil, W. J., <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Nelson, Henry, <a href="#c_12_42">166</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Nevels, Ben, <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Newlan, Anderson.</li>
    <li>
      Newsom, Joe, <a href="#c_12_41">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Nichol, Capt. J. W., <a href="#c_1_9">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_9_8">132</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_25">248</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Nugent, John, <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_o">
      O’Dell, P., <a href="#c_12_9">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Odum, D., <a href="#c_12_19">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Oglesby, Nick, <a href="#c_12_7">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Orr, Lieut. J. N., <a href="#c_1_3">9</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Owens, Elias, <a href="#c_12_38">164</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_">
      Padgett, James, <a href="#c_12_38">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Pain, G. V. and William.</li>
    <li>
      Parton, Capt. J. J., <a href="#c_1_13">10</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Patrick, A. R., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Patrick, Robert, <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Paty, M., <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Pemberton, M., <a href="#c_12_17">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Phelps, Billy, <a href="#c_18_12">242</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Phelps, R., <a href="#c_18_12">242</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Phillips, J. M., <a href="#c_1_6">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Phillips, W. H., <a href="#c_6_6">73</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_28">161</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Pickett, J. M., <a href="#c_12_34">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Pickett, John, <a href="#c_12_34">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Polk, Lieutenant General, <a href="#c_5_10">64</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Poor, Pleasant, <a href="#c_12_38">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Porterfield, D., <a href="#c_12_22">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Powell, N., <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Preston, B. P., <a href="#c_12_23">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Preston, Lieut. H. L., <a href="#c_1_7">10</a>,
      <a href="#c_11">143</a>,
      <a href="#c_12_23">160</a>,
      <a href="#c_18_8">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Price, John T., <a href="#c_1">9</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_r">
      Raine, John, <a href="#c_12_41">166</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Rains, Gen. Jim, <a href="#c_1_18">13</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Ransom, C., <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Reed, James, <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Reid, B., <a href="#c_12_24">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Richerson, O., <a href="#c_12_18">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Ridley, Granville.<a
        href="#fn_4"
        class="anchor">4</a></li>
    <li>
      Roberts, C. M., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Roberts, L. M., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Robinson, Arch, <a href="#c_12_32">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Robinson, A. W., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Robinson, Jesse, <a href="#c_12_32">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Robinson, M., <a href="#c_18_10">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Roder, A. L., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Roland, A., <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Rushing, Joe A., <a href="#c_12_30">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Rushing, J. R., <a href="#c_8_3">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Rushing, Sergt. Maj. W. A., <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_8_3">113</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_2">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Russell, Lieut. H., <a href="#c_1_13">10</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Ryburn, J. S., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_s">
      Sagely, Lieut. J. A., <a href="#c_1_9">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Sams, William, <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Sandifer, William, <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Scoggins, Lieut. Sam, <a href="#c_1_5">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_9_9">134</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_5">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Scruggs, Lieut. R. L., <a href="#c_1_5">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_13">158</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_5">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Shell, William, <a href="#c_12_34">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Shumate, R., <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Shutt, Hal, <a href="#c_18_16">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Sienknecht, Dr. Henry, <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Simpson, J. N., <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Singleton, James, <a href="#c_12_39">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Slaughter, George, <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Smith, Col. Baxter, <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_2_2">17</a>,
        <a href="#c_2_3">18</a>,
        <a href="#c_9">125</a>,
        <a href="#c_9_6">130</a>,
        <a href="#c_11">143</a>,
        <a href="#c_13_20">186</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_2">239</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_26">249</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Smith, Jack, <a href="#c_12_34">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Smith, John, <a href="#c_12_38">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Smith, William, <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Snodgrass, J. Y., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Spain, W. M., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Spencer, Z., <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Stahl, General, <a href="#c_8_7">117</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Stanton, Col. S. S., <a href="#c_5_6">61</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Starnes, Gen. James, <a href="#c_2_5">20</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Stearns, Colonel, <a href="#c_1_15">11</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Stewart, Gen. A. P., <a href="#c_5_7">62</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Stewart, J. A., <a href="#c_1">9</a>,
        <a href="#c_6_2">17</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_13">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Stone, William, <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Storey, Lieut. J. W., <a href="#c_1_11">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_39">165</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Sullivan, T., <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Sullivan, W. S., <a href="#c_1_7">10</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Sutton, H., <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_t">
      Tacket, Alex, <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Taylor, W. H., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Thomas, James, <a href="#c_18_16">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Thompson, D., <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Thompson, James, <a href="#c_12_7">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Thompson, Z., <a href="#c_12_28">161</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_9">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Tippett, Jim, <a href="#c_18_3">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Tittle, T. J., <a href="#c_12_22">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Todd, Alfred, <a href="#c_12_32">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Todd, Calep, <a href="#c_12_32">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Todd, Walker, <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Tolbert, D. W., <a href="#c_12_30">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Tomlinson, E., <a href="#c_12_13">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Trousdale, W., <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Turner, J. M., <a href="#c_12_5">156</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_v">
      Vance, T., <a href="#c_12_22">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Van Trease, A., <a href="#c_12_41">165</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Vinson, T., <a href="#c_18_8">240</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_w">
      Walker, Colonel, <a href="#c_5_11">65</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Walkup, L., <a href="#c_12_22">160</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Wallace, W., <a href="#c_18_15">243</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Waller, Sam, <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Warner, Polk, <a href="#c_18_3">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Warren, W. T., <a href="#c_18_12">242</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Warren, W. W., <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Watkins, Thomas, <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Watts, David, <a href="#c_12_7">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Weakley, Wat, <a href="#c_18_23">247</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Weaver, C., <a href="#c_12_17">159</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Webber, C. M., <a href="#c_12_30">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Wharton, General, <a href="#c_1_14">11</a>,
        <a href="#c_2_16">27</a>,
        <a href="#c_3_7">46</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Wharton, J. H., <a href="#c_18_8">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Wharton, Tobe, <a href="#c_12_41">166</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Wheeler, General, <a href="#c_1_14">11</a>,
        <a href="#c_2">16</a>,
        <a href="#c_6">69</a>,
        <a href="#c_7_16">108</a>,
        <a href="#c_11_17">150</a>,
        <a href="#c_13_19">179</a>.</li>
    <li>
      White, Dr. R. L. C., <a href="#c_18_23">247</a>.</li>
    <li>
      White, Lieutenant, <a href="#c_2_2">17</a>.</li>
    <li>
      White, M. M., <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Whitecotten, I., <a href="#c_12_35">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Wilbern, J., <a href="#c_18_3">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Williams, A., <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Williams, General, <a href="#c_7">97</a>,
        <a href="#c_7_7">102</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Williams, James, <a href="#c_12_34">163</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Williamson, Lieutenant, <a href="#c_18_9">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Williamson, Lieut. James, <a href="#c_1_8">10</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Wilson, Billy, <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Winder, J. B., <a href="#c_12_36">164</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Witherspoon, D. C., <a href="#c_12_30">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Witherspoon, Sam, <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Wood, William, <a href="#c_12_31">157</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_8">240</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Woods, C. C., <a href="#c_12_10">157</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Wyly, Capt. H. A., <a href="#c_1_7">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_3_7">44</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_26">161</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Wynn, W. R., <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_3">239</a>.</li>

    <li class="v3" id="Index_y">
      Yarbrough, Joe, <a href="#c_12_6">156</a>,
        <a href="#c_18_3">239</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Young, Dock, <a href="#c_12_12">158</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Young, Gen. Bennett H., <a href="#c_15_23">204</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Youree, A. H., <a href="#c_18_10">241</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Youree, Frank, <a href="#c_12_32">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Youree, Lieut. Dave, <a href="#c_1_9">10</a>,
        <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
    <li>
      Youree, W. H., <a href="#c_12_31">162</a>.</li>
  </ul>
</div>

<hr class="hide v12" />
<div class="footnote pgbreak" id="fnotes">
  <h2 class="v3 no-break">
    Footnotes</h2>
  <table>
    <tr id="fn_1">
      <td class="ft_nmbr">
        <a href="#c_1_5">1</a>&nbsp;—</td>
      <td class="ft_text">
        Resigned soon after organization of Regiment, and Lieut.
        George C. Moore succeeded him, serving till the
        surrender.</td></tr>

    <tr id="fn_2">
      <td class="ft_nmbr">
        <a href="#c_1_13">2</a>&nbsp;—</td>
      <td class="ft_text">
        This Company was not attached to the Regiment till just
        before the battle of Chickamauga. It had been the escort of
        General McGowan, who resigned, and it reported to the Fourth
        Tennessee, serving till the surrender. It was a very small
        company.</td></tr>

    <tr id="fn_3">
      <td class="ft_nmbr">
        <a href="#c_17">3</a>&nbsp;—</td>
      <td class="ft_text">
        I was not in the Kentucky campaign of Gen. Braxton Bragg in
        the summer and early fall of 1862. I have asked Colonel Smith
        to write it, as he was a major in command of five companies
        that afterwards formed a part of the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry
        Regiment, of which he was commissioned colonel at its
        organization, in October, 1862. In order that this narrative
        may present a full history of their services and his own
        during the war, he has contributed the interesting account in
        Chapter&nbsp;XVII.</td></tr>

    <tr id="fn_4">
      <td class="ft_nmbr">
        <a href="#Index_r">4</a>&nbsp;—</td>
      <td class="ft_text">
        Granville Ridley enlisted in the Regiment when sixteen years
        of age, while Wheeler was on his last raid into Tennessee in
        1864, and served faithfully till the surrender.</td></tr>
  </table>
</div>
</html>